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1. Effect of Ammonium to Nitrate Rations of Fertilizers Applied at Various Times Throughout the Growing Season on Yield and Nitrogen Concentrationof CornA number of recent investigations have produced evidenm that the ionic form of N taken up by roots affects the growth of plants. While soil- plants generally take up rest of their N as nitrate, there is evidence that increasing the relative proportion of ammonium in the culture (or soil) solution can enhance growth and yield. Owing to difficulties in prevent* the rapid miaxbial conversion of ammonium to nitrate in soil, this response has nat been well demnstrated in a field situation. The objective... |
2. Yield and N Concentraions of Corn with Different N Sources Applied at Different timesA number of recent investigations have produced evidence that the ionic form of N taken up by roots affects the growth of plants. While soil- grown plants generally take up most of their N as nitrate, there is evidence that increasing the relative proportion of ammonium in the culture (or soil) solution can enhance growth and yield. Owing to difficulties in preventing the rapid microbial conversion of ammonium to nitrate in soil, this response has not been well demonstrated in a field situation.... |
3. Starter Effects on Corn Grown on Previously Flooded SoilsThe devastating floods of 1993 prompted a great deal of concern about crop production in those areas the following year. These concerns were prompted both by scientific information (Fixen et al. 1984: Vivekanandan and Fixen, 1991) and by farmer observations from prior flood experience. In response to these concerns. projects, observations. and experiments were undertaken. These included collection of soil samples for chemical analysis in the fall of 1993, observations of corn grown in 1994 on flood... |
4. Nitrogen Fertigation on SoybeansNutrient requirements for soybeans are greatest as seeds are developing during reproductive pod fill. This peak nutrient demand period physiologically coincides with decreased efficiencies in both symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation and root efficiency (Brun, 1978). Large N applications during vegetative growth stages limit N fixation and fail to consistently increase grain yields (Fla~ery, 1986). However, smaller N applications during flowering and pod fill have been reported to augment plant N status... |
5. Assessing the Variability of Corn Response to NitrogenBecause results of experiments designed to test the response of corn to N rate tend to vary considerably with the environment. repetitions of such studies over time are essential. It is not clear, however, what number of repetitions are needed in order to deduce sound recommendations for application of N fertilizer to succeeding crops. We used the results from 16 years of a crop rotation x N rate study conducted at Monmouth, Illinois to assess the effect of duration of such an experiment on the stability... |
6. Soil Fertility Trends in a Long Term Crop Rotataion-Soil Fertility TrialPenn State soil test recommendations are based on fertilizing for crop response at soil test levels below the critical level for response, maintenance fertilization based on expected crop removal in the optimum range just above the critical level, and finally no fertilizer recommended in the high range. Using a sufficiency level approach, a soil that was at the critical level would have a zero recommendation, however this zero recommendation would not be valid for 3 or 4 years until a new soil test... |
7. A New Approach for Predicting Soil Nitrate Using Imagery and Non Imagery Information- Model Development and ValidationSoil nitrate, a key nutrient for optirnal gowth and development of crop, can be predicted using a new approach based on imagery and non imagery information. This paper presents an algorithm to predict soil nitrate using i~nagery and 11011 imagery infoi-~nation. LANDSAT TM satellite image, topography, soil electi-ical conductivity, crop yield, and soil type have been used to develop prediction models based on atificial intelligence technique called neural network. The models have been developed and... |
8. Foliar Applications of K on SoybeansUse of foliar K fertilization has been extensively researched starting in the 1970's with relatively variable and inconsistent soybean yield response. However recent developments which have increased the observed incidence of I glyphosate-resistant soybeans nlay make foliar I fertilization practice may improvc the flexibility of growers to respond to decreased K availability during the growing season because of changes in environmental and rnanagement conditions. This paper details the results of... |
