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1. Optimum N Rates for Corn Production as Influenced by Crop RotataionFertilizer N efficiency in corn production has become a'hot' research topic in the 1980's. Increased concerns of nitrate-N entering the groundwater and the potential for improving the profitability of corn producers are the impetus for fine-tuning fertilizer N recarmnendations. Crop production factors such as improved diagnostic techniques, full utilization of symbiotic N fixation, and crop rotation have been gaining widespread research support throughout the United States. The adoption of crop rotations... |
2. Chemical and Biological Changes Resulting from Soil SubmergenceFlooding of a soil for rice production results in significant short and long term physical, chemical and biological changes in soil properties. These changes may have significant impact of the availability of nutrients for plant growth both for aquatic plants growing in the flooded soil and upland plants on the soil when not under flooded conditions. Chief among these nutritional effects are accelerated nitrogen (N) losses, conversion of phosphorus (P) to more available forms during flooding then... |
3. Nutrient Management and Starter Fertilizer for No-till CornNo-till corn acreage has steadily increased in Illinois. No-till presents unique problems of nutrient stratification, increased surface residue, and cool, wet soils which may influence nutrient availability. Two experiments were initiated in 1993 at 4 locations to evaluate the response of no-till corn to: 1) primary N applications of anhydrous ammonia preplant, UAN broadcast preplant, and ammonia sidedressed at V6; 2) starter fertilizers with factorial combinations of N, P, and K banded 2 inches... |
4. Response of Minimum-till Corn to Starter Fertilizer and ACAStarter fertilizer containing N and P often increases grain yield under no-till management. but yield responses to starter have riot been consistently observed under conventional tillage. Experiments were established in 1996 and 1997 at six sites varying in latitude, soil type. fertility, and crop rotation to evaluate the effect of starter fertilizers on corn grown under high-residue minimum-till systems. In one experiment, a factorial combination of 3 N. 2 P, and 2 K rates placed in a 2x2 band was... |
5. Effect of Time and Rate of N Application on N use Efficiency and Surface Water Contamination with NitratesNitrate levels in excess of the public health standard of 10 mg N/1 in public water supplies along - with concern about hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico have drawn renewed interest to improving fertilizer N use efficiency. Prior research has indicated that some farmers may be unkaowingly contributing to these problems. The objectives of this research were to: determine the effect of rate and time of N application on nitrate-N concentrations in water from tile lines and to evaluate the effect of previous... |
6. Effect of Time of N Application for CornThe economic benefit associated with the application of N fertilizers for corn has been known for over 5 decades. As a result, over 99 % of the farmers in Illinois apply N fertilizers when corn is grown. Unlike phosphorus and potassium, there is no good soil test to predict the amount of N needed, instead, farmers use a factor times yield potential with appropriate credits for legume and other N sources to set N rates. While this works well over a number of years, there are years when less N will... |
7. Changes in Extractable P and Mineral N from Soil Recieving Fertilizer or Manure from Swine Fed Tradional or Highly Available Phosphorus Corn DietsWe compared extractable P and mineral N from soils receiving inorganic fertilizer or manure from swine fed either traditional (TC) or Highly Available Phosphorus (HAP) corn diets. The study was conducted at two sites, one with conventionally tilled irrigated corn and the other with no-tillage dryland sorghum. Manure application to a no-tillage site resulted in volatilization losses of N and greater variation in nutrient availability when cornpared to incorporated manure. When expressed as a percentage... |
8. Site-Specific Nitrogen and Irrigation Management Across Nebraska Agro-Ecological ZonesNitrogen leaching below hrrow-irrigated ground has caused nitrate contamination in Nebraska's groundwater. Alternate row hrrow irrigation and alternate row nitrogen fertilization is proposed as a method to decrease water use and decrease nitrogen leaching. Nitrogen (N) was applied at a uniform and variable rate based on spring grid sampling for nitrate. The experiment was conducted at three sites in Nebraska that represent a range of growing conditions. At these sites, the average growing degree-days... |
9. Phosphorus Runoff From Incorporated and Surface-Applied Fertilizer and ManureContinued inputs of fertiher and manure in excess of crop requirements have led to a build-up of soil phosphorus (I?) levels, creating an environmental rather than agronomic concern (Sharpley et al., 1994). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil test P level, source of P amendments, tillage, and manure application method on P runoff from agricultural soils. The treatments consisted of swine manure surface applied and injected at rates of 29 and 59 Ib acre-' of P, and triple... |
