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1. Influence of Source and Particle Size on Agricultural Limestone Efficiency at Increasing Soil pHExcessive soil acidity is known to have potential negative impacts on crop production. The chemical and physical characteristics of a liming material determine its capacity to neutralize soil acidity. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) equivalent (CCE) and estimates of particle size impact on the efficiency at increase soil pH are considered when assessing a material’s liming value. The reaction of limestone particles within the soil depends largely on the soil pH and the material surface area... J. Jones, A. Mallarino |
2. What Can Long Term Experiments Provide for Improving Phosphorus and Potassium Management?Agricultural research utilizes both short-term and long-term experiments. Short-term experiments provide useful information on how a system is affected at the time of management changes, and evaluate short-term responses by the soil or crop. Agricultural systems are complex systems with multiple components that operate on different time scales of response, however. Therefore, the initial response of either the whole system or individual components may not necessarily indicate the direction or... A. Mallarino |
3. Respiration as a Measure of Soil Health: Challenges and OpportunitiesIn recent years, respiration has become a commonly-used soil health metric. It has been used as a standalone predictor of soil N supplying capacity and in conjunction with other metrics to assess overall soil health. However, the sources of variation underlying respiration itself have not been thoroughly assessed. We show that across growing regions in California, respiration was unable to accurately predict soil N supply. The R2 values were much higher in fields that had received a recently-incorporated... J. Wade, S. Culman, T. Hurriso, W. Horwath, R. Miller |
4. Micronutrients Fertilization for Corn and Soybean: A Research UpdateEssential plant nutrients such as boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn), and others are absorbed by crops in very small amounts and are referred to as micronutrients. A deficiency can have a large impact on crop yield, however, because they perform important physiological functions. The soil parent material and soil formation processes over time along with effects of soil moisture, aeration, and temperature can significantly influence the amount of plant-available... |
5. Phosphorus Loss with Runoff after Applying Fertilizer or Manure as Affected by the Timing of RainfallPublic concerns about agriculture impacts on water quality and the likelihood of further government regulation have been increasing. Phosphorus usually is the nutrient that limits and controls algae growth and eutrophication in freshwater bodies. The uninformed public and many in regulatory agencies see reducing fertilization rates as an effective way of reducing nutrient loss from fields and improving water quality, especially when animal manure is applied. Soil testing for P is a useful, although... |
6. Evaluation of Crop Canopy Sensors as a Tool for Soybean Research and ProductionDetermining the variables that consistently increase yields in soybean  [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] continues to challenge researchers, agronomists and growers alike. Crop canopy sensors have emerged as a technology used in other cropping systems to monitor and manage agricultural inputs. The sensors measure reflectance in selected wavebands that are used to calculate vegetation indices that relate to unique leaf or canopy characteristics. The objectives of this study were to determine if a commercially... |
7. Do Soil Nitrogen Tests Relate to Nitrogen Mineralization in First-year Corn Following Alfalfa?Corn (Zea mays L.) is the most frequent first-year crop grown following alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the Upper Midwest. In the majority of cases, first-year corn does not respond to fertilizer N, but sometimes large amounts are needed to optimize yield. The pre-sidedress and Illinois soil N tests (PSNT and ISNT, respectively) are early-season tests used to predict corn yield response to fertilizer N. These tests measure specific fractions of soil N and define a critical concentration to separate... |
8. Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources to Enhance Tolerance and Recovery of New Corn Hybrids from Early Season Soil WaterloggingCorn (Zea mays L.) production losses due to temporarily flooded or saturated soils resulting from excessive precipitation are a persistent problem in Missouri and the Midwest Region of the United States. In 2011 alone, monetary losses for corn and soybean (Glycine max) production due to excessive flooding in the Midwest were calculated to be more than $1.6 billion. Application of different sources of nitrogen (N) fertilizer may promote increased flood tolerance and recovery in interaction with different... |
9. Nitrogen Fertigation on SoybeansNutrient requirements for soybeans are greatest as seeds are developing during reproductive pod fill. This peak nutrient demand period physiologically coincides with decreased efficiencies in both symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation and root efficiency (Brun, 1978). Large N applications during vegetative growth stages limit N fixation and fail to consistently increase grain yields (Fla~ery, 1986). However, smaller N applications during flowering and pod fill have been reported to augment plant N status... |
10. Precision Phosphorus Management for SoybeanSoybean responds to phosphorus fertilization in the Midwest. Most correlation and calibration data suggests that soybean is less responsive than corn. Because of this. normal management in the Upper Midwest is to fertilize before the corn crop in a corn-soybean rotation for both the corn crop and following soybean crops. This saves the cost of one application and the logistical problem of fertilization with P after a corn harvest. This management works well in soils tvith a pH less than 7.4 and... |
