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1. Improving PSNT Based Sidedress N Recommendations for Corn with Site Specific FactorsThe pre-sidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) has been found to be a valuable tool for improving nitrogen recommendations for corn grown in humid regions of the country. The PSNT has been especially useful for nunaging N on fmls where organic sources of N, like animal manures are important. This test was proposed by Magdoff et al. in 1984 and has been studied extensively since then (Magdoff et al., 1990; Roth et al., 1992; Fox et al., 1989; Blackmer et al., 1989; Klausner et a]., 1993, and Meisinger... |
2. In-Season Nitrogen Fertilization of SoybeanNitrogen (N) fertilization is not a traditional nutrient management practice for soybean production in Iowa. Soybean is a legume plant and is assumed to adequately obtain needed N through symbiotic fixation. However, there has been interest over the years in using N fertilization to increase yield and grain protein due to the recognition of the large N requirement associated with high yields. Depending on the soil residual inorganic N level and soil N mineralization characteristics, approximately... |
3. Corn and Soybean Response to Sulfur Applications on Iowa SoilsHistorically sulfur (S) application has not been recommended on Iowa soils for corn and soybean production. Prior research has not determined a consistent need for S fertilization in Iowa, with field research indicating no corn or soybean yield response to applied S at virtually every site studied (Thorup and Leitch, 1975; Webb, 1978; Alesii, 1982; Killom, 1984; Sexton et al., 1998; Mallarino et al., 2000). The soil supply, in combination with sources such as manure and atmospheric deposition has... |
4. Using Chlorophyll Meter Readings to Determine N Application Rates for CornOne method for refining nitrogen (N) application in corn is use of in-season crop sensing. To aid producers in making decisions regarding N rate adjustments, a calibrated relationship between sensor-derived information and expected N application need should be established. Nitrogen rate trials were conducted at multiple sitcs across Iowa in 2001-2003. Nitrogen was applied at or shortly after corn planting. Minolta SI'AD chlorophyll meter (CM) readings were collected at the R1 growth stage fiom the... |
5. Uptake and Leaching Potential Of Potassium And Sulfur When Split Applied For Corn on Irrigated SoilCoarse textured soils used in irrigated agriculture often face nutrient losses through the soil profile due to low cation exchange capacity (CEC). Split fertilizer application on sandy soils has been recommended for the corn crops in MN to avoid the leaching of fertilizers nutrients. Our study aimed to look at the potential for potassium and sulfur to be taken up or leached out in corn production. Two K and two S fertilizers studies were set up in Minnesota on coarse irrigated soils. Each site had... |
6. Winter Rye Cover Crop Biomass Production, Degradation, And N RecyclingWinter rye (Secale cereale L.) as a cover crop can take up residual inorganic N between annual row crops and therefore be used to help reduce NO 3--N loss from fields and movement to water systems. However, does the rye N uptake affect N recycling to soil and add to plant available N? The rye carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio could also influence N recycling. The objectives of this study were to evaluate rye biomass degradation and N recycling after spring rye termination in a no-till corn (Zea mays L.)... |
7. Continuous Corn Production As Affected By Starter Fertilizers Containing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and SulfurCrop rotations in the Midwest have changed from the traditional corn-soybean rotation to more corn-intensive rotations. Due to the expanding demand for corn to supply the ethanol industry and the increasing insect and disease challenges facing soybean producers, some farmers are switching to a corn-corn-soybean rotation or for some, continuous corn. These rotations produce large amounts of biomass (corn stover) that often remain on the soil surface with present day tillage systems. This is good... |
