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1. 1989 Agronomic Implications of the 1988 DroughtHistorical Perspective Grain marketing analysts have a rule of thumb that says, "A short crop has a long tail". From the agronomist's point of view, a similar statement could be made for the agronomic implications of the 1988 drought. And coming on the heals of several years of depressed prices, there are some psychological effects that must be considered in working out management plans for farmers for the 1989 growing season. Since the 1988 season broke all previous records for extent and duration... |
2. Variable-Rate Fertilizer Application- Update and EconomicsThe potential for application of computer-controlled, satellite-guided, variable-rate application systems for fertilizer has opened an interesting new area of research and development. While variable-rate application is not new--and does not require the com- puter or satellite systems to be useful--the technology is definitely helping to convince dealers and farmers that this concept has broader potential. Economic pressures and environmental concerns are leading them to take a closer look at how... |
3. Spatial Analysis of Yield-Limiting FactorsThe spatial relationship between crop yields and soil and site parameters was modeled using several methods. Yield maps estimated by projection pursuit regression and neural network analysis agreed well with measured yields. These methods also allowed generation of response curves for estimated yield as a function of each of the input parameters. These response curves were useful for investigating the relationship between yields and individual soil and site parameters. ... |
4. Spatial Prediction of Crop Productivity Using Electromagnetic InductionAn inexpensive and accurate method for measuring water-related, within-field soil productivity variation would greatly enhance site-specific crop management strategies. This paper reports on investigations to use an electromagnetic induction (EM) sensor to map claypan (Udollic Ochraqualfs) and alluvial (Typic and Aquic Udipsarnnlents, and Aeric Fluvaquents) soil conductivity variations and to evaluate the relationship of EM measurements to grain crop production. Grain yield measurement was obtained... |
5. An Evaluation of Methods for Determining Site-Specific Management ZonesNumerous procedures have been examined for identifymg management areas within fields. Traditional soil surveys give a general understanding of the effects soil mapping units have on crop productivity. In the USA. county soil surveys report the average grain yield of major crops by soil series. Slope position and landform are topographic features thal also have been used to explain water and crop productivity relationships (Mulla et al., 1992; Sudduth et al., 1997). Generally, footslope positions... |
6. Influence of Sulfur Source on CornSulfur is an essential plant nutrient. Medium and fine texture high organic matter soils in South Dakota usually supply adequate levels of sulfur to plants. Very sandy soils are less capable of supplying sulfur to plants but even these soils usually provide adequate sulfur for plant needs. However, in recent years above average precipitation may have caused leaching of sulfur, possibly resulting in sulfur deficiencies. In addition, spring soil temperatures have stayed cool, likely slowing decay of... |
7. Low-Phytate Corn- A Genetic Approach to Manure-P ManagementManaging nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contained in manure produced by monogastric animals (primarily poultry and swine) is complicated because the N:P in corn grain is 6: 1 but only 3: 1 or less, in the manure. The P content in manure fiom monogastric animals becomes elevated because corn grain and many other feed sources contain most of their P as phytic acid (phytate) which is unavailable to these species because they lack the intestinal enzyme, phytase, needed to metabolize phytic acid-P. Repeated... |
8. Fertilizer Recommendations Based upon Nutrient Removal or Soil Testing- A Spatial AnalysisCosts for nutrient management are generally high in crop production systems. Those costs are associated with activities related to: a) gathering information regarding soil fertility and plant nutrition for a field, b) acquisition of the actual soil amendments intended to improve the field's fertility and future crop nutrition, and c) application of the purchased soil amendments at the right rate in the appropriate place within the field. Information gathering usually consists of plant tissue andlor... |