11. Challenges for making intensive soil sampling and VRT Pay. Ongoing Iowa Studies with PhosphorusSoil fertility evaluation and management can be greatly improved with the use of precision agriculture technologies. Differential global positioning systems @GPS), yield monitors, various forms of remote sensing, geographical information system (GIs) computer software, and variable rate technologies are available for use to producers. Intensive soil sampling, crop scouting, and other practices complete the new technological package. Soil testing is a diagnostic tool especially adapted for site-specific... |
12. Starter, Nitrogen Management and Nitrogen Calibration- Localizing Management PracticesWhen I first started consulting with some of the fertilizer dealerships in my area, they hired me to make them different from the dealership down the road. The best way to do this was to become a local expert on scientifically-based best management practices for growing corn and soybeans in my territory. This included knowing how best to manage nutrients to grow productive and profitable crops. University and soil test laboratory recommendations provided a good starting point. However, these data... |
13. Foliar Applications of K on SoybeansUse of foliar K fertilization has been extensively researched starting in the 1970's with relatively variable and inconsistent soybean yield response. However recent developments which have increased the observed incidence of I glyphosate-resistant soybeans nlay make foliar I fertilization practice may improvc the flexibility of growers to respond to decreased K availability during the growing season because of changes in environmental and rnanagement conditions. This paper details the results of... |
14. Phosphorus Fertilization Improves the Quality of Stockpiled Tall FescueStockpiling tall fescue is a recommended practice for increasing profitability of beef cattle production. However, little information is available on the mineral element composition of tall fescue pastures stored for winter grazing. In fact. analysis of the few studies reported indicates that both phosphorus and nlagnesium levels may be low in stockpiled tall fescue by late winter. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of phosphorus fertilization on improving the nutrient quality... |
15. Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Distribution and Gaseous Flux Due to Landscape Position and Temperate Alley-Cropping Practices in an Agricultural WatershedSoil NzO and COz efflux can be stimulated by agricultural practices whlch may contribute to an enhanced global warming effect. However, the efflux of these two gases in response to landscape position and soil conservation management practices such as contour strips in a temperate agoforestry alley cropping system has not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of alley cropping and landscape position on soil total organic C and total N distribution and N20... |
16. Foliar Fertilizer and Pyracolstrobin Fungicide Combinations for CornIncorporating a foliar applied fert ilizer with fungicide application could reduce application costs, improve disease suppression, increase nutrient re sponse, and enhance the management of crop response to environmental conditions within th e growing season. A two-year field trial was initiated in 2008 at three sites in northeast, southeast and northwest Mi ssouri. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of 13 diffe rent commercially-available foliar fertilizers containing both macro- and... |
17. Integrating Management Zones and Canopy Sensing for Improved Nitrogen Recommendation AlgorithmsActive crop canopy sensors have been studied as a tool to direct spatially variable nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications in maize, with the goal of increasing the synchrony between N supply and crop demand and thus improving N use efficiency (NUE). However, N recommendation algorithms have often proven inaccurate in certain subfield regions due to local spatial variability. Modifying these algorithms by integrating soil-based management zones (MZ) may improve their accuracy... J. Crowther, J. Parrish, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, K. Glewen, T. Shaver, D. Krull, L. Thompson, N. Mueller, B. Krienke, T. Mieno, T. Ingram |
18. Cereal Rye and Hairy Vetch Cover Crops for Improving Soil and Water QualitySoil and water quality benefits of cover crops (CCs) have been inferred only from plot scale studies. Replicating cover crops at the watershed scale and expecting similar results to that of plot scale studies need further research. Therefore, cover crop study at Southern Illinois was carried at the plot as well as the watershed scale. The objectives of plot scale study were (i) to evaluate the contribution of fertilizer and soil organic matter (SOM) to N leaching under corn/soybean cropping... S. Gurbir, K. Williard, J. Schoonover, R. Cook, R. Mcelroy |
19. Nitrogen and Potassium Interactions in CornExtensive research in the North Central region has investigated separately nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizer management for corn. However, there is scarce information available about how N and K interactions affect corn grain yield and nutrient uptake. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various combinations of N and K rates on corn yield, N and K tissue concentrations, and N and K removed with grain harvest. Two trials with continuous corn were conducted from 2013... J. Hirniak, A. Mallarino |
