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1. Tillage, Crop Rotation, and Cover Crop Impact on Corn Nitrogen Requirements in Southeastern South DakotaNitrogen is the lifeline of corn production. There is uncertainty whether nitrogen (N) requirements are the same for corn raised under long term no-till versus conventional till production systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate N fertilizer requirements for long term no-till soils in southeastern South Dakota, while considering effects from cover crops and crop rotation. This was a two year study at the SDSU Southeast Research Farm near Beresford, SD on long term no-till plots established... S. Berg, P. Sexton, R. Gelderman, A. Bly, C. Derdall |
2. Corn Nitrogen Evaluation in South DakotaCurrent Nitrogen (N) recommendations for corn in South Dakota use an N rate calculator approach (yield goal x 1.2 ⤓ soil test Nitrate-N (0-2 ft) ⤓ legume credits ⤓ other credits such as manure application or N in starter fertilizers + 30 lbs N/a for no-till). The N coefficient has been modified in the past from 1.45 in 1975, to 1.3 in 1982 and currently 1.2 determined 1991. The N coefficient is in dire need of re-evaluation because... A. Bly, S. Berg, P. Sexton, R. Gelderman |
3. Small Grain Response to Potassium and Chloride AdditionsStudies have been conducted over a three-year period to determine the frequency and the cause of small grain response to KC1 additions on high K soils. During the first two years responsiveness of hard red spring wheat, spring barley, and oats were compared at six locations in eastern South Dakota. Broadcast applications of 167 lbs/A of KC1 caused grain yield increases significant at the 0.05 probability level at four sites for wheat and two sites for barley while no oat yield increases were measured.... |
4. Influence of Soil Nitrate Nitrogen and Fertilizer Nitrogen on Wheat Grain Yield and ProteinWheat producers have recently shown a great deal of interest in grain protein levels. 'Ikis interest has developed prkily because of the relatively lqe protein premium available the last several years (Table 1). Nitrogen is a primary component of protein and needs to be added for most soils to produce high yielding, high protein wheat. The objectives of this study were to detennhe the effects of soil nitrate nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen on wheat grain yields and protein levels. ... |
5. The Nitrate Soil Test in South DakotaThe nitrate nitrogen soil test has been used for more than 15 years for making nitrogen fertilizer recommendations in South Dakota. Minimal leaching and denitrification due to a relatively dry climate has helped make this test a good predictor of nitrogen fertilizer needs. The test and nitrogen recommendation system is based on a two foot deep soil sample and a calibrated nitrogen requirement for common crops grown in South Dakota (Table 1). Extensive field plot data shows that the two foot deep... |
6. A Comparison of Point Injected and Knifed Phosphorus for Winter WheatThere are almost 2 million acres of winter wheat grown in South Dakota. Most is produced in the southwest part of the state on residual clay soils in a wheat fallow rotation with only limited, shallow sweep tillage. Very reduced tillage is necessary for wind and water erosion control, and water conservation on the long steep slopes. The continued use of shallow tillage on highly buffered, high pH soils has made broadcast phosphorus fertilizer inefficient in increasing wheat yields, even though phosphorus... |
7. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization of Cool Season GrassStudies were initiated at two locations on cool season grass in central South Dakota to evaluate the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on forage and seed yields. Nitrogen rates (0,30,60,90,120,1501b Nacre) and phosphorus rates (0,30,60,90,180 Ib P,Odacre) were applied to established crested or intermediate wheatgrass once and harvested for either two or three years depending on location. Nitrogen increased dry matter yield by 48 and 62% at the two locations and seed yield by 166 percent. Phosphorus... |
8. Influence of Phosphorus Soil Test Level on the Probabaility of Corn Yield ResponseData from a long term residual phosphorus study was analyzed to determine the probability of a corn yield response at low, medium, high and very high soil test levels. Analysis of 55 rate-site years showed a corn yield increase 59, 22, 43 and 17% of the time respectively for low, medium, high and very high soil test categories. The very high soil test category is defined as a Bray P soil test of greater than 20 ppm. The results suggest that the current South Dakota State University recommendation... |
9. Influence of Water Treatment Lime Sludge on Soil pH and Crop YieldsSoil pH levels are decreasing in extreme Eastern South Dakota. To test the effectiveness of water treatment lime sludge in raising soil pH and crop yields, a liming study was established at four locations with pH levels of 5.7 or less. The lime sludge applied at 3 tons per acre raised soil pH to neutral and maintained it at neutral for the 4 year duration of the study. Crops grown at the various sites included soybeans, corn, spring wheat, winter wheat and forage sorghum. Although there was a trend... |
10. Regionalizing Fertilizer Recommendations for North Dakota, South Dakota, and Western MinnesotaFertilizer recommendations have varied between adjacent states. The inconsistencies at state lines made educational efforts in soil fertility more difficult for companies doing business across state lines. In an effort to alleviate these problems, the agronomists working with fertilizer calibration data and recommendations from the three states of North Dakota, South Dakota and Minnesota put together a recommendation system which could be used in a large part of all three states. The basic "core"... |