10. Strip till Nitrogen Placement, and Starter Fertilizer Effects on Corn Growth and YieldStrip tillage, a system where residue is removed and small ridges are formed in the fall in the position of next year's rows, has become an increasingly popular alternative to 0-till for corn in Illinois. Over three years and eight environments in Central and Northern Illinois, tillage had no effect on grain yield: conventional tillage, strip tillage, and 0-till produced 1 1.67, 11.67, 1 1.57 Mg/ha, respectively. There were also no differences in yield due to N timing, N placement, or starter fertilizer.... |
11. Sulfur Responses and the Wisoconsin Alfalfa Sulfur SurveyFor more than 30 years, agronomists, soil scientists, consultants and farmers have recognized the potential for significant responses to applied sulfur fertilizer in northern and western Wisconsin on lighter textured, low organic matter soils that had not recently received manure (Rand et al., 1969; Hoefi and Walsh, 1975; Schulte, 1976; Peters and Kelling, 1987). More recently, crop consultants and others have reported seeing sulhr responses on soils or in locations where they typically were not... |
12. Cropping Systems Management Effects on Soil N Mineralization DynamicsChanges in soil organic matter (SOM) content due to cultivation also impacts the amount of indigenous soil nitrogen (IN) supply. Crop management practices designed to achieve high yields also result in high residue inputs, which can contribute to SOM build up and enhanced indigenous N supply. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long term effect of crop rotation and nutrient management in conventional and intensive maize based systems on the change in soil N supply. Soil samples fiotn... |
13. In-Season Nitrogen Recommendations for CornMaking fertilizer N recommendations involves a great deal of guess work and uncertainty because much, essentially all, of the fertilizer N is applied before the crop is planted and the amount is based on estimated crop use from historical data. In addition, producers, consultants, and fertilizer dealers try to anticipate how much N might be lost because of untimely or excess precipitation or how much additional N might be required if the weather conditions are favorable. Sidedress and in-season... |
14. Should We Abandon Soil Testing and Yield Goals in Estimating Nitrogen Rates for CornIf the prices of corn and fertilizer-N and the shape of the N response function relating crop yield to the amount of fertilizer used are known, calculating an economically optimal N rate (EONR) for maximizing the net return to applied N is straightforward: the EONR is the N rate at which no firher increase in net return occurs. In most cropping systems and under common price scenarios, crop yield at the EONR is within 95 to 99% of the maximum yield obtained for the specific management package. In... |
15. Value of Tillage Practices and Nitrogen Rates for Corn ProductionMost N recommendations for corn (Zea mays L.) production in the U.S. Midwest do not consider tillage as a factor when an appropriate N rate is determined. Our objectives were to determine the response of grain yield and RTN to increasing rates of fertilizer N for corn grown in three tillage systems. Tillage by N rate experiments we re conducted at eight Central Illinois site-years at three locations and years (1998-2000). Tillag e systems employed were: zero-till, where no tillage was performed at... |
16. Crop Residue Removal Effects on Soil PropertiesThree large challenges facing mankind are the n eed to feed a rapidly growing population, increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and reliance on fossil fuels. Expectations from agriculture include produ ction of food and fiber to meet demands, management of agricultural systems to sequester carbon and redu ce emission of other greenhouse gases, and provision of feedstock for a rapidly expanding biofuels industry. Some discussions involving use of crop residue for biofuel... |
17. Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nutrient Cycling in a Multi-Location Study in South DakotaSoil without living roots potentially loses mobile nutrients and retains excess water. Unprotected soil degradation and erosion enable the loss of carbon and nutrient rich top soil. Cover crops provide armor for the soil protecting from carbon and nutrient loss. Cover crop blends may influence soil health parameters and nutrient cycling. This multi-locational study depicts the influence of cover crop species blends with varying grass and broadleaf concentrations on established soil-health indicators... D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, D. Karki, J. Clark, A. Bly |