9. Formulating N Recommendations for Corn in the Corn Belt Using Recent DataMaking N rate recommendations for corn has been one of the most econonlically important goals of publicly funded crop production and soil fertility personnel and programs over the past five decades. Changes in cropping systems, hybrids, tillage, and other management practices, along with opportunities in site-specific inputs and awareness of the need to minimize the amount of N that reaches surface and ground waters have combined to increase the interest to re-exanline N rate recommendations, and... |
10. Induced Manganese Deficiency in GM SoybeansGlyphosate resistance in soybean and corn reduced manganese uptake and physiological efficiency. Applicatior~ of glyphosate immobilized manganese applied before, concurrent with, or within 6-8 days after the glyphosatc event. Inorganic sources of manganese (Cl, CO,, SO,) tank-mixed with gly-phosate were antagonistic and reduced herbicidal efficacy: ho~vever, antagonism was significantly influenced by glypllosate fonnulation. Glyphosate root exudates and plant deconlposition products can alter the... |
11. Regional Approach to Making Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate Decisions for CornNitrogen fertilizer is one of the largest input costs for growing corn. Across the Corn Belt, N is typically the most yield-limiting nutrient. Facing record high N fertilizer prices and potential supply problems, producers are concellled about N fertilization rates. Soil fertility researchers and extension specialists froin seven states across the Corn Belt (see list in acknowledgements section) have been discussing corn N fertilization needs and evaluating N rate recommendation systems for approxinlately... |
12. Using Reflectance Sensors to Predict Nitrogen Needs of CottonObjectives 1) Develop on-the-go N recommendations based on analysis of the reflectance sensor readings. 2) Determine the sensor model, height, and wa velength that give the best prediction for sidedress N. 3) Determine the best growth stag e for sensor-based sidedressing Relevance There is great spatial variability of N in the soil. Cotton fields that receive a blanket rate of nitrogen, ignoring the vari ability, will have areas of excessi ve growth. This unnecessary growth raises production cost... |
13. Factors Affecting the Relative Benefit of Deep-banding versus Broadcast Application of Phosphorus and Potassium for Corn and SoybeanScientifically based recommendations concerning the choice of deep banding versus traditional broadcast application of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) for corn and soybean production in conservation tillage systems have been hampered by insufficient research and inconsistent results. Even when the decisi on is made (e.g. by strip-tillage corn farmers) to go with deep- banding of P and K, numerous questions remain about fertilizer rates, optimum deep-banding depth and frequency, whether to have a... |
14. Soil pH and Crop Response to Lime Source and TillageAg lime recommendations are based on soil pH, buffer pH, and neutralizing index or effective calcium carbonate equivalent (ECCE) of the lime to be used (Laboski and Peters, 2012). Determination of neutralizing index may vary by state and is often codified in state regulations related to the sale of ag lime. In Wisconsin, the neutralizing index of a lime is a function of purity (calcium carbonate equivalent) and fineness (particle size) (Schulte et al., 2005). Pelletized lime is typically calcitic... |
15. Hybrid, Plant Population, and Nitrogen Interactions in CornCharacterizing hybrids by their response to both plant population and N response will be needed to help make variable-rate population and N rate work. We planted four corn hybrids at three sites in Illinois over two years, using combinations of 18,000, 34,000, and 50,000 plants per acre 0, 80, 160, and 240 lb N/acre. Across three environments where shortage of water reduced yields, 50,000 plants/acre yielded less than the two lower populations, both of which yields about the same. There was little... |
16. Overview of Manure Handling on Steroid Movement in Agricultural Fields from Beef Cattle SystemsManure generated from concentrated animal feeding operations may serve as a source of steroids in surface water and potentially in groundwater. The objectives of this research were to determine the amount of steroids and metabolites in runoff from beef cattle production pens, and from runoff and leaching from crop production fields. Cattle were fed a synthetic progestagen, MGA or melengestrol acetate and treated with zeranol, trenbolone acetate, and estradiol implants, while a second group was not... |
