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1. Impact of Nitrogen Application Timing on Corn ProductionWater quality issues have renewed interest in timing of nitrogen (N) application as a means to improve use efficiency in corn and reduce losses. Improved economic return is also desired as N fertilization is one of the most costly inputs to corn production. Time of fertilizer application is a component of the site-specific 4R nutrient management stewardship programs. In Iowa, the Nutrient Reduction Strategy has a 7% (37% std. dev.) nitrate-N reduction with a 0% (3% std. dev.) corn yield change... J. Sawyer, D. Barker, J. Lundvall |
2. Measuring Soil Quality Changes in Corn and Soybean RotationsSoil quality is described as the ability of the soil to sustain crop growth and development along with nutrient cycling and water infiltration and retention. One possible strategy to maintain or increase soil quality is crop rotation. Crop rotations have the potential to increase crop yields, disrupt diseaseand pest cycles, and when a legume is added to the rotation, reduce nitrogen fertilizer requirements. Although the long-term productivity and sustainability of agriculture are dependent on maintaining... M. Adams, G. Behke, E. Nafziger, M. Villamil |
3. Assessing the Use of Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers on Sugarbeet Yield and QualityA field study was initiated in Frankenmuth, MI to study the effects of enhanced efficiency fertilizers in comparison to standard nitrogen (N) programs on sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield and quality. The study was arranged as an 8 treatment randomized complete block design with four replications. All treatments received 40 pounds N/A as 28% UAN applied as a 2x2 (in) at planting with total N applications at 160 pounds N/A. Treatments consisted of urea sidedressed with light cultivation, N applied... C. Bauer, K. Steinke |
4. Can Soil Information Better Inform Canopy Sensor Algorithms for Corn?Corn production is often limited by the loss of nitrogen (N) due to leaching, volatilization and denitrification. The use of canopy sensors for making in-season N fertilizer applications has been proven effective in matching plant N requirements with periods of rapid N uptake (V7-V11), reducing the amount of N lost to these processes. However, N recommendation algorithms used in conjunction with canopy sensor measurements have not proven accurate in many fields of the U.S. Cornbelt, resulting in... , N.R. Kitchen, J. Camberato, P.R. Carter, R.B. Ferguson, F.G. Fernandez, D.W. Franzen, F.G. Fernandez, E.D. Nafziger, C.J. Ransom, , J. Shanahan, G.M. Bean |
5. Better Maize Response to Optimal Fertilizer PlacementIncreasing trends in corn (Zea mays L.) yields require greater levels of applied nutrients per acre to maintain or increase yields; thus, we need to rethink how to best supply a crops⤙ required nutrients. One significant challenge associated with applying more fertilizer to support greater yields has been the negative environmental effects of increased levels of some nutrients, such as phosphorus. Fertilizer application technologies such as banding the fertilizer below the plant increases... |
6. Planting Date, Nitrogen Rate, and Nitrogen Timing Interactions to Optimize Winter Wheat ProductionWinter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planting date is a large contributing factor for high yield production systems located within the central Great Lakes Basin, and nitrogen (N) rate and timing strategies offer the opportunity to improve both the production and efficiency of winter wheat when considered in combination with planting date. A field study was initiated in East Lansing, MI to determine the effects of planting date, N application timing, and total N application rate on winter wheat yield... |
7. Comparison of Soil Properties under Long-Term Crop Rotation and TillageShifts in cropping systems from long-term rotations including forages to mostly annual crops has intensified tillage, but has also led to the development of conservation tillage practices such as no-till. There is a shortage of information about the interactive, long-term effects of rotation and tillage on soil quality. The objective of this study was to assess soil chemical and physical properties after 15 years of crop rotation and tillage treatments. Continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CCC), corn-soybean... |
8. Evaluation of Soil Profile NO3-N for Prediction of N Fertilizer RequirementsCurrent N recommendation systems based on yield goal with adjustment for previous legume crop or manure applications have worked well in many situations. In the example given in Table 1, multiplying the 8 year average yield times 1.2 lb N/bushel would result in a recommendation within 20 Ibs N/acre of the optimum in 6 of the 8 years. As expected, this system resulted in significant over recommendation in the 1988 and 1989 drought years. While these results provide confidence that the system works... |