18. Do cover crops improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Bare soils are prone to erosion and lose soluble nutrients. Cover crops provide protection to the soil against erosion and nutrient loss. We hypothesized that the cover crops should uptake available nutrients from the soils in the fall when there is no cash crop, assimilate the nutrients in their tissues, and in the following spring, should release the nutrients back to the soil during the next cash crop growing season. In our study, we are quantifying the nutrients taken up by the cover crops... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Wolthuizen, J. Clark, A. Bly |
19. No-till and Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nitrogen Rate and Timing Recommendations: Early ResultsThe idea of improving soil health has become increasingly more talked about by researchers, agronomists, and farmers in the past five years. Management practices such as no- or reduced-tillage and planting cover crops are recommended to improve soil health because of their potential to improve organic matter and soil structure leading to a greater capacity to hold water and nutrients needed for plant growth. Research in South Dakota has been occurring these past two years to determine the influence... J.D. Clark, A. Bly, D. Karki, D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, P. Kovacs |
20. Sidedressed swine manure slurry via dragline hose produces comparable corn grain yields as commercial fertilizersSpring in the upper Midwest can be short and often wet, providing challenges for producers to apply manure and plant crops in a timely manner to maximize yield. As a result, producers apply a significant amount of their manure in the fall after the crop is harvested. Fall applied manure has adequate time to mineralize and leave the root zone before next season’s crop can utilize the nutrients the following summer. These nutrients can end up in rivers and other freshwater bodies, decreasing... C. Pfarr, M. Wilson |
21. Nitrogen Non-Cycling from Cover Crops Grown Before Corn and Spring Wheat-Unexpected Early Project ResultsNitrogen credits in North Dakota State University fertilization recommendations include those anticipated from the previous year annual legume crops (field pea, lentil, soybean, chickpea) and from terminated alfalfa. In addition, it was established in the region that sugarbeet tops returned to the soil may have an N credit potential of up to 80 pounds of N per acre (Crohain and Rixhon, 1967; Moraghan and Smith, 1994a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995b; Franzen et al.,... D. Franzen, A. Wick, H. Bu, L. Ressler, J. Bell, M. Berti, C. Gasch |
22. Cover crops nutrients uptake did not cause yield loss in cornBare soils are susceptible to erosion and nutrient loss. Cover crops and residues provide physical protection against erosion and nutrient loss, and improve nutrient cycling as well as biodiversity. We hypothesized that cover crops store available nutrients from the soil in the fall and release them the next spring for the next cash crop, minimizing potential nutrients loss with no adverse effect on cash crop yield. A four site-year study throughout South Dakota was conducted to compare... |
23. Can Cover Crops Help to Improve Soil Health While Having a Positive Effect on Corn Grain Yield?Cover crops have recently gained attention in the U.S. Mid-west because of their potential to increase soil organic matter and improve overall soil health. There is some concern however, that cover crops may negatively impact corn grain yield. This study was conducted to determine the effects that different cover crop mixtures have on soil health measurements and corn grain yield at increasing nitrogen rates. Cover crops were planted in the fall as a dominantly grass mixture, dominantly... |
24. Independence of Yield and N-Rate, and Use of EONR in N Fertilizer Recommendations in North DakotaEvidence for the independence of N-rate and yield comes from the improved relationship of N-rate with relative yield compared to raw yield in corn, spring wheat and sunflower N-rate experiments in North Dakota. Relationships were also improved in corn by grouping experiments by regional location and whether the soils are high clay (>40% clay) or not, and discriminating between long-term no-till (6 years or more continuous no-till) or conventional till. In spring wheat, regional differences... D. Franzen, H. Bu, L. Sharma, E.C. Schultz, A. Wick, B. Goettl, M. Berti |
25. Managing Nitrogen to Optimize Yield and Quality of North Dakota Two-row Malting BarleyAs the demand of two-row malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) increases, having sound N recommendations is increasingly necessary. Not only does N play a role in grain yield, but it may also significantly impact grain malting characteristics including protein, plump, and test weight. To determine the impacts N rate and N availability have on two-row malting barley, two experimental sites were established in both Spring 2020 and 2021. The experiment was organized in a randomized complete... B. Goettl, H. Bu, A. Wick, D. Franzen |
