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1. North Central Regional Nitrate Soil Testing ProjectAlthough preplant soil nitrate (NO -N) tests have a long history of 3 successful use in semi-arid regions of the Western and Great Plains region of the United States (Hergert, 1987), soil NO -N testing in humid 3 regions is currently receiving substantial research attention. One of the most promising approaches to KO testing in the higher rainfall areas 3 of the Midwest and Eastern states is use of the pre-sidedress soil NO test (PSNT) (Magdoff et al., 1984). Research conducted in the humid 3 regions... |
2. Predicting Subsoil Nitrate Content from Surface MeasurementsPreplant soil profile nitrate (NO,-N) tests are effective for I predicting corn (Zea mays L.) responsk to applied N. The difficulty of obtaining profile soil samples is one of the main obstacles to more extensive use of preplant tests. One approach to overcoming this barrier is to develop and use models to predict subsoil NO -N contents 3 from surface soil NO -N measurements. Data from 2295 routlne field 3 samples submitted to the University of Wisconsin Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory from 1989... |
3. Soybean Nitrogen Contributions and Rotation EffectsCorn-soybean rotations are widely used in Midwestern grain production. These rotations usually produce higher corn yields and require less supplemental nitrogen (N) than corn grown following corn. The yield benefits are usually attributed to rotation effects, although the precise mechanisms responsible for the yield enhancement are often not well defined. Nitrogen contributions from soybean in rotations are also not well understood because nitrogen budgets for soybean show that soybean harvested... |
4. Nitrogen Recommendations and Optimum Nitrogen Rates- How Do They CompareThe goals of University N recommendations for corn are to suggest adequate amounts of N to maximize economic return to the grower and simultaneously avoid excess N additions that can contribute to water quality problems. With increasing concerns about the contributions of aoricultural N to groundwater nitrate and to hypoxia in the Gulf of 3 Mexico. the appropnateness of N recomn~endations and their research basis are increasingly questioned. In addition, University N recommendations are often being... |
5. Strategies for Establishing Management Zones for Site Specific Nutrient ManagementRecent precision agriculture research has focused on the use of management zones as a method to define areas for variable application of crop inputs. The goal of our work was to determine the relative importance of terrain information, aerial photographs, magnetic induction maps, and yield maps to define management zones. This work was conducted on a center-pivot irrigated field located near Gibbon. NE that has been planted to continuous corn for at least five years. Remotely sensed bare-soil images,... |
6. Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Corn Yields and Soil PropertiesA long-term experiment (1 958-2002) provides information about the sustainability of long-term nitrogen (N) fertilizer use and continuous corn production in the northern Corn Belt. The experiment includes three N rates (none, medium, and high) applied annually in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Nitrogen rates in the medium and high categories increased over time and are currently 125 and 250 lb Nlacre. Lime treatments were imposed on the long-term N rates in 1985 using... |
7. Changes in Nitrogen use Efficiency and Soil Quality After Five Years of Managing for High Yield Corn and SoybeanAverage corn gain yields in the USA have increased linearly at a rate of 1.7 bulacre over the past 35 years with a national yield average of 130 bdacre. Corn yield contest winners and simulation models, ho ~ever, indicate there is -100 bda in exploitable corn yield gap. Six years (1999-2004) of plant development, grain yield and nutrient uptake \yere compared in intensive irrigated maize systems representing (a) recommended best management practices for a yield goal of 200 bdacre (Ml) and (b) intensive... |
8. Measuring Water-Extractable Phosphorus in Manures to Predict Phosphorus Concentrations in RunoffWater-extractable phosphorus (WEP) in manures can influence the risk of P losses in runoff when manures are land applied. There is some uncertainty about how WEP in manures should be determined. Specifically, are WEP measurements affected by manure sample handling before analysis, and what manure extraction procedures are most appropriate for predicting potential P runoff losses after manure application? We evaluated several manure handling and extraction variables in determinations of WEP in manures... |
9. Determining Economic Optimum Nitrogen Rates with the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test and Soil Organic Nitrogen FractionsDevelopment of a diagnostic test to estimate soil N supplying capability is a continuing research need. The Illinois soil nitrogen test (ISNT) has been proposed as a method for adjusting corn (Zea Mays L.) N recommendations for to account for soil organic N contributions. We evaluated the ISNT as a tool for predicting corn N response in Wisconsin by comparing ISNT values and corn N response data from-81 experiments conducted between 1984 and 2004 with a range of crop rotations, management histories,... |