8. Can Soil Information Better Inform Canopy Sensor Algorithms for Corn?Corn production is often limited by the loss of nitrogen (N) due to leaching, volatilization and denitrification. The use of canopy sensors for making in-season N fertilizer applications has been proven effective in matching plant N requirements with periods of rapid N uptake (V7-V11), reducing the amount of N lost to these processes. However, N recommendation algorithms used in conjunction with canopy sensor measurements have not proven accurate in many fields of the U.S. Cornbelt, resulting in... , N.R. Kitchen, J. Camberato, P.R. Carter, R.B. Ferguson, F.G. Fernandez, D.W. Franzen, F.G. Fernandez, E.D. Nafziger, C.J. Ransom, , J. Shanahan, G.M. Bean |
9. Comparison of Canopy Sensing Technologies for Corn Nitrogen Management in MinnesotaVarious crop canopy sensing tools are being used to manage nitrogen, but their utility to predict N needs in Minnesota remains unclear. The objectives of this study are to compare the effectiveness of different canopy sensing technologies at predicting corn (Zea mays L.) yield at different development stages, and compare their capability to determine in season N deficiency. Six to seven N rates at 35 to 45 kg N ha -1 increments were pre-plant applied in six fields throughout Minnesota and a rate... |
10. Optimizing P Based In-Furrow Starter Fertilizer in Fields with Variable Soil Test P LevelsSoils in Minnesota are highly variable in chemical properties, particularly pH which can range from acidic to basic within a single field. In-furrow starter fertilizer is popular if fields with variable- and high (>7.5) pH fields to enhance early plant growth. The purpose of this study was to determine if in-furrow starter fertilizer rate should be varied in fields with varying pH and if starter fertilizer can increase yield in the presence of broadcast P applied at a non- limiting rate. Eight field... |
11. Micronutrients Fertilization for Corn and Soybean: A Research UpdateEssential plant nutrients such as boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn), and others are absorbed by crops in very small amounts and are referred to as micronutrients. A deficiency can have a large impact on crop yield, however, because they perform important physiological functions. The soil parent material and soil formation processes over time along with effects of soil moisture, aeration, and temperature can significantly influence the amount of plant-available... |
12. Soybean Response to Broadcast Application of Boron, Chloride, Manganese, and ZincMicronutrients are essential for plant growth but in low concentration. There has been increased pressure for farmers to apply micronutrients to soybean [Glycine max (Merr.) L.] due to a perception that deficiencies have increased. The objective of this study was to evaluate soybean yield and quality response to broadcast micronutrients. A study was conducted in Minnesota from 2013 to 2014. Treatments consisted of B (0 or 2 lb ac ï¤_1), Cl (0 or 20 lb acï¤_1), Mn (0 or 10 lb acï¤_1), and Zn... |
13. Relationship between Nitrogen Rate and Weed Removal Timing on Corn YieldWeeds actively compete for nitrogen in corn grain production systems. Field studies were conducted in 2009 and 2010 at the Michigan State University Crop and Soil s Research Farm in East Lansing , MI to evaluate the effect of N application rate and weed removal timing on grain yield . Treatments included four preplant incorporated rates of urea (0, 67, 134, and 202 kg N ha - 1 ) and four weed removal timings (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm) based on average weed canopy height. An additional season- long weed-free... |
14. Building a Corn Nitrogen Rate Database for Minnesota's Irrigated Sandy SoilsA study was conducted to determine the optimum N rate to apply for corn grown on irrigated sandy soils in Minnesota. Sandy soils in Minnesota vary in the texture of the surface fron silt loam to sand. Since 2006, 11 sites had 8 to 9 N fertikizer rates applied. The optimum N rate for the sandy sites with a silt loam surface texture ranged from 168 kg N/ha to 200 kg N/ha while the sandy surfaced soils optimum N rate ranged from 250 kg Nha to 280 kg N/ha. The silt loam surface soil sites optimum N rate... |
15. Corn Residue Harvesting Effects on Yield Response to N FertilizationProducers have many choices of diverse tillage practices for their corn (Zea mays L.) production systems. However, no-till has become an important soil management practice to help reduce water and wind erosion, as well as nutrient runoff, while conserving soil moisture for crop use. No-till systems also help farmers by saving labor and time, as well as reducing farm costs due to less equipment and fuel consumption. Nevertheless, no-till production is typically more successful and has higher crop... |