11. Influence of Seed Placed Fertilizer on Corn, Soybean and Sunflower EmergenceSix phosphorous fertilizer materials were placed with corn, soybean and sunflower seed to determine their influence on seed injury and emergence. Fertilizer rates used were 0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 Ib/A P,O, as dry TSP (0-46-O), MAP (1 1-55- 0), DAP (18-46-0) or liquid 10-34-0, 7-21-7 and 9-18-9. Seed emergence ranged from 0 to 100% depending on crop, fertilizer rate and materials used. Corn was most tolerant of fertilizer injury while soybean was extremely sensitive with stand reduction with even... |
12. Influence of Elemental Sulfur on Soil pH and Soil Test LevelsSoil test summaries from South Dakota State University Soil Testing Lab show that 16 percent of South Dakota soils have a pH of 7.6 or higher. These high pH soils can reduce nutrient availability to plants. A major concern is for reduced phosphorus availability and fertilizer use efficiency. High pH soils also reduce the availability of micronutrients such as iron and zinc. Due to these issues, questions are often asked on how to reduce soil pH. A number of materials such as sulfuric acid, aluminum... |
13. Spoke Injection of Fertilizer Phosphorus for GrassesFertilization of forge grasses with phosphorus has shown limited forage increases in South Dakota, even with low soil tests. Lack of response to added phosphorus may partially be due to fertilizer placement on established grass stands. Traditionally broadcasting fertilizer has been the only placement method available. Since P moves very iiiile in the soil, root feeding from tne added P must occur very ciose to the soil surface. A dry soil surface could limit P uptake by grasses, limiting any yield... |
14. Relationship of Seed-placed Phosphatic Fertilizer Salt Index to Crop EmergenceThe role of fertilizer salt index in salt injury to germinating seeds has been recognized for over 60 years. Recent increased use of direct seed placement of fertilizer P has produced a need for a simpler method of making seed-placed fertilizer recommendations. Numerous field studies were conducted utilizing seed-placed P fertilizers. Published fertilizer salt index values were multiplied by the PtOs/ha application rate to give a salt indexha value. Relative plant stand (dependent variable) was linearly... |
15. Potassium Deficiency in South DakotaSouth Dakota soils are typically very high in plant available potassium (K). However in the last several years there have been increasing reports of K deficiency on corn. A number of observations have been made concerning where K deficiency occurs and what factors are involved. A few research studies have been initiated to answer frequently asked questions by producers on K management for corn and soybean rotations in the state. Preliminary results indicate differential corn variety response to... |
16. Phosphorus Stratification- is it Relevent to P uptake by SoybeanStratification of nutrients, observed in soils under continuous no-till management, remains an issue. Two experiments were conducted during 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the effect of stratification on P nutrition of soybean (Glycine nzax (L.) Merr.). At the fist site there were five blocks with stratified and unstratified main plots and five levels of soil test P as subplots. In the second trial there were four blocks with two stratification treatments as main plots, the absence and presence of in-row... |
17. Urea Application Timing Influence on No-till CornFertilizer N for no-till corn in South Dakota is often limited to surface applications of urea. Surface applied urea can volatilize. A study was conducted in 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2002 (four site years) on no-till corn comparing surface broadcast urea timing. Nitrogen rates (50 and 100 Ibs Nla) were applied in the fall. winter. early spring, planting. and V-6 stage. Ear leaf samples were analyzed for N concentration in 1999 and 2000 and grain yield was measured each year. Precipitation was measured... |
18. Utilizing Inhibitor Technology to reduce Ammonia Volatilization Losses from Urea Sources Applied to Conservation TillageA severe limitation to urea fertilizers and the ureacomponent in livestock wastes is the high potential for volatile loss of nitrogen (N) as ammonia. Losses are especially severe when the urea-containing materials are surface applied with no or only limited subsequent incorporation. Extensive losses are also observed when urea is applied to warm soils that are moist and undergoing rapid drylng. Soil pH, the presence of an active microbial population, and soil texture are also known to impact volatilization... |
19. Validating the Wisconsin P Index with Measured Runoff P Losses From Agricultural FieldsPhosphorus (P) indices have been developed by most states in the USA for use as planning tools to assess the risk of P loss and identify appropriate management alternatives to control these losses where needed. Little information is available on the relationshp between P index values and actual P runoff losses in the field. We compared annual P losses in runoff measured at 2 1 field or sub-watershed locations with Wisconsin P index values calculated for the same areas. The research sites included... |