9. Soil pH and Corn-Soybean Rotation Yield Responses to Limestone Applications and TillageFarmers growing corn and soybean in northwest Iowa must carefully consider liming needs and economics. This is because of high liniestone material cost and the fact that soils in northwest Iowa have high pH subsoil, which can moderate negative effects of acid surface soils. Another factor that must be considered is the variable effect from limestone mixing depth associated with different tillage systems. An experiment designed to evaluate six rates of aglime (0 to 6,000 Iblacre of effective calcium... |
10. Strategies for Establishing Management Zones for Site Specific Nutrient ManagementRecent precision agriculture research has focused on the use of management zones as a method to define areas for variable application of crop inputs. The goal of our work was to determine the relative importance of terrain information, aerial photographs, magnetic induction maps, and yield maps to define management zones. This work was conducted on a center-pivot irrigated field located near Gibbon. NE that has been planted to continuous corn for at least five years. Remotely sensed bare-soil images,... |
11. Nitrate Leaching Characteristics for Various Nitrogen Management Strategies on Irrigated CornEfficient use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer for corn production is important for maximizing economic return to the producer and minimizing NO3 leaching to groundwater. This is especially important on irrigated, sandy soils due to the high infiltration and saturated conductivity and potential risk to the local water supplies. This study is being conducted to quantifL the NO3 leaching potential in the irrigated sands along Kansas' waterways under current and alternative N and water management strategies... |
12. Use of Chlorophyll Flourescence Techniques to Detect Stresses in CornIncreased efficiencies in the use of water and fertilizer will require better methods of monitoring crop stress. This study was conducted to determine whether chlorophyll fluorescence was more sensitive to detecting water and nitrogen stress than chlorophyll meters in corn (Zea mays). The experiment was carried out near Shelton, NE in 2000, 200 1, and 2002. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of 12 corn hybrids (1 1 Pioneer Hi-Bred internationali and B73 x M017), two water levels (deficit... |
13. Evaluation of the Amino Sugar-N Based Soil test in Iowa Corn ProductionAn important improvement in estimating economic N applications for corn production would be to predict the soil N supply capacity each year. The objective of this research is to evaluate the adaptability and potential calibration of the amino sugar-N based Illinois N Soil Test in corn production fields across diverse Iowa soils. Nitrogen rate trials were conducted at multiple sites over several years, many on producer fields. Soil samples were collected at 0-6 and 0-12 inch depths in the fall and... |
14. Nutrient Management Implications of Relay Cropping on the EnvironmentResidual nitrogen (nitrate-N) remaining in the root zone after seed corn production is frequently greater than under commercial corn production. This nitrate is subject to leaching into the shallow ground water of the Platte River Valley in South-Central Nebraska. as noted by elevated nitrate-N concentrations under seed cornfields compared to other fields. Hard-red winter wheat was planted into seed corn residue in early October of 2001 as a cover crop to scavenge residual- N from the root zone and... |
15. Relationship Between Response Indices Measured In-Season and at Harvest in Winter WheatCurrent methods for making nitrogen recommendations in winter wheat (Triticum aestivurn L.) do not adjust for in-season temporal variability of plant available non-fertilizer nitrogen (N) sources. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of different nitrogen response indices determined in-season @INDVI and RIPLANTHEIGkm) to the nitrogen response index measured at harvest (RIHARvEST). In addition, this study evaluated the use of the in-season response indices for determining topdress nitrogen... |
16. Active Sensor Orientation Over Corn Rows and Effect on Assessment of BiomassOur long-tern mresearch goal is to develop practical N application systems that use on-the-go remote sensing as a nleans to assess crop N status and only apply N where needed at times when the crop can most efficiently utilize N. Our preliminaty testing of two active sensor systems has shoxl-11 considerable promise for rapid and accurate assessment of canopy N status and crop biomass. In this work, the effect of sensor positioning and orientation over the canopy and their effects on assessment of... |
17. An Update on Crop Canopy Sensors for In-Season N ManagementRemote sensing in agriculture has focused 011 the spectral and spatial properties of plants. Remote sensing provides the capability for rapid collection of vast quantities of spatial data that can be analyzed quickly for use in detel-mining a course of action. This creates the potential for using remote sensing to assess and manage in-season production practices. Past research has shown that a change in canopy rel-lectance inay not be unique for a given stress. Also, other agents may have effects... |