9. Evaluation of Three N Recommendation Systems for Corn Yield and Residual Soil NitrateProper N application rates are required for continued economic and environmental viability of U.S. agriculture. Application at rates below that required for economic optimum will place U.S. farmers at a competitive disadvantage in the world market. On the other hand, excessive rates of N fertilizers may result in contamination of ground water. ... |
10. Improving PSNT Based Sidedress N Recommendations for Corn with Site Specific FactorsThe pre-sidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) has been found to be a valuable tool for improving nitrogen recommendations for corn grown in humid regions of the country. The PSNT has been especially useful for nunaging N on fmls where organic sources of N, like animal manures are important. This test was proposed by Magdoff et al. in 1984 and has been studied extensively since then (Magdoff et al., 1990; Roth et al., 1992; Fox et al., 1989; Blackmer et al., 1989; Klausner et a]., 1993, and Meisinger... |
11. Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalency of Anaerobically Digested Municipal SludgeCrop yield response to municipal sludge is largely affected by the amount of nitrogen (N) made available during the growing season. The effect of sludge rate and N fertilizer rate on either grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)] or corn [Zea mays (L.)] yield response was studied on three fms in Lancaster county, Nebraska. A combination of five rates of dewatered (80% H20) anaerobically digested sludge and five rates of N fertilizer (NH&03) were applied before planting and incorporated by discing within... |
12. Phosphorus Losses in Runoff Water as Affected by Tillage and Phosphorus FertilizationPhosphorus (P) in runoff from cropland can contribute to nutrient enrichment and eutrophication of surface water bodies. Research was continued during 1996 to determine which tillage systems and which methods of applying P fertilizer will result in the least P losses in runoff water for grain sorghum production under somewhat poorly drained soil conditions in east-central Kansas. The tillage systems evaluated were a chisel-disk-field cultivate system, a ridge-till system, and a no-till system. Fertilizer... |
13. Soil Fertility Trends in a Long Term Crop Rotataion-Soil Fertility TrialPenn State soil test recommendations are based on fertilizing for crop response at soil test levels below the critical level for response, maintenance fertilization based on expected crop removal in the optimum range just above the critical level, and finally no fertilizer recommended in the high range. Using a sufficiency level approach, a soil that was at the critical level would have a zero recommendation, however this zero recommendation would not be valid for 3 or 4 years until a new soil test... |
14. Effects of Soil Test, Tillage, and Manure and Fertilizer Application Method on Phosphorus RunoffLoss of phosphorus from agricultural lands into surface waters is of growing environmental concein. Phosphorus transported by surface runoff often ends up in streams and lakes and accelerates eutrophication, which affects the ability to use the water for drinking, fishing. recreation. etc (Foy and Withers, 1995). The niajor mechanisms by which agriculture contributes phosphorus to surface water is through runoff and erosion (Sharpley et al., 1994). Controlling run~ff and erosion from agricultural... |
15. Enhancing Alfalfa Production Through Improved Phosphorus and Potassium ManagementAddition of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer is vital to maintain alfalfa productivity. The objective of this study was to examine how P and K fertilizer application increases alfalfa yield. nutrient use, and plant persistence. Replicate plots of P (0, 50, 100, 150 1bs P205/acre) and K (0. 100, 200, 300, 400 Ibs K20/acre) treatments were arranged in a factorial design. Forage harvests occurred four times annually for 5 years and yield, mass per shoot, shoots per area, and herbage nutrient... |
16. Phosphorus Runoff From Incorporated and Surface-Applied Fertilizer and ManureContinued inputs of fertiher and manure in excess of crop requirements have led to a build-up of soil phosphorus (I?) levels, creating an environmental rather than agronomic concern (Sharpley et al., 1994). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil test P level, source of P amendments, tillage, and manure application method on P runoff from agricultural soils. The treatments consisted of swine manure surface applied and injected at rates of 29 and 59 Ib acre-' of P, and triple... |