10. Validating the Wisconsin P Index with Measured Runoff P Losses From Agricultural FieldsPhosphorus (P) indices have been developed by most states in the USA for use as planning tools to assess the risk of P loss and identify appropriate management alternatives to control these losses where needed. Little information is available on the relationshp between P index values and actual P runoff losses in the field. We compared annual P losses in runoff measured at 2 1 field or sub-watershed locations with Wisconsin P index values calculated for the same areas. The research sites included... |
11. Nitrogen Mineralization Estimates for N Rate SuggestionsTo improve the accuracy of N rate recommendations for corn, reliable estimates of soil N supplying capability are needed. The important influence of soil N supplying capability on estimating corn N needs is illustrated by a recent compilation of data on corn yield response to N fertilization fiom over 300 experiments in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin showing that 50 to 70% of the observed corn yield was produced with N supplied by the soil alone (Sawyer et al., 2006). The soil available... |
12. Crop Yield Relationship to Remote Sensing Data Using Intensified Weighted Nonlinear Regression ModelsYield prediction is important for making in-season agronomic input decisions as well as for greater logistical decisions. In predicting the crop yield based on ground-based active optical sensing data, the ordinary statistical unweighted linear or nonlinear regression models are the most popular choices. However, these unweighted models may not be accurate enough for practical use because they are based on the assumption that each data point for regression is obtained with equal precision and that... |
13. Nitrogen Rate Revisions for Corn in North DakotaNitrogen rates in North Dakota have been based on a yield-goal or yield-potential formula for over forty years. The currently published formula (Franzen, 2010) is: Recommended N rate = (Yield Potential, bushels per acre) X 1.2 less N credits from previous crops and soil test nitrate to 2 feet in depth. A yield-based strategy was practical when N costs were relatively low and yields in North Dakota were at most 100 bushels per acre. However, due to improved germplasm developed at North Dakota State... |
14. North Dakota Corn Recommendations for Preplant and Sensor Directed Sidedress NNitrogen rates for preplant N application in North Dakota have been drastically revised. The former yield-based strategy may have served when N costs were stable and relatively low and high yields in North Dakota were rarely higher than 100 bushels per acre. Due to improved germplasm developed at North Dakota State University and other northern Land-Grant Universities with favorable adaptation to North Dakota climate and soil conditions corn has become one of the most planted crops in the state.... |
15. Field Correlation of Tissue Testing for Phosphorus and Potassium in Corn and SoybeanInterest in tissue testing as a method of guiding fertilization and detecting nutrient deficiencies in corn and soybean in the upper Midwest is increasing. Tissue testing may be a helpful diagnostic tool for assessing in-season crop nutrients deficiencies. No current yield-response based interpretations for tissue test results are available in Iowa, although previous reports based on limited data collected during the 1990s and 2000s suggested that the value of tissue testing for phosphorus (P) and... |
16. Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nutrient Cycling in a Multi-Location Study in South DakotaSoil without living roots potentially loses mobile nutrients and retains excess water. Unprotected soil degradation and erosion enable the loss of carbon and nutrient rich top soil. Cover crops provide armor for the soil protecting from carbon and nutrient loss. Cover crop blends may influence soil health parameters and nutrient cycling. This multi-locational study depicts the influence of cover crop species blends with varying grass and broadleaf concentrations on established soil-health indicators... D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, D. Karki, J. Clark, A. Bly |
17. Does cover crop composition improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Crop and livestock producers in South Dakota are showing greater interest in cover crops for the multidimensional benefits it can provide towards enhanced nutrient availability to the cash crops and livestock nutrition. Growers use different blends of grasses and broad leaves, mostly legumes and brassicas, as cover crops. We hypothesized that carbon and nitrogen ratio and fiber composition in those cover crop residues regulate the nutrient release, thus influence the processes regarding nutrient... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Clark, J. Wolthuizen, A. Bly |
18. Do cover crops improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Bare soils are prone to erosion and lose soluble nutrients. Cover crops provide protection to the soil against erosion and nutrient loss. We hypothesized that the cover crops should uptake available nutrients from the soils in the fall when there is no cash crop, assimilate the nutrients in their tissues, and in the following spring, should release the nutrients back to the soil during the next cash crop growing season. In our study, we are quantifying the nutrients taken up by the cover crops... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Wolthuizen, J. Clark, A. Bly |