18. In Season RecommendationsWe are testing a prototype high-clearance tractor configured with active crop canopy sensors, drop nozzles with electronic valves, and a variable rate controller as means to deliver in-season variable rates of liquid N fertilizer based on crop needs as an alterative to preplant uniform applications of N. The active sensor we're evaluating is the model ACS-210 Crop Circle made by Holland Scientific. It generates it's own source of modulated light in the amber and near infrared (NIR) bands and then... |
19. In-Season Nitrogen Recommendations for CornMaking fertilizer N recommendations involves a great deal of guess work and uncertainty because much, essentially all, of the fertilizer N is applied before the crop is planted and the amount is based on estimated crop use from historical data. In addition, producers, consultants, and fertilizer dealers try to anticipate how much N might be lost because of untimely or excess precipitation or how much additional N might be required if the weather conditions are favorable. Sidedress and in-season... |
20. Crop Residue Removal Effects on Soil PropertiesThree large challenges facing mankind are the n eed to feed a rapidly growing population, increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and reliance on fossil fuels. Expectations from agriculture include produ ction of food and fiber to meet demands, management of agricultural systems to sequester carbon and redu ce emission of other greenhouse gases, and provision of feedstock for a rapidly expanding biofuels industry. Some discussions involving use of crop residue for biofuel... |
21. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recalibration for Sunflower in the Northern Great PlainsSunflower producers in the northern Great Plains states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota are presently directed to N and P recommendations that originate from research performed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. These three states alone produce more than 80% of the sunflowers in the United States on a yearly basis (USDA-NASS, 2015). The current general formulas determining N and P fertilizer rate in these top-producing states are equivalent. The N recommendation is represented here by... |
22. Improved Nitrogen Management for the Food Industry Supply ChainA project is being led by the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) and The Fertilizer Institute (TFI), with cooperation by Fertilizers Canada (FC), to help strengthen the science underpinning the Field to Market Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture Fieldprint Calculator (FPC) and its field-scale greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions estimates. Cooperating Land Grant University nitrogen (N) management scientists and USDA NRCS and ARS nitrous oxide (N 2O) emission scientists were invited to work... |
23. Do Soil Nitrogen Tests Relate to Nitrogen Mineralization in First-year Corn Following Alfalfa?Corn (Zea mays L.) is the most frequent first-year crop grown following alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the Upper Midwest. In the majority of cases, first-year corn does not respond to fertilizer N, but sometimes large amounts are needed to optimize yield. The pre-sidedress and Illinois soil N tests (PSNT and ISNT, respectively) are early-season tests used to predict corn yield response to fertilizer N. These tests measure specific fractions of soil N and define a critical concentration to separate... |
24. Assessing the Benefits of Radish as a Cover CropOilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L) is a popular cover crop for no-till farmers in Wisconsin, especially among those that include winter wheat in rotation since radish can accumulate large amounts of nitrogen (N). However, previously presented research in Wisconsin has not shown a clear N credit for a subsequent corn crop. Additionally, there is a lack of information that quantifies other benefits of radish, including compaction reduction and nematode suppression. The objective of this project was... |
25. Effect of Starter Fertilizer and Plant Date on Soybean Growth, Nodulation, and YieldEnvironmental conditions at the time of planting are a crucial determinant to soybean (Glycine max) yield potential. In recent years, it has become common in Ohio to begin planting earlier in the growing season, as soon as mid- or late-April in some cases. However, soil conditions are typically cooler and wetter at this time as opposed to later planting dates, and nutrient availability may be limited. When planting soybeans into cool and wet soil, the application of a starter fertilizer may be beneficial... |