20. Utilizing Existing Sensor Technology to Develop a Late-Season Critical Value for Spring Wheat ProteinA premium is paid to producers for spring wheat with a protein content greater than or equal to 14%. Obtaining that protein content can be problematic without proper nitrogen (N) fertilizer management. Sensor-based technologies have been used for predicting yield. The question is whether ths technology can be used to determine the protein content in-season for spring wheat. Field studies were conducted in South Dakota in 2003 and 2005. Five N treatments (0, 34, 65, 102, 136 kg N ha-') were applied... |
21. Utilizing the Greenseeker to Evaluate Spring Wheat Growth and YieldThere is currently little information on the use of existing sensor-based technologies for in- season application of nitrogen (N) to spring wheat (Triticttm aestivztm L.) in the northern Great Plains. Over the past decade researchers in the southern Great Plains have developed the Greenseeker as a tool for on-the-go N application to winter wheat. Field experiments were established in Brookings and Gettysburg, SD to evaluate the Greenseeker Hand Held optical sensor (NTech Industries, Ukiah, CA) for... |
22. Fertilizer Placement with Seed - A Decision AidBanding fertilizers with the seed at planting con tinues to be a popular option with producers in the Great Plains and North Central regions of the U.S. However, seed-placed fertilizer may limit germination/emergence of the seed/seedling. Nutrie nt source and rate are two factors affecting injury that are relatively simple to manage. Unfortunately, many crop producers and advisors have few rate guidelines for the many crop by fer tilizer combinations that are common to the region. The objectives... |
23. Agronomic and Nutrient Cycling Responses in a Rotation StudyA twelve-year rotation study was established in the Divide soil near Brookings SD in 2000. Treatments of crop rotations (corn-soybean, s oybean-spring wheat, and corn-soybean-spring wheat), tillage (conservation till vs. no-till), and residue management (post-harvest residue removed vs. residue returned) were established. Grain yield, residue crop residue production, nutrient cycling, and carbon storage responses were documented. Mean grain yield for various crops was not significantly influenced... |
24. Poly-Coated Urea Responses For Winter Wheat In The Northern PlainsManaging nitrogen applications for winter wheat production and quality includes limiting N volatilization with surface urea applications in the northern Great Plains. Two winter wheat sites located in central and western (W) South Dakota were established in the fall of 2011. Treatments were broadcast poly-coated urea (ESN) and urea at different blend proportions applied at rates of 0, 40, 60, 80, and 100 lb N/a and two timings (fall and spring). An additional winter wheat site was established in... |
25. On-Farm Assessment of Nitrogen Use and Management in Irrigated Corn Production in NebraskaHigh-yield irrigated crops have large nitrogen (N) requirements. For example, N uptake of a corn crop that yields 207 bu ac -1 (~13 t/ha) is about 180 lb N ac-1 (200 kg N ha-1). The amount of N that is not provided by indigenous sources (mineralization of previous crop residue and soil organic matter) needs to be supplied by crop producers through N fertilizer. High-yield irrigated corn accounts for 74% of total annual corn production of 1260 million bushels in Nebraska. With approximately 70,000... |
26. Reevaluating Potassium Recommendations for Soybean Production in KentuckyFertility recommendations from land grant universities are typically lower than private soil test laboratories and lead producers to question the adequacy of current recommendations. Further, soil samples analyzed at UK Regulatory Services Soil Testing Laboratory indicate that average state-wide soil test potassium (K) levels are declining approximately 1 lb K/A/year. The reason for this decline is not known, but some suspect it might be due to increased crop yields while maintaining historical... E. Ritchey, J.H. Grove, J.M. Mcgrath |
27. Manure Total Nitrogen Variability Due to Analytical Method and Total Solids ContentKnowing the nutrient analysis of a fertilizer source is essential to ensure adequate nutrients for crop growth, while not causing potential environmental impacts by overapplying nutrients. Using manure as a nutrient source can complicate matters as the nutrient content can be variable and the manure can come in a range of liquid to solid consistencies. There are multiple laboratory methods to determine different nutrient parameters and for manure total nitrogen levels the most common methods... N.L. Bohl bormann, M.L. Wilson, E.L. Cortus, J. Floren, R.O. Miller, L. Gunderson |
28. Comparing the Effectiveness of Calcium Products in Neutralizing Soil AcidityProper pH management is the foundation of a good soil fertility program. Soil pH influences nutrient availability, root growth and function. Acid soils are neutralized by the addition of carbonates, oxides, and hydroxides present in limestone products. However, there is a common perception that calcium is responsible for the neutralization of acid soils rather than the carbonates associated with calcium in the limestone. The effectiveness of three calcium products in raising soil pH were compared... E.L. Ritchey, J.H. Grove, C. Teutsch |
29. US Midwest Dairy Manure Nutrient Observations 2012-2022Dairy manure is a source of organic nutrients with variable manure characteristics. This analysis drew 2012-2022 data from ManureDB, the manure and organic amendment database developed by the University of Minnesota. Thousands of solid dairy and liquid dairy manure samples across 2012-2022 were evaluated for book value comparisons, temporal trends, and regional differences for total N, NH4-N, P2O5, and K2O analytes. The only significant trend detected... N. Bohl bormann, M. Wilson, E.L. Cortus, K.A. Silverstein, K.A. Janni, L. Gunderson |