19. No-till and Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nitrogen Rate and Timing Recommendations: Early ResultsThe idea of improving soil health has become increasingly more talked about by researchers, agronomists, and farmers in the past five years. Management practices such as no- or reduced-tillage and planting cover crops are recommended to improve soil health because of their potential to improve organic matter and soil structure leading to a greater capacity to hold water and nutrients needed for plant growth. Research in South Dakota has been occurring these past two years to determine the influence... J.D. Clark, A. Bly, D. Karki, D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, P. Kovacs |
20. Nitrogen Non-Cycling from Cover Crops Grown Before Corn and Spring Wheat-Unexpected Early Project ResultsNitrogen credits in North Dakota State University fertilization recommendations include those anticipated from the previous year annual legume crops (field pea, lentil, soybean, chickpea) and from terminated alfalfa. In addition, it was established in the region that sugarbeet tops returned to the soil may have an N credit potential of up to 80 pounds of N per acre (Crohain and Rixhon, 1967; Moraghan and Smith, 1994a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995b; Franzen et al.,... D. Franzen, A. Wick, H. Bu, L. Ressler, J. Bell, M. Berti, C. Gasch |
21. Corn grain nitrogen and yield with foliar nitrogen application at early reproductive growth stageLate fungicide applications in corn with the use of high clearance equipment create the opportunity for additional foliar fertilizer applications. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the benefit of fungicide applications on yield and grain N in combination with foliar N applications and (3) assess the value of foliar N the application using N sources with urea- formaldehyde/triazone during the VT-R1 growth stage. This experiment was conducted at 6 locations in 2016 and 2017... A. Stammer, D. Ruiz diaz |
22. Cover crops nutrients uptake did not cause yield loss in cornBare soils are susceptible to erosion and nutrient loss. Cover crops and residues provide physical protection against erosion and nutrient loss, and improve nutrient cycling as well as biodiversity. We hypothesized that cover crops store available nutrients from the soil in the fall and release them the next spring for the next cash crop, minimizing potential nutrients loss with no adverse effect on cash crop yield. A four site-year study throughout South Dakota was conducted to compare... |
23. Can Cover Crops Help to Improve Soil Health While Having a Positive Effect on Corn Grain Yield?Cover crops have recently gained attention in the U.S. Mid-west because of their potential to increase soil organic matter and improve overall soil health. There is some concern however, that cover crops may negatively impact corn grain yield. This study was conducted to determine the effects that different cover crop mixtures have on soil health measurements and corn grain yield at increasing nitrogen rates. Cover crops were planted in the fall as a dominantly grass mixture, dominantly... |
24. Seed Germination as Influenced by Fertilizer Type, Seed Coating, and Duration of StorageOverseeding forages into existing pastures and hayfields helps maintain dense stands and sustain productivity. Fertilizer applications to stimulate early spring growth provides an opportunity to blend forage seed with fertilizer. Additionally, seed treatments are often used to improve the ability to handle small seeds and to improve percent germination over raw or uncoated seed. Little is known about how seed coating, fertilizer type or duration of exposure to fertilizer will influence seed germination.... E. Ritchey, C. Teutsch |
25. The Alfalfa Yield Plateau: is Soil Fertility the Cause?Alfalfa is a perennial forage legume known for its ability to produce high quality hay, earning it the title the “Queen of Forages.” It is produced across the United States as feed for the beef, dairy, and equine industries. During the 1950s, alfalfa yields rose exponentially due to advances in technologies such as improved varieties, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides. However, yields plateaued at approximately 3.3 tons per acre in the 1980s for reasons not fully understood and... W. Fleming, E. Ritchey, C. Teutsch, J. Grove |
26. Comparing the Effectiveness of Calcium Products in Neutralizing Soil AcidityProper pH management is the foundation of a good soil fertility program. Soil pH influences nutrient availability, root growth and function. Acid soils are neutralized by the addition of carbonates, oxides, and hydroxides present in limestone products. However, there is a common perception that calcium is responsible for the neutralization of acid soils rather than the carbonates associated with calcium in the limestone. The effectiveness of three calcium products in raising soil pH were compared... E.L. Ritchey, J.H. Grove, C. Teutsch |