20. Evaluation of Agricultural Lime and Pelleted Lime to Increase Soil pH and Crop YieldAgricultural lime (aglime) is applied to increase pH of acidic soils to values optimum for crop production, and its effectiveness is affected mainly by it calcium carbonate (CaCO3) equivalent (CCE) and fineness. Availability and use of pelletized limestone has increased in recent years, but there is limited information about its effectiveness. Six field trials were established in 2014 at acidic Iowa soils (pH 4.9-6.1) with contrasting texture and organic matter. Treatments replicated three times... A. Mallarino, M. Haq |
21. Comparison of Ground-Based Active Crop Canopy Sensor and Aerial Passive Crop Canopy Sensor for In-Season Nitrogen ManagementCrop canopy sensors represent one tool available to help calculate a reactive in-season nitrogen (N) application rate in corn. When utilizing such systems, corn growers must decide between using active versus passive crop canopy sensors. The objectives of this study was to 1) determine the correlation between N management by remote sensing using a passive sensor and N management using proximal sensing with an active sensors. Treatments were arranged as field length strips in a randomized complete... J. Parrish, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, K. Glewen, L. Thompson, B. Krienke, N. Mueller, T. Ingram, D. Krull, J. Crowther, T. Shaver, T. Mieno |
22. Correlation of the Weak Organic Acids Test of a Soil Health Tool with Crop Yield Response to Phosphorus FertilizationThe field correlation of a soil P test with yield response to P fertilization is the foundation for sound soil-test interpretations and fertilizer recommendation guidelines. Weak organic acid extractants have been used to measure soil P for decades in some northeastern states of the US and other countries, but not in Iowa or the Midwest. A new test based on a mixture of malic, oxalic, and citric acids (H3A) was developed as a component of a Soil Health Tool to measure soil P and K. The H3A... A. Mallarino, J. Jones |
23. Effects of Sampling Time and Extraction Method on Soil-Test and Nonexchangeable Potassium in Iowa SoilsMore research is needed to better understand K cycling and high short-term temporal soil-test K (STK) variation. The objective of this research was to study soil-test K and nonexchangeable K pools across Iowa soils managed with corn-soybean rotations as affected by K application rates, soil properties, parent materials, and time of sampling. Three-year field trials that included a control and several broadcast K fertilizer rates were conducted at 35 Iowa sites. Soil samples (6-inch depth) were... R. Oltmans, A. Mallarino |
24. Applying N to legume-containing summer annual forage mixturesSummer annual forages are costly to implement but can provide quality grazing when cool-season perennial forages are less productive. Increasing botanical diversity may increase system productivity, thereby improving economic efficiency. However, there is debate as to whether annual legumes supply associated grasses with fixed N, leading to uncertainty regarding N application rates to legume containing summer annual forage mixtures. This experiment supplied three summer annual forage treatments... K. Mercier, C. Teutsch, S. Smith, E. Ritchey, K. Burdine, E. Vanzant |
25. Soil and Soybean Responses to Planting into Terminated Prairie StripsPrairie strips are a new conservation practice that are currently implemented in 14 Midwest US states. Prairie strips have been shown to reduce runoff, increase soil health, retain sediment and nutrients, increase biodiversity and have no effect on surrounding crop yield. Due to the comprehensive improvements to soil health under prairie strips, researchers and growers are interested in rotating them on 10-15 year cycles. We have little-to-no knowledge on the effects of planting crops in... C. Dutter, M. St Cyr, M. Mcdaniel, C. Carley, A. Singh |
26. Impact of Site-Specific Variability on the Effectiveness of Active Canopy Sensors for In-Season N Management in CornIn-season nitrogen (N) management in corn guided by active canopy sensors is often associated with higher yields, profit and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, these benefits could vary from field-to-field and year-to-year. These inconsistent relationships between technology and benefits represent a major challenge for increasing adoption of sensor-based N application in corn. Thus, a better understanding of which site-specific factors determine positive benefits from sensor-based N application... L. Puntel, J. Luck, L. Thompson |
27. Promoting Adoption of Precision Nitrogen Management Technologies Through On-farm ResearchThe Nebraska On-Farm Research Network helps farmers evaluate products and practices that impact the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of their operations. There are many technologies that have potential to increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) on corn and winter wheat but typically these technologies have low adoption. At the same time, farmers have technologies such as GPS, yield monitors, and variable-rate application equipment on their farmers that enables them to easily conduct... L. Thompson, L. Puntel, T. Mieno, J. Iqbal, B. Maharjan, J. Luck, S. Norquest, J. Guilherme Cesario Pereira Pinto, C. Uwineza |
28. Benchmarking Nitrogen Recommendation Tools for Nebraska Winter WheatAttaining high yield and high nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) remains a current research challenge in crop production. Digital ag technologies for site-specific N management have been demonstrated to improve NUE. This is due to the ability of digital technologies to account for the spatial and temporal distribution of crop N demand and available soil N in the field, which varies greatly according to soil properties, climate, and management. In addition, winter wheat protein content is highly... J. Cesario Pinto, L. Thompson, N. Mueller, T. Mieno, L. Puntel, G. Balboa |
