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1. Site-Specific Research in North DakotaSite specific fertilizer application is currently being practiced in the Red River Valley of North Dakota/Minnesota A study has been initiated to determine sampling practices suitable for North Dakota producers using sitespecific farming both within and west of the valley. Two forty acre fields were sampled in 1994 in a 110 ft. grid, separating each sample into 0-6" and 6-24" subsamples. Smaller grid sizes were also obtained at 10 and 2 ft. grid distances in selected areas of each field. Nitrates,... |
2. Grid Sampling or Topography Sampling for Soil NutrientsSite-specific application of fertilizers uses field soil sampling for its information basis. Many fields are currently sampled using a grid approach. In North Dakota, examination of grid sampling showed nitrate-N to follow topographic patterns in a field, allowing the possibility of less intensive sampling for N. Reviewing previous grid sampling work in Illinois, some soil properties may be associated with landscape features, including nitrate-N in the surface 6 inches and soil pH. However, Illinois... |
3. Spring Wheat Response to Copper Fertilization in North DakotaTraditionally, copper responses have been tllought to be associated with organic soils. However, recent Canadian research has found that copper responses by wheat are possible on low organic matter, coarse textured soils. A yield response to copper in spring wheat was found in North Dakota on a coarse textured, low organic matter soil. Yield responses were not found in similar copper soil test levels of higher organic matter, heavier textured soils. A two-tiered recommendation strategy is suggested... |
4. Soybean Chlorosis in North Dakota- Causes, Severity and Possible SolutionsSoybean acres continue to increase in northwestern Minnesota and North Dakota in spite of severe problems with iron chlorosis in some years. Soybeans often turn yellow within a few weeks of emergence and remain yellow for up to 8 weeks before plants green up and mature. Iron chlorosis tolerant soybeans available today are somewhat effective in reducing chlorotic acreage, but are not tolerant enough to counteract the soil conditions in this area. Several researchers have found that iron chlorosis... |
5. Nitrogen Availability, Time of Release and Movement in RotationsPrevious studies have found that N is released through the decomposition of sugarbeet tops (Moraghan and Smith, 1996: Reitmeier et a]., 1999). There is also evidence that N credits may be justified following other broadleaf crops, such as potato and sunflower. This evidence follows work by Vanotti and Bundy (1995) and Bundy et al. (1 993) suggesting that N credits from annual legumes are provided not by decomposition ofthe roots or release ofN directly into the soil from the roots as some might assume,... |
6. Adjusting N Recommendations Based on a Previously Grown CropNitrogen recommendations in North Dakota are based on a yield goal multiplied from some empirically derived factor in a linear formula. There are a three adjustments to the N recommendations that result form these formulas (Franzen and Cihacek, 1996). They are the soil test nitrate-N to some depth, a sampling date adjustment ifthe sampling was conducted in the fall prior to September 15, and a previous crop credit. Two of these three adjustments are based on some knowledge regarding mineralization... |
7. A Case for the use of Limestone in North DakotaFarmers in North Dakota have long believed that nearly all of the cultivated land in the state was alkaline in pH. A recent survey of the state revealed that between 27% and 50% of the fields tested below pH 7, depending on landscape position, with about 17% of the state with pH less than 6.5. In site-specific studies in fields with dominant pH above 7, nearly all fields contained at least one area with pH below 7. Herbicide carryover studies have shown that areas of even slightly acid pH can result... |
8. A Weighted Classified Method for Nitrogen Zone DelineationEven though zone management in precision agriculture is a relatively new science. extensive research has been conducted on the best predictors for determining optimal nitrogen management zones in site-specific farming (Bausch et al., 2002; Fleming and Buchleiter, 2002; Franzen and Nanna, 2002, Hendrickson and Han, 2000; Lund et al.. 2002: Stenger et a].. 2002). Different techniques. varying from cluster analysis (Jaynes et al.. 2003; Kitchen et al., 2002: Ralston et al.. 2002) to neural networks... |
9. Comparison of Nitrogen Management Zone Delineation MethodsAn alternative to dense grid soil sampling for delineating residual soil N levels or N availability is a zone sampling approach. The zone approach assumes that soil N patterns are logically linked to some inherent causal effect, either natural or man-made. A number of delineation methods have been examined. including apparent soil EC (Kitchen et al.. 1999). yield mapping (Taylor and Whitney. 2001: Diker et al.. 2002), topography (Franzen et al.. 1998), aerial imagery (Williams et al., 2002 Sripada... |
10. Flax Fertility Recommendation Changes in North DakotaFlax has traditionally been grown in North Dakota since early settle~nent by European immigrants. The varieties of flax have been gro~vn for their oil content more than for fiber. Previous recommendations for N and P have becn based on yield goal and soil test level. A review of j~revious research in the region and nctv research on the role of mychorrhizae on P nutrition has resulted in dropping the P recommcndation. Due to the hazard of lodging from over-application of N from unreasonably high... |
11. Zone Delineation for Nitrogen ManagementManaging nitrogen through zone soil sampling has been shown effective in revealing residual soil nitrate patterns in North Dakota. Zone delineation has been constructed using several types of data, including yield maps, remote imagery, topography and soil EC sensor data. A study was conducted in North Dakota, Montana and Minnesota to evaluate zone delineation methods. Across the region, yield frequency maps, topography, remote inlagery and soil EC data were effective in helping to construct zones.... |