16. Nitrogen Fertilization Requirement and Corn-Soybean Productivity in a Rye Cover Cropping SystemNitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs for intensive corn-based cropping systems can increase nitrate (NO 3 -N) concentrations in groundwater. Nitrogen tr ansport in surface water to the Gulf of Mexico is also an on-going issu e for the upper Mississippi river ba sin, especially areas with large corn and soybean acreage. Education and policy efforts have focused on i\provement in N application rate, timing, management, and crop N us e efficiency. However, additional means to reduce N loss are needed. Recent... |
17. Quantifying Corn Nitrogen Deficiency and Application Rate with Active Canopy SensorsPrecision agriculture technologies are an integral part of many crop production operations. However, implementation for N application has lagged, primarily due to lack of a viable system for variable N rate decisions. Ac tive canopy sensors have been developed as a tool to determine plant N stress deficiency and provide an on-the- go decision for implementing variable rate. Two general approaches could be implemented. On e is to plan on conducting canopy sensing each year, with a reduced N rate applied... |
18. Dealing with Sulfur Deficincies in Crop Production: The Iowa ExperienceResearch conducted for more than forty years (pri or to approximately 2005) in Iowa rarely noted improved crop yield with sulfur (S) fertilization. Studies during that time period with corn and soybean found yield increase from S fertilizer application only three times out of approximately 200 trials. Research in the early 1980's had also documented sufficient plant available S in the soil profile for crop production on most Iowa soil associations. Results of recent studies (2000- 2005) in corn and... |
19. Re-Evaluating Rate, Time, and Placement of Urea and Other Nitrogen Sources in MinnesotaUrea is increasingly an important nitrogen (N) source in Minnesota. Approximately 43% of our farmers use urea as their major N source. In the southwestern, south-central and west-central areas approximately 45% of the N is applied in the fall, 50% is applied in the spring, and 5% is applied at sidedress. While most of those that use urea as the major N source apply it in the spring, approximately 4% do the major application with urea in the fall and there are others that apply some of their N... F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi, J. Vetsch, D. Kaiser |
20. Manure, Phosphorus, and 125 Site-Years of Edge-of-Field Runoff MeasurementsPhosphorus export from agricultural fields continues to create water quality concerns in Wisconsin. The UW Discovery Farms program, along with Discovery Farms Minnesota have collected 125 site-years of edge-of-field monitoring datawhich can be used to better understand the relative effects of inherent soil properties (slope, drainage class, texture), management practices (manure application, tillage, crop rotation, cover cropping), and soil test P values on seasonal (frozen and non-... M. Ruark, A. Thompson, Z. Zopp, T. Radatz, A. Radatz, E. Cooley |
21. Evaluation of Potassium Fertilization Strategies for Corn and Soybean: the Buildup PhasePotassium is a crop nutrient which can severely limit yield potential when deficient. Potassium fertilizer historically was low cost. Price increases have resulted in more questions as to the benefit from potassium applied for corn and soybean. The objective of this study was establish a set of trials which vary in soil test K level to be used to determine corn and soybean grain yield response to K based on initial soil test and to compare soil K analysis on moist versus air dried soil samples... J. Vetsch, D. Kaiser |
22. Minnesota Long-Term Phosphorus Management Trials-Phase II: Sufficiency Level vs. Build and Maintain ApproachesCurrent Minnesota P recommendations for corn and soybean are based on the Sufficiency approach. In recent years, it has been questionable that the Sufficiency approach could maximize potential grain yield in today’s agricultural systems. The objective of this research was to establish six long-term experiments across Minnesota to test phosphorus management strategies on soils with a defined long-term phosphorus history. Four soil test P (STP) Interpretation Classes were... D. Kaiser |