17. Determining In-season Nitrogen Requirements for Maize Using Model and Sensor Based ApproachesThere is great value in determining the optimum quantity and timing of nitrogen (N) application to meet crop needs while minimizing losses. Applying a portion of the total N during the growing season allows for adjustments which can be responsive to actual field conditions which result in varying N needs. Two methods of determining in-season N needs were evaluated, a model-based approach and a crop canopy sensor approach. The Maize-N model was developed to estimate the economically optimum N fertilizer... |
18. Comparison of Soil Properties under Long-Term Crop Rotation and TillageShifts in cropping systems from long-term rotations including forages to mostly annual crops has intensified tillage, but has also led to the development of conservation tillage practices such as no-till. There is a shortage of information about the interactive, long-term effects of rotation and tillage on soil quality. The objective of this study was to assess soil chemical and physical properties after 15 years of crop rotation and tillage treatments. Continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CCC), corn-soybean... |
19. Corn Plant Uniformity Following Shallow NH3 Placement in Precision-Guided, Pre-Plant Nitrogen ApplicationsCorn (Zea mays L.) production relies extensively on different types of N fertilizers, and anhydrous ammonia (NH 3) continues to be a dominant N s ource in much of the Corn Belt. Timing and placement of NH 3 fertilizer can affect plant-to-plant uniformity and yield of corn, and especially so when high N rates are applied and there is little time between spring pre-plant NH 3 application and planting. The effects of shallow pre-plant NH3 placement on corn plant-to- plant uniformity were investig ated... |
20. Tillage and Nitrogen Responses to Residue Removal in Continuous CornWith the growing interest in harvesting corn stal k residue for use as biofuel comes the need to examine how residue removal might affect yield a nd N needs of the subsequent corn crop. We are conducted an experiment over the past five years ( 2006 to 2010) at four Illinois locations (three in Mollisols and one in Alfisol) in which all, part, or none of the corn residue is removed, followed by tilled and no-till split within each residue treatment, a nd with N rates split within each residue-tillage... |
21. Can nitrogen application rate and timing management contribute to yield benefit in dryland winter wheat?Nitrogen (N) is a key component that affects grain yield and protein content in wheat. Optimizing fertilizer N application rate and time may contribute to an increased yield along with an adequate protein level. To evaluate the effects of different rates and application timing of N on grain yield and quality, a field study was carried out at four different locations across Nebraska (Mead, Grant, Sidney, and Scottsbluff) in 2018/19. At all locations, the experimental layout was split-plot randomized... D. Ghimire, B. Maharjan |
22. No-till and Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nitrogen Rate and Timing Recommendations: Early ResultsThe idea of improving soil health has become increasingly more talked about by researchers, agronomists, and farmers in the past five years. Management practices such as no- or reduced-tillage and planting cover crops are recommended to improve soil health because of their potential to improve organic matter and soil structure leading to a greater capacity to hold water and nutrients needed for plant growth. Research in South Dakota has been occurring these past two years to determine the influence... J.D. Clark, A. Bly, D. Karki, D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, P. Kovacs |
23. Soil Properties and Corn Yield as Effected by 70 year of Cattle Manure ApplicationLong-term experiments provide valuable information about the environment x agronomy interaction impacts on soil and crop productivity. The irrigated Knorr-Holden experimental site near Mitchell, Nebraska was established in 1912 and had a non- replicated unfertilized maize plot until 1941. In 1942 the plot was split into two manure treatments (0 and 27 Mg ha-1 yr-1 cattle manure) with 0.04 ha each. In 1953, second replication was added using adjacent land. The same year, manure treatments... B. Maharjan |
24. Estimation of Nitrogen Losses from Char Amended Fertilized Soils: a Laboratory StudyMore than 50% of nitrogen (N) fertilizer added to agricultural soil is lost to the environment through volatilization, denitrification, and leaching. Proper management of soil carbon (C) may reduce N losses since soil C affects soil properties and N cycling. There are a wide range of soil C management practices, including direct addition of high C content materials to the soil. A 30-day laboratory study was conducted to evaluate effects of char on N losses from fertilized loam and sandy loam soils.... D. Panday, B. Maharjan |