29. Does Nitrogen Management in Winter Wheat Affects Its Yield and Nitrate-N Leaching in a Wheat-Soybean Double Cropping System?Conventional corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation contributes to nitrate-N and phosphate leaching to waterbodies causing water quality concerns. Two strategies that could minimize N and P losses include (i) incorporating winter rye (Secale cereale L.) (WR) as a cover crop to capture residual nutrients or (ii) intensifying the corn-soybean rotation with winter wheat (WW) (Triticum aestivum L.) (Double cropping). Double cropping WW at a right N... A. Sadeghpour, O. Ola, O. Guzel, K.L. Gage, K. Williard, J. Schoonover, S. Mueller |
30. Examination of Topography and Soil Health Properties and Their Relationship to Corn Yield Stability in Central Iowa Agricultural FieldsCroplands in the North Central region are managed for high crop yields that are stable across years and fields. Nevertheless, yields fluctuate from year to year. Moreover, the magnitude of these fluctuations can vary across the field such that yield in some portions of the field is relatively stable and relatively variable in other portions of the field. Previous research has found that yield stability can be partially explained by topographic variables, but potential relationships between yield... L. Makens, M. Castellano |
31. Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates and Nitrification Inhibitor Impact Agronomic and Economic Returns in Corn Production in KansasNitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for corn crop, higher grain yields are related to N fertilizer application. Substances like the nitrification inhibitors (NI) were created to increase yields, promote Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), and reduce N losses. The study was carried out in ten site-years in Kansas during 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 crop seasons, with the objective of evaluate the Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency (NAE) in corn with and without the use of NI and to compare corn grain... P. Morinigo Ferreira, D. Ruiz Diaz |
32. Evaluating the Effects of Nitrogen Source, Placement, and Timing on Corn Yield and Nitrogen Losses in the Sandy Soils of Northeast NebraskaThe impact of nitrogen sources, placement, enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs), and application timing on improving groundwater quality in groundwater management areas remains unclear. This study assessed the effects of various N fertilizer sources, EEFs, application timing, and placement on corn yield and nitrogen losses via nitrate (NO3- ) leaching and ammonia (NH3) volatilization. The experiment was conducted in 2023, a notably dry year, at a farmer’s... A. Singh, C. Misar, J. Iqbal |
33. Short Term Effect of Double Cropping and Cover Cropping on Soil Physical PropertiesIntegrating cover crops into corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation has been promoted as a sustainable practice to reduce soil erosion, enhance soil health, and improve agricultural sustainability. However, growers are less inclined to include cover crops into their cash crop rotations especially winter cereals such as winter rye (Secale cereale L.) behind corn. One strategy to minimize the fallow period in corn-soybean rotation is by intensifying the corn-soybean... F. Sheikhi Shahrivar, O. Ola, O. Guzel, K. Gage, K. Williard, J. Schoonover, S. Mueller, A. Sadeghpour |
34. The Effect of Nitrogen Management in Winter Wheat on Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Wheat-Soybean Double Cropping SystemNitrogen fertilizer management plays a critical role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in agricultural production systems. This study investigated the impact of nitrogen application in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) double cropping system on winter wheat biomass production, grain yield, and N₂O emissions. The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Research Center (ARC), Carbondale in Southern Illinois University, IL using a Randomized Complete... O. Ola, O. Guzel, K. Gage, K. Williard, J. Schoonover, S. Mueller, A. Sadeghpour |
35. Effect of Barley and Winter Pea Cover Crops on Nutrient Availability in No-Till CornCover crops are reported to have long-term soil health improvements, the first of which is reducing erosion. However, popular cereal cover crops, such as rye (Secale cereale), have the potential to cause a yield penalty in the following corn (Zea mays) crop. Legumes, such as Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum), are thought to reduce this yield penalty in no-till systems. Additionally, sulfur deficiencies have been observed in some studies following cover crops. The main... E. Marsh, C. Lee |
36. Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization Frequency and Rate on Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Winter WheatManaging nitrogen (N) fertilizer effectively is important for reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in farming systems. This study examined the effect of N application frequency and rate on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield, total N₂O emissions, and yield-scaled N₂O emissions. The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Research Center (ARC), Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with... O. Ola, O. Guzel, K. Gage, K. Williard, J. Schoonover, S. Mueller, E. Brevik, A. Sadeghpour |
37. FRST Lime Project: Results of Pilot Study of Lime Source, Lime Rate and Incubation Time on Neutralization of Soil AcidityManagement of soil acidity plays a critical role in the agriculture across North Central Region. The Fertilizer Recommendation Support Tool (FRST) group has launched a national project to develop new lime recommendations and has collected 144 soils of which 38 soils from the North Central Region. A pilot lime study was initiated to assess the effect of lime source, lime rate and incubation time on neutralization of soil acidity. Three acid soils were selected from the Agricultural Proficiency... B. Miller |