23. Influence of phosphorus management on potential for soluble phosphorus loss through leachingThe over application of phosphorus (P) fertilizers in agricultural systems may pose a threat to water quality due to the loss of dissolved P to fresh water bodies leading to eutrophication. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential for water soluble P loss from top soil (0-6 inches) across a range of initial soil test phosphorus (STP) levels, soil types, and leaching volumes; and to determine if P leaching loss could be predicted with existing soil P tests. Intact soil columns... L. Leverich, D. Kaiser |
24. Active and Passive Spectral Sensing for Predicting the Optimum Nitrogen Rate and Timing in CornThere are many in-season plant diagnostic tools available for predicting the rate and timing of in-season nitrogen fertilizer in corn (Zea mays L.). However, soils in Southern Minnesota are generally high in organic matter and can carry over nitrate- nitrogen from one season to the next. Subsequently, there is oftentimes sufficient soil nitrogen early in the growing season to supply much of the crop requirement, limiting the use of sensor-based N management tools. Past work... T. Nigon, D. Kaiser, C. Yang, D. Mulla |
25. The Effect of Agricultural Management Practices on Labile Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in WisconsinAmid ever-increasing enthusiasm for soil health there remains uncertainty about how best to measure it, to interpret the results, and to adapt agricultural management accordingly. One factor of particular interest to farmers is the capacity of a soil to mineralize organic matter, making nutrients available to crops. This research takes a survey-based approach to identify how labile carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) – as permanganate oxidizable carbon (POxC), potentially mineralizable carbon (PMC)... G. Richardson, M. Ruark, E. Silva, M. Chawner, E. Olson, A. Radatz, C. Zegler |
26. Prediction of Corn and Soybean Grain Yield Response to P in Minnesota Using the Haney H3A and Mehlich-III TestsMinnesota soils are highly variable in P availability due to the wide range of chemical properties. Currently, two soil tests are used to measure soil P in Minnesota, the Bray-P1 for pH<7.4 and the Olsen P for pH>7.4. The purpose of this study was to correlate crop response in corn and soybean rotations to the Bray-P1, Olsen, Mehlich-III, and Haney H3A extractions and to determine critical concentrations for each extraction method. Soil P tests were also correlated with one another to determine... D. Kaiser, L. Leverich, J. Vetsch, J. Strock |
27. Evaluation of Polyhalite as a Source of Potassium and Sulfur for a Corn-Soybean Rotation in MinnesotaPolyhalite contains K, S, Mg, and Ca which could be used as a source of nutrients for crops in Minnesota. The objective of this research was to determine if polyhalite can utilized within for a two-year corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Field studies were established at two locations in Minnesota with the soil test K of <120 ppm (0-6 inch sample extracted with 1M NH4OAC) and where a response to S was expected. Treatments were polyhalite,... A. Sutradhar, D. Kaiser, C. Rosen |
28. Potassium Fertilizer Rate and Timing in Strip-till Systems: Recent Indiana Research with an Alternative K SourceIncreased adoption of conservation tillage systems and alternative potassium (K) sources (e.g., Aspire™, 0-0-58(K2O)-0.5(B)) has prompted new questions about optimal K fertilization practices in maize. The primary goal of this study was to address farmer questions related to strip-till timing, banding Aspire™ with strip-till versus other tillage/placements (e.g., broadcast in no-till (NT) and fall chisel (FC)), and whether reduced K fertilizer rates can maintain maize yields... L.E. Schwarck, T.J. Vyn |
29. Exploratory analysis of event-based edge-of-field phosphorus lossesUnderstanding how the timing of management activities, particularly manure and fertilizer applications, impacts P losses in runoff can improve farmers’ decisions on when to apply nutrients. The University of Wisconsin Discovery Farms and Discovery Farms Minnesota have been monitoring edge-of-field nutrient losses since 2004. This data set includes over 125 site-years of runoff across 26 fields and includes 1574 individual runoff events. The objectives of this study are to: (i) determine... |