25. Effect Of High Carbon Char in Conjunction with Composted Manure and Urea on Corn YieldAn integrated approach to optimize fertilizer input through use of high carbon char (also called cinder), a by-product from a local industry in Western Nebraska, was set up for determination of optimal rate of char along with a given nitrogen (N) fertilizer or composted manure on corn (Zea mays L.) yield. Char is a potential soil amendment, since it contains around 30% total carbon (C) in addition to many essential plant nutrients. The experiment was started in 2016 in sandy loam... D. Panday, B. Maharjan |
26. Potassium Effects on Yield, Grain Quality, Lodging, and Stalk Strength in RiceMissouri has a long history of rice production, going back to 1910 when the crop was first grown in the northeast region of the state. From this 40-acre start, rice acreage has increased steadily over the years to over 180,000 acres currently. The statewide average yield was 110 bu/A in 1997 and increased to over 156 bu/A in 2015. Traditionally, nitrogen (N) management has been given top priority by farmers. But with increased yields and rotations with soybeans, K fertility is increasingly being... D. Dunn, G. Stevens |
27. South Dakota Producers Use of Soil Testing to Make Soil Fertility DecisionsSoil fertility guidelines in South Dakota are primarily based on soil testing results. There are several possible soil sampling procedures regarding timing, frequency, and type of soil sampling that can be followed by producers. Survey information collected from South Dakota producers can inform us what soil sampling procedures they are commonly using. We distributed a survey to 3,000 South Dakota producers based on crop reporting district, crops grown, and farm size. We reminded producers three... |
28. Improving Nitrogen Management in Dryland Winter Wheat Production in NebraskaWheat producers in Nebraska endured a significant loss in profit due to reduced grain protein in years that had wet springs such as in 2016 and 2017. Among many potential factors, soil nitrogen (N) is the most central factor that affects protein levels in wheat. To investigate the effect of N on wheat grain yield and protein content, field trials across the State were initiated in 2018. The specific objectives of the field study were to evaluate the effects of different N rates and application... |
29. Corn Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Practices in Eastern South DakotaThe adoption factors of N best management practices (BMPs) that can lessen N loss needs to be understood to help increase adoption rates. Understanding the local, small-scale factors (geographic location, tillage type, and farm size) that influence the use of N BMPs will help nutrient management professionals provide the research and information needed to increase the use of N BMPs. South Dakota (SD) survey data from 465 producers was used to examine the above local, small-scale factors that influence... J.D. Clark, A. Bly, P. Kovacs, J. Ulrich-schad |
30. Comparative Effects of Herbicide, Nitrogen Inhibitors and Nitrogen Source on Nitrification and Corn YieldNitrogen management in crops can be challenging due to nitrogen transformations and losses in soil, such as nitrification and denitrification. Nitrification is the conversion of ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-) by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. Nitrates can be lost through leaching during heavy precipitation. Nitrification inhibitor products are used to temporarily slow the nitrification process by... W. Neels, A. Jhala, B. Maharjan, R. Little, J. Iqbal |
31. Promoting Adoption of Precision Nitrogen Management Technologies Through On-farm ResearchThe Nebraska On-Farm Research Network helps farmers evaluate products and practices that impact the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of their operations. There are many technologies that have potential to increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) on corn and winter wheat but typically these technologies have low adoption. At the same time, farmers have technologies such as GPS, yield monitors, and variable-rate application equipment on their farmers that enables them to easily conduct... L. Thompson, L. Puntel, T. Mieno, J. Iqbal, B. Maharjan, J. Luck, S. Norquest, J. Guilherme cesario pereira pinto, C. Uwineza |
32. What Soil Measurements Relate Best to Corn Economic Optimal N Rate?The use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical for optimizing corn (Zea mays L.) yield. However, improper applications can reduce fertilizer efficiency, create environmental issues, and reduce grower profits. The N cycle is largely affected by biological processes. Therefore, the inclusion of biological soil tests alone or in combination with other soil chemical and physical properties may enable us to improve the accuracy of corn N fertilizer needs to optimize yield. From 2018-2021,... J. Clark, P. Kovacs, A. Bly, A. Ahlersmeyer |