26. Switchgrass Rhizobacterial Community Structure as a Function of Cultivar and Nitrogen Fertility at Two Sites in MinnesotaBiofuel production using native perennial grasses such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has potential to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil and curtail greenhouse gas emissions. Switchgrass can also provide significant ecosystem services, such as nutrient loss reduction and carbon sequestration. Best management practices (BMPs) for switchgrass fertility are being established on a regional basis, yet little work has been done to examine the intersection of soil fertility with soil biology in switchgrass-for-biofuel... |
27. Effect of Tillage, Rotation (Maize and Soybean), and Nitrogen Rate in a Long Term Study on Solvita, Water Extract, H3A Extract ValuesA long term rainfed tillage/rotation/N rate study was established in 1985 on a mostly Coleridge silty clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Cumulic Haplustoll). The study is a factorial of plow, disk, and no-till under continuous corn (Zea mays) and corn following soybeans (Glycine Max) with five nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg ha -1). Soil samples were taken from all rotation/tillage combinations and three N rates in the fall of 2013 to 0.20 m (8 in). They were analyzed using the... |
28. Corn Nitrogen Rate Response and Crop Yield in a Rye Cover Crop SystemWater quality impairment related to N loss from crop production fields continues to be a concern in Iowa, including meeting the USEPA nitrate-N drinking water standard and reducing N export to the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, in-field production practices would be helpful to aid in reduction of nitrate leaching and movement to water systems. One practice identified in the science assessment for the Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy is use of a winter cereal rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crop, where a... |
29. Management Zone Delineation Techniques to Aid In-Season Sensor Based Nitrogen ApplicationThe increased efficiency of nitr ogen fertilizer (N) use has been a long-term goal in reduction of nitrate contamination in the stat e of Nebraska. Preliminary rese arch has shown sensor based in- season application of nitrogen has the ability to be economic and environmentally viable. Although benefits have been published there is an opportunity for increased accuracy of N application through the integration of preprocesse d georeferenced management zones. In-season sensor based N application relies... |
30. What Do You Do When Your N-Rich Reference Fails?In recent years, canopy reflectance sensing has b een investigated for in-season assessment of crop N health and fertilization. Typically, the procedure followed co mpares the crop in an area known to be non-limiting in N (the N-rich area) to the crop in a target area, which may be inadequately fertilized. Measurements from the two areas are used to calculate a relative reflectance to represent the potential need for add itional N fertilizer. Establishing N rich areas or strips is often inconvenient... |
31. A Smorgasbord of Preliminary Results from Field Trials in OntarioField scale trials may be established to support lo cal needs, but the results seldom reach a wider audience. This paper summarizes two recent fiel d studies by staff of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) on fertilizer use in soybeans and corn. A study of starter fertilizer response in soybeans found that yield responses to fertilizer tended to be relatively small, and seldom large enough to cove r the cost of the added fertilizer. A second study of ammonia volatilization... |
32. What are the Benefits of Canopy Sensing for Variable-Rate Nitrogen Corn Fertilization?Canopy reflectance sensing for assessing crop N health has been proposed as a technology on which to base top-dress variable-rate N applicat ion. The objective of this research in Missouri was to evaluate the economic a nd environmental benefit of activ e-light crop-canopy reflectance sensors for corn N rate decisions. A total of 16 field-scale experiments were conducted over four seasons (2004-2007) in three major soil areas. Mu ltiple blocks of randomized N rate response plots traversed the length... |
33. Integration of Ultrasonic and Active Canopy Sensors to Estimate the In-Season Nitrogen Content for CornThe objectives of this research were to: (i ) determine the correlation between active canopy sensor (ACS) assessments of N status and ultr asonic sensor measurements of canopy height at several growth stages for corn receiving varying am ounts of N, (ii) test the ability of both sensors to distinguish N-mediated differences in canopy development and (iii) test the integrated use of both sensors. This experiment was conducted with varying N rates in an existing long-term study and farmer's fields... |