30. Oh, K? When is Too Much K Too Much?Potassium is required in large amounts by crop plants and is a staple fertilizer, mainly as KCl. Recent data across three midwestern states suggests that sometimes, especially at high rates and shortly before planting, KCl may have negative impacts on corn and/or soybean yields. Three researchers will briefly describe their research in this area and then field questions from the audience. - Kaiser Twenty-nine potassium (K) fertilizer trials were conducted in eastern... D. Kaiser, S. Casteel, D. Franzen |
31. Can ProveN Reduce Corn Nitrogen Requirement in Minnesota?ProveN is a microbial product applied in-furrow with the goal of reducing the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer needed for corn (Zea mays L.). Six field trials were established over three growing seasons in Minnesota to evaluate corn response to nitrogen with and without ProveN applied at planting on the seed. Nitrogen was applied as urea prior to planting at five locations and split applied with 1/3 of the total rates of nitrogen applied at -planting, at V4, and V8 growth stages. ProveN... D. Kaiser, J. Vetsch, M. Currie |
32. Should Potassium Chloride be Applied to Soybean?Potassium chloride represents 98% of potassium sales in Minnesota. Potassium chloride contains 50% of chloride by mass. Research in the southern U.S. shows excess chloride is known to result in decreased soybean (Gylcine max var Merr.) yield. The objective of this study was to determine whether chloride impacts soybean yield in northern growing regions and evaluate the effect of rate (100 or 200 lb K ac-1) , fertilizer (K or Cl) source (none, KCl, K2SO4,... D. Kaiser |
33. A New Frontier Below the Horizon: My Work with Pivot Bio BiologicalsSymbiotic Nitrogen (N) fixation is an amazing process that harnesses the power of two organisms (a legume and rhizobium) to mutually benefit one another. However, the process of biological N fixation or the reduction from dinitrogen gas to ammonia/ammonium via the nitrogenase enzyme is an expensive one. The relationship between host plant and rhizobium hinges on the free exchange of N for carbon and other metabolites. Nitrogen fertilizer is often the most limiting nutrient for cereal crop production... T. Roberts |
34. Evaluation of Soil Test Potassium Guidelines in MinnesotaChanges in corn and soybean potassium guidelines in states in the Upper Midwest have resulted in questions from consultants and farmers as to how best to manage the nutrient. In Iowa, soil samples analyzed on a field moist basis have been suggested as a method to predict the amount of potassium required for corn and soybean production while in North Dakota the ratio of illite to smecite in soil samples is utilized to determine the appropriate critical level to determine where potassium fertilizer... D. Kaiser, L. Leverich-nigon |
35. Managing Trade-offs of Winter Rye As a Cover CropWinter rye (Secal cereale L.) is a commonly used cover crop in Wisconsin due to its effectiveness in reducing soil erosion, scavenging nitrogen, and improving soil health. However, the potential trade-offs of using grass cover crops are decreases in corn yield driven by nitrogen uptake and immobilization. The study aims to determine the single year effect of rye seeding rate on rye biomass and optimum nitrogen rate of the subsequent corn (Zea mays L.) crop, while also... M. Schauer, M. Ruark |
36. Cover Crops, Manure, and NitrogenFall seeded cover crops can offer soil and water conservation benefits to dairy-based cropping systems. However, uptake by these fall cover crops can also limit nitrogen availability from the manure to the next crop. Field research projects throughout the state of Wisconsin have been conducted to assess how cover crop specie, biomass, and N uptake influence the amount of supplemental N needed to fertilize the following corn crop to maximize yield. Fall seeded cover crops that winter kill (spring... M. Ruark, A. Waggoner |
37. Is There an Optimal Source of Sulfur for Corn?Sulfur has become a common nutrient applied to corn in the Corn Belt. While research has demonstrated that sulfur can greatly increase yield, the source of sulfur offered to farmers by retailers can vary. Sulfur is only taken up by corn in the sulfate form while sulfur fertilizer source can contain sulfate that is readily available to plants or elemental sulfur which needs to be oxidized to sulfate before it is taken up by a crop. Four long-term research sites were established in Minnesota using... D. Kaiser |