33. Comparing Yield Goal and Maximum Return to N Based Methods in Predicting Corn Economic Optimal Nitrogen RatesThere are two main N rate recommendation systems used in the U.S.–Yield goal and maximum return to N (MRTN). The current yield-goal based system for calculating corn N rate recommendations in SD has not been evaluated for accuracy since 2013. Therefore, the objective of this project was to 1) evaluate the accuracy of the current yield goal-based equation and 2) create a database of N response trials and evaluate the accuracy of using the MRTN approach for predicting N rate requirements.... J. Clark, P. Kovacs, A. Bly, C. Graham |
34. Optimizing Nitrogen Management for Sustainable Production of Furrow-Irrigated Corn in Nebraska PanhandleLosses of nitrogen (N) via leaching to groundwater and greenhouse gas emissions pose an environmental and human health threat. The risk for environmental N losses, particularly nitrate leaching loss, is greater in furrow-irrigated fields than those under drip or sprinkler irrigation. Furrow irrigation accounts for 30% of total irrigated acres in Nebraska and approximately 36% in the US. However, much of the efforts for N management improvement are concentrated on sprinkler or drip systems. The... B. Maharjan, D. Ghimire |
35. Effects of Fertilizer Nitrogen Management on Biomass, Oil, and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Peppermint in Nebraska PanhandlePeppermint (Mentha pipperita) is an aromatic perennial herb that contains aromatic oil, primarily menthol. Irrigated peppermint production requires large nitrogen (N) input, which is often higher than for irrigated corn. Therefore, if not managed properly, mint production has a high potential for N loss, including emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). Nitrous oxide is a major greenhouse gas and also the single most important ozone-depleting emission. Increasing N2O emissions... S. De silva, B. Maharjan |
36. Impact of Cover Crop Composition on Nitrogen Application Rates and the Subsequent Yields of Corn and SoybeanInterseeding cover crops presents a promising strategy for enhancing the sustainability of agricultural systems. Nevertheless, the practice of interseeding cover crops introduces a dynamic element to nitrogen (N) cycling, potentially altering both the quantity and timing of N release through decomposition (mineralization). This variability in N availability may, in turn, influence the optimal nitrogen fertilizer requirements to maximize corn grain yield. However, long-term studies are essential... J.D. Clark , P. Kovacs, P. Sexton, S. Osborne, S. Kodali |
37. Examination of Topography and Soil Health Properties and Their Relationship to Corn Yield Stability in Central Iowa Agricultural FieldsCroplands in the North Central region are managed for high crop yields that are stable across years and fields. Nevertheless, yields fluctuate from year to year. Moreover, the magnitude of these fluctuations can vary across the field such that yield in some portions of the field is relatively stable and relatively variable in other portions of the field. Previous research has found that yield stability can be partially explained by topographic variables, but potential relationships between yield... L. Makens, M. Castellano |
38. Is Field Crop Contamination with Heavy Metals an Emerging Concern?Heavy metal contamination of food, particularly food consumed by infants and young children, with arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) is a major food safety concern in the United States and beginning to draw heightened regulatory scrutiny. Crop uptake of heavy metals also has high spatiotemporal variability due to multiple soil, field, climate and plant factors. Management strategies that minimize heavy metal uptake and translocation are needed. The objective of this field study was to 1)... K. Steinke, Z. Hayden, M. Suplito |
39. Investigating the Effects of Tillage Practices and Fertilizer Placement Strategies on Corn Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Eastern South DakotaIn South Dakota, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers are often used to optimize corn (Zea may L.) grain yields and maintain soil fertility. The placement of these fertilizers often has an impact on the nutrient accessibility to the plant and the fertilizer’s impact on the environment. The management of these fertilizers is largely influenced by the tillage system utilized. In the western corn belt, producers have historically used a combination of conventional and... C. Tesch, P. Kovacs |