34. Nitrogen Availability and Corn Production in Minnesota Following Cover CropsCover crops are often included in BMPs for reducing soil erosion, building soil organic matter, and reducing nitrate leaching. Because of additional management requirement and uncertainties about their impact on nitrogen availability and cash crop yields, cover crops have not been widely adopted in conventional fields. This study aims to reduce these uncertainties for corn growers in Minnesota by measuring the impact of select cover crops on corn yield, nitrogen demand,... S. Badger |
35. Assessment of Plant Nitrogen Uptake with Late Fertilizer Applications in CornPrevious research in Kansas and other regions has shown that split applications of N fertilizer with early side-dress can increase yield compared to applications at planting in some site years. Split applications are typically done using the traditional side dress at the V6-V8 growth stage. However, late N applications (late-vegetative or early reproductive stage) is generating interest as one alternative to improve nitrogen use efficiency and possibly increase yields,... D. Diaz, A. Stammer, F. Hansel |
36. Not All Litter is Created Equal: Differences in Nitrogen Mineralization Among Broiler Litter TypesOver three fourths of U.S. broiler chicken production is located in the Southeast and generates a substantial amount of broiler litter (BL). Broiler litter is a mixture of bedding material and manure that can be a valuable nutrient source for row crop production when properly used. New technologies provide farmers with the opportunity to use a combination of BL and inorganic fertilizers with minimal environmental impact. The first part of the project evaluated integrated N management systems that... L. Fitzgerald, E. Ritchey, J. Mcgrath, J. Shockley, H. Poffenbarger |
37. Nitrogen Non-Cycling from Cover Crops Grown Before Corn and Spring Wheat-Unexpected Early Project ResultsNitrogen credits in North Dakota State University fertilization recommendations include those anticipated from the previous year annual legume crops (field pea, lentil, soybean, chickpea) and from terminated alfalfa. In addition, it was established in the region that sugarbeet tops returned to the soil may have an N credit potential of up to 80 pounds of N per acre (Crohain and Rixhon, 1967; Moraghan and Smith, 1994a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995b; Franzen et al.,... D. Franzen, A. Wick, H. Bu, L. Ressler, J. Bell, M. Berti, C. Gasch |
38. Project Sense: Sensors for the Efficient Use of Nitrogen and Stewardship of the Environment. An On-Farm Research Effort to Increase Adoption of Sensor Based N ManagementLow nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has been attributed to several factors including asynchrony between nitrogen (N) fertilizer application, crop demand, and spatial variability (Shanahan et al., 2008). Sidedress applied N synchronizes crop uptake demand for N, but does not address the spatial and temporal variability that exists in a field year to year. Active crop canopy sensors provide an ability to monitor and respond to spatial and temporal N variability for a given field. A three-year project,... B. Krienke, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, L. Thompson, J. Parrish, N. Mueller, T. Mieno, J. Crowther, T. Shaver, T. Ingram, D. Krull, K. Glewen |
39. How to Prepare a Virtual Poster for NCSFCThis poster will go through the steps of preparing a poster for inclusion in the poster sessions of the North Central Soil Fertility Conference. We will discuss how to: edit abstract and title, select a template, prepare text and images for each content block, upload downloadable materials, set header information, prepare for live chat and the scheduled poster sessions ... F.B. Salihin, Q. Rund, F. Salihin, L. Rund |
40. How to Create a Virtual Poster for NCSFCThis will walk authors through the process of creating a virtual poster for the Northcentral Soil Fertility Conference. ... Q. Rund, M. Tobin, L. Rund, F.B. Salihin |
41. N, S and Micronutrient (B + Zn) Interactions in Soft Red Winter Wheat NutritionThis work is intended to answer certain questions that result from the implementation of a multi-element wheat nutrition program. Nitrogen rate is a fundamental driver of wheat yield and quality. However, the impact/value of S or the micronutrients, which are likely components of a more integrated wheat nutrient management program, is not clear.The main study design included 4 rates of N (40, 80, 120 and 160 lb N/acre), 2 rates of S (0 and 10 lb S/acre), and 2 rates of the micronutrient ‘package’... J. Grove, E. Ritchey, J. Shockley |