12. Nitrogen Recalibration for Wheat in North DakotaThe general formula for determining N fertilizer ra te in North Dakota for about thirty-five years has been N-rate = (2.5 X Yield Potential (or Yield G oal) less credits from previous crops and soil test nitrate-N from a 2-foot soil core composite. Historically high fertilizer N costs and the ability to fertilize within fiel ds rather than whole field N management has resulted in a reexamination of N calibration data, and an effort to expand the modern N calibration database with new field experiments.... |
13. Nitrogen Recalibration for Wheat in North DakotaThe rise in grain prices and fertilizer costs, as well as the need for more soil-specific recommendations has spurred recent research into N response of wheat in North Dakota. Combining data from 1970 to 1990, together with recent studies has shown that new recommendations are in order. There is a rela tionship of wheat yield to available N. The relationship is better when residual soil nitrate is considered. Different areas of the state partition out with different response curves. Using the 'return... |
14. Use Of Corn Height To Improve The Relationship Between Active Optical Sensor Readings And Yield EstimatesPre-season and early in-season loss of N continues to be a problem in corn (Zea mays, L.). One method to improve nitrogen use efficiency is to fertilize based on in-season crop foliage sensors. The objective of this study was to evaluate two different ground-based, active-optical sensors and explore the use of corn height with sensor readings for improved relationship with corn yield. Two different ground-based active-optical sensors (Greenseeker�, Trimble, Sunnydale, CA; and Holland Crop Circle... |
15. Nitrogen Rate Revisions for Corn in North DakotaNitrogen rates in North Dakota have been based on a yield-goal or yield-potential formula for over forty years. The currently published formula (Franzen, 2010) is: Recommended N rate = (Yield Potential, bushels per acre) X 1.2 less N credits from previous crops and soil test nitrate to 2 feet in depth. A yield-based strategy was practical when N costs were relatively low and yields in North Dakota were at most 100 bushels per acre. However, due to improved germplasm developed at North Dakota State... |
16. Can Soil Information Better Inform Canopy Sensor Algorithms for Corn?Corn production is often limited by the loss of nitrogen (N) due to leaching, volatilization and denitrification. The use of canopy sensors for making in-season N fertilizer applications has been proven effective in matching plant N requirements with periods of rapid N uptake (V7-V11), reducing the amount of N lost to these processes. However, N recommendation algorithms used in conjunction with canopy sensor measurements have not proven accurate in many fields of the U.S. Cornbelt, resulting in... , N.R. Kitchen, J. Camberato, P.R. Carter, R.B. Ferguson, F.G. Fernandez, D.W. Franzen, F.G. Fernandez, E.D. Nafziger, C.J. Ransom, , J. Shanahan, G.M. Bean |
17. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recalibration for Sunflower in the Northern Great PlainsSunflower producers in the northern Great Plains states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota are presently directed to N and P recommendations that originate from research performed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. These three states alone produce more than 80% of the sunflowers in the United States on a yearly basis (USDA-NASS, 2015). The current general formulas determining N and P fertilizer rate in these top-producing states are equivalent. The N recommendation is represented here by... |
18. North Dakota Corn Recommendations for Preplant and Sensor Directed Sidedress NNitrogen rates for preplant N application in North Dakota have been drastically revised. The former yield-based strategy may have served when N costs were stable and relatively low and high yields in North Dakota were rarely higher than 100 bushels per acre. Due to improved germplasm developed at North Dakota State University and other northern Land-Grant Universities with favorable adaptation to North Dakota climate and soil conditions corn has become one of the most planted crops in the state.... |
19. Variability of Soil Test Potassium in Space and TimePotassium soil test may be highly variable within fields. In the western part of the North Central Region, where the history of K fert ilization is marked by low rates of K fertilizer and fields where K has never been applie d, natural variability of K is governed by clay content and landscape position. In areas where K fertilization has been high, man-made variability is more common. Man-made variability may be experienced as differences in historic rates within fields merged over years of ownership... |
20. Slow-Release Nitrogen Fertilizers and Nitrogen Additives for Field CropsNitrogen management continues to be difficult due to transformations of nitrogen fertilizers that are possible when applied to soil and the uncertainties of weather (Cabrera et al., 2008). Nitrogen fertilizer in the form of urea is subject to ammonia volatilization through the activity of the urease enzyme found ubiquitously in soil (Kissel et al., 2008). Nitrate fertilizer is subject to leaching (Randall et al., 2008) or denitrification (Coyne, 2008) depending on the water content of the soil and... |
21. Interaction of Soil Applied Herbicides with Soil pHManagement of soil pH is important in enhancing the availability of certain plant nutrients and in minimizing toxic levels of other elements to crops. However, the reaction of herbicides with soils under varying soil pH levels can affect both crop growth and herbicide performance. Soil pH affects herbicide performance in several ways. When crops are under stress due to nutrient imbalance from unfavorable soil pH levels, application of certain herbicides may increase risk of crop injury. When soil... |
22. Methods and Limitations of Zone Sampling Using Topography as a Logical BasisTwo forty-acre fields in North Dakota were sampled in a 110 foot grid. Each field was measured for elevation in the same 110 foot grid. Topographic sampling zones were identified in each field and a correlation of the sampling based on these zones was compared to the correlation values from a 220 foot grid. Nitrate-N and the 220 foot grid were both correlated to the 110 foot sampling values for nitrate-N and P. A map of field nitrate-N levels from topography sampling compared to the 220 foot grid... |