17. Variable Nitrogen Rate ManagementIt is now more or less acknowledged that lime and N are potentially more profitable than P and K variable rate management. There is a lot of variability in optimal N rates within fields so that there is a need for variable N management. The benefits related to variable N management are generally ranked as: o Less N fertilizer used per unit yield. Savings of 15 USDIac on average for small grains. up to 41 USDIac. o Greater uniformity in crop stand, yield, grain humidity, specific weight and protein... |
18. Is There a Better Way to Fertilize Corn with Potassium?Potassium (K) is among the most abundantly needed plant nutrients. A 15.7 Mg ha-1 (250 bushel acre-1) corn (Zea mays L.) crop accumulates anywhere from 168-225 kg K2O ha-1 (150-200lbs K2O acre-1) over the course of a growing season, and according to the IPNI Soil Test Summary (2015), about 37% of Illinois’ soil tests are deemed as deficient for K. The objectives of this study were to investigate various methods of... S. Foxhoven, F. Below |
19. An Integrated Approach to Understanding Poultry Litter Use in Corn-Soybean Production SystemsThe majority of poultry litter (PL) in Kentucky is generated in the western third of the state, the same area that produces approximately 80% of corn, soybean, and wheat. This PL is applied to row crop fields as a nutrient source. Producers and commodity board representatives were concerned with reported nutrient availability coefficients, nutrient value, and long-term use of PL. Four field sites in a NT corn-soybean rotation were identified in the fall of 2012 with low to medium soil test values... E. Ritchey, E. Haramoto, C. Bradley |
20. Nitrogen Availability and Corn Production in Minnesota Following Cover CropsCover crops are often included in BMPs for reducing soil erosion, building soil organic matter, and reducing nitrate leaching. Because of additional management requirement and uncertainties about their impact on nitrogen availability and cash crop yields, cover crops have not been widely adopted in conventional fields. This study aims to reduce these uncertainties for corn growers in Minnesota by measuring the impact of select cover crops on corn yield, nitrogen demand,... S. Badger |
21. Applying N to legume-containing summer annual forage mixturesSummer annual forages are costly to implement but can provide quality grazing when cool-season perennial forages are less productive. Increasing botanical diversity may increase system productivity, thereby improving economic efficiency. However, there is debate as to whether annual legumes supply associated grasses with fixed N, leading to uncertainty regarding N application rates to legume containing summer annual forage mixtures. This experiment supplied three summer annual forage treatments... K. Mercier, C. Teutsch, S. Smith, E. Ritchey, K. Burdine, E. Vanzant |
22. Maize Yield Increased by Optimal Timing and Placement of Polymer-coated Nitrogen FertilizerNitrogen (N) fertilizer application timing and placement can manage N availability to improve maize (Zea mays L.) productivity, but polymer-coated N fertilizer offers a different approach to season-long N availability and creates new N management opportunities. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of conventional and polymer-coated N sources across fertilizer timing and placement combinations to optimize maize productivity. Field trials were conducted at three... S. Schwartz, F. Below |
23. Does Nitrogen Fertilization with Manure Injection Versus Surface Application Influence Corn for Silage and Winter Rye Yield, Quality, Phosphorus Balance and Soil Test Phosphorus Over Three Years?Switching from nitrogen (N)-based to phosphorus (P)-based manure management has been shown to decrease P loss to the environment allowing for sustainable P management in dairy farms. At high P soils, dairy farmers often surface apply the liquid manure to corn (Zea mays L.) for silage at the P-based rates and supplement the limited N to corn with N fertilizers to ensure optimum crop production. With high fertilizer prices, one solution to reducing the N requirement of corn could be to... A. Sadeghpour, G. Burkett, S. Babaei, O. Adeyemi, K. Vaughn, C. Kula |
24. Developing a Sustainable Sufficiency ParadigmSustainable conservation practices must align agronomic productivity and environmental protection goals to facilitate widespread and consistent adoption on-farm. Agricultural phosphorus (P) management is a critical control point for detrimental environmental consequences of P loss in surface runoff from agricultural fields. Reduced P fertilizer inputs are recognized as an effective and necessary control measure to limit P loss; however, current P fertilizer recommendation systems do not support... M.A. Bourns, N.O. Nelson, D. Ruiz Diaz, G. Roa |