26. Advances in North Dakota Soil Fertility 2022Following years of accumulating data from field studies using the GreenSeeker™ and Holland Scientific Crop Circle™ active optical sensors, algorithms for use in spring wheat for in-season N application for yield, and immediate post-anthesis N application for protein enhancement have been developed. Both algorithms require an N non-limiting area as a standard. The algorithm for protein enhancement considers whether a cultivar has inherent high protein or lower protein characteristics... D. Franzen, H. Bu, M. Berti, A. Wick |
27. Manure Total Nitrogen Variability Due to Analytical Method and Total Solids ContentKnowing the nutrient analysis of a fertilizer source is essential to ensure adequate nutrients for crop growth, while not causing potential environmental impacts by overapplying nutrients. Using manure as a nutrient source can complicate matters as the nutrient content can be variable and the manure can come in a range of liquid to solid consistencies. There are multiple laboratory methods to determine different nutrient parameters and for manure total nitrogen levels the most common methods... N.L. Bohl bormann, M.L. Wilson, E.L. Cortus, J. Floren, R.O. Miller, L. Gunderson |
28. Carbon Credit and Sequestration in Agroecosystems; Lessons from Trials in Southern IllinoisA carbon (C) credit is the attribution of net CO2-C equivalent which can be used to decrease climate forcing through a given practice or farming system for a given unit time. Carbon credits allow industries to purchase C that is produced on a farm (i.e., offsets). Carbon can be captured in two ways; (i) by capturing and reducing greenhouse gasses (on a CO2-C equivalent basis), and/or (ii) by increasing soil organic C stocks. Therefore, to enable C credits in the agricultural... A. Sadeghpour, A.M. Weidhuner, G. Burkett, O. Zandvakili, O. Adeyemi, C. Kula, J. Berberich, J. Pike, A.J. Margenot |
29. Lower Soil Test P Values Do Not Affect Crop Yield Values when Under Conservation PracticesSustainable P management in cropping systems is a challenge in modern agriculture. Phosphorus moving from agricultural fields to aquatic ecosystems resulting in eutrophication and other water quality problems continues to be a challenging issue for the agricultural community to solve. Despite the large amount of P in agricultural soils, most P is held within insoluble complexes, making this pool of P unavailable to plants. The implementation of conservation practices of no-till and high residue... C. Winter, D. Clark, S. Ireland, D. Beck |
30. Versatility of Mycorrhizal Fungi Applications to Increase Maize ProductivityWith rising fertilizer prices and continual water contamination issues, it is vital to establish management factors that maximize productivity, while minimizing nutrient losses to the environment. One potential practice for improving nutrient use and grain yields includes utilizing mycorrhizal fungi. The objectives of this research were to determine the efficacy of various mycorrhiza applications on root colonization and the subsequent grain yield responses of maize (Zea mays... L. Woodward, F. Below |
31. A Minnesota-Wide Assessment of Critical Pre-Plant and in-Season Soil Nitrate for Adjusting Nitrogen Rate GuidelinesThe pre-plant (PPNT) and pre-sidedress (PSNT) soil nitrate tests are often used as indicators of soil nitrogen (N) availability in Minnesota. The assessment of available soil nitrogen (N) provides corn (Zea mays L.) growers with key information on N credits to adjust their N fertilizer rates. However, current N management recommendations in Minnesota were based on research conducted 40-yr ago and did not specify differences between environments and management. Through a comprehensive... E. Souza, F.G. Fernandez, J. Coulter, M. Wilson, J.A. Vetsch, P.H. Pagliari, R.T. Venterea, D.E. Kaiser, K.P. Fabrizzi, D. Bernau, C.J. Rosen, K. Mizuta, Y. Miao, V. Sharma |
32. In-season Application of Swine Manure to CornIn agricultural areas with cool climates, application of livestock manure for crop production can be challenging. For example, spring in the upper Midwest can be short and is increasingly wet due to climate change, making it difficult to apply manure and plant crops in a timely manner. This results in a significant amount of manure applied in the fall after the cash crop is harvested. The nitrogen in fall-applied manure has ample time to mineralize and leave the root zone before next season’s... M. Wilson |
33. Conservation Practices Lower Soil Test Phosphorus Requirements and Optimize Crop YieldSustainable P management in cropping systems is a challenge in modern agriculture. The implementation of conservation practices of no-till, retaining high levels of residue in the field, and diverse crop rotations may create a more suitable environment for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to accumulate. A greater AMF population may subsequently increase the P available to crops, lowering the soil test P amount needed to optimize crop yield. At the Dakota Lakes Research Farm in Pierre, South... C. Winter, J. Clark, M. Lehman, S. Xu, S. Ireland |