25. Can CRP Serve As a Soil Health Benchmark: A Minnesota Case Study Utilizing SMAFSoil health is an important concept relating to sustainable agriculture and food security. However, the absence of a universally accepted benchmark for soil health complicates its application as a tool to measure soil functional capabilities. Here we propose the use of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) soils as a potential benchmark for soil health in Southern Minnesota. The Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) was used to evaluate soil health indicators and quantify the soil health gap... O. Hoffman, C. Chorpenning, C. Buchanan, T. Trimarco, N. Carr, J. Ippolito |
26. Assessing Fall Applied Phosphorus Sources and Wheat Cover Crop on the Following Soybean PerformanceGrowers often maintain soil test phosphorus (STP) using ammonium phosphate fertilizers, such as diammonium phosphate (DAP, 18-46-0) or monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 11-52-0) and employ fall application to avoid competition for time and wet field conditions, both prevalent in the spring. However, fall application of nitrogen (N) with these P fertilizers presents a risk of N loss over the fallow period. One source that could minimize N loss during the fallow period is triple superphosphate (TSP;... M. Javid, J. Mcgrath, S. Babaei, F. Sheikhi Shahrivar, A. Sadeghpour |
27. Nitrogen Rate and Harvesting Time Based on Growing Degree Days Influenced Winter Cereal Rye Morphological Traits, Forage Yield, Quality, and Farm Profit in Poorly Drained AlfisolsWinter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) (WCR) is often double cropped with maize for silage (Zea mays L.) to increase farm forage supply and profit. Spring nitrogen (N) fertilization to WCR could influence its production and quality at different harvesting times. Therefore, two on-farm trials were conducted in the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing seasons to evaluate the effect of harvesting time (late-March to end-of-April considering the growth stage) and spring N fertilization... G. Burkett, K. Vaughn, O. Adeyemi, O. Zandvakili, M. Battaglia, S. Babaei, J. Nair, S. Still, A. Sadeghpour |
28. Beyond the Acre Furrow Slice: a New Era in Nutrient ManagementThe Midwest faces a pivotal shift in how we develop nutrient guidance for farmers. The long-running “build-up and maintenance” approach, built on decades-old soil-test methods, no longer aligns with today’s diverse and dynamic farming systems. Instead of anchoring decisions to soil depths tied to historical moldboard plow use, we should emphasize soil supply and plant uptake over time. Recommendations must be grounded in actual nutrient removal at harvest, on a site-by-site... H.M. Brown |
29. Role of Winter Rye Cultivar and Seeding Rate in Managing Residue and Nitrogen Availability in Corn Cropping SystemsWinter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) (WCR) is the most widely used cover crop in Illinois and is recognized as one of the most effective in-field practices to reduce nitrate-N and phosphorus (P) losses to the Mississippi River Basin (MRB). However, adoption of WCR prior to corn (Zea mays L.) remains limited due to challenges such as stand establishment and nitrogen immobilization. Management strategies, such as selecting appropriate cultivars and optimizing seeding rates, may... S. Babaei, C. Kula, Y. Samadi, E. Brevik, A. Sadeghpour |
30. The Impact of Shifting from N-based to P-based Manure Management on Corn Silage Yield, Quality, P Balance, and Soil Test PDairy farmers often apply liquid manure to corn (Zea mays L.) for silage to meet N needs (N-based) which results in over-application of P and increased soil test P (STP) levels. A solution to this manure management is switching from N-based to phosphorus (P)-based (P removal based) manure management and supplementing N need with inorganic fertilizer. Intensifying corn for silage rotation with cereal rye (CR; Secale cereale L.) as a forage source could further decrease STP, especially... G. Burkett, E. Brevik, S. Babaei, O. Adeyemi, A. Sadeghpour |
31. Technology, Innovation, and the Future of Soil FertilityThis panel will focused on how technology is being used in the practice of soil fertility and nutrient management. Panelists will also discuss how they’ve incorporated new and old soil fertility concepts into their approach to guiding fertilizer use. Lastly, we will discuss where soil fertility is going as a scientific discipline. ... H.M. Brown, W. Berg, R. Mullen |