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1. 4R Phosphorus Management for Soybeans in the Northern Frontier: Rate and Placement Effects on Plant Stand, Biomass and Seed YieldVery little research has been conducted to determine the best rate, source, placement, and timing of P fertilizer for modern soybean cultivars grown in the Canadian Prairies. Preliminary results of the two years of field studies at 10 locations in Manitoba showed that typical agronomic rates of seed row P did not decrease plant stand and seed yield at any sites; nor was seed yield increased at any site, even with Olsen P concentrations as low as 3 ppm.... |
2. Bandded Phosphorus Applications to Winter Wheat - 1985-86While many producers recognize the importance of a sound P fertilization program for profitable wheat production? there are many potentially responsive wheat acres not receiving any fertilizer P - resulting in reduced grain yields and farmer profitability. over the years there have been many research studies conducted by land grant Universities throughout the Great Plains indicating the importance of fertilizer P applications for wheat production on low P testing soils. In the mid to late 1970's... |
3. Influence of Soil Nitrate Nitrogen and Fertilizer Nitrogen on Wheat Grain Yield and ProteinWheat producers have recently shown a great deal of interest in grain protein levels. 'Ikis interest has developed prkily because of the relatively lqe protein premium available the last several years (Table 1). Nitrogen is a primary component of protein and needs to be added for most soils to produce high yielding, high protein wheat. The objectives of this study were to detennhe the effects of soil nitrate nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen on wheat grain yields and protein levels. ... |
4. The Nitrate Soil Test in South DakotaThe nitrate nitrogen soil test has been used for more than 15 years for making nitrogen fertilizer recommendations in South Dakota. Minimal leaching and denitrification due to a relatively dry climate has helped make this test a good predictor of nitrogen fertilizer needs. The test and nitrogen recommendation system is based on a two foot deep soil sample and a calibrated nitrogen requirement for common crops grown in South Dakota (Table 1). Extensive field plot data shows that the two foot deep... |
5. A Comparison of Point Injected and Knifed Phosphorus for Winter WheatThere are almost 2 million acres of winter wheat grown in South Dakota. Most is produced in the southwest part of the state on residual clay soils in a wheat fallow rotation with only limited, shallow sweep tillage. Very reduced tillage is necessary for wind and water erosion control, and water conservation on the long steep slopes. The continued use of shallow tillage on highly buffered, high pH soils has made broadcast phosphorus fertilizer inefficient in increasing wheat yields, even though phosphorus... |
6. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization of Cool Season GrassStudies were initiated at two locations on cool season grass in central South Dakota to evaluate the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on forage and seed yields. Nitrogen rates (0,30,60,90,120,1501b Nacre) and phosphorus rates (0,30,60,90,180 Ib P,Odacre) were applied to established crested or intermediate wheatgrass once and harvested for either two or three years depending on location. Nitrogen increased dry matter yield by 48 and 62% at the two locations and seed yield by 166 percent. Phosphorus... |
7. Influence of Water Treatment Lime Sludge on Soil pH and Crop YieldsSoil pH levels are decreasing in extreme Eastern South Dakota. To test the effectiveness of water treatment lime sludge in raising soil pH and crop yields, a liming study was established at four locations with pH levels of 5.7 or less. The lime sludge applied at 3 tons per acre raised soil pH to neutral and maintained it at neutral for the 4 year duration of the study. Crops grown at the various sites included soybeans, corn, spring wheat, winter wheat and forage sorghum. Although there was a trend... |
8. Regionalizing Fertilizer Recommendations for North Dakota, South Dakota, and Western MinnesotaFertilizer recommendations have varied between adjacent states. The inconsistencies at state lines made educational efforts in soil fertility more difficult for companies doing business across state lines. In an effort to alleviate these problems, the agronomists working with fertilizer calibration data and recommendations from the three states of North Dakota, South Dakota and Minnesota put together a recommendation system which could be used in a large part of all three states. The basic "core"... |
9. Influence of Seed Placed Fertilizer on Corn, Soybean and Sunflower EmergenceSix phosphorous fertilizer materials were placed with corn, soybean and sunflower seed to determine their influence on seed injury and emergence. Fertilizer rates used were 0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 Ib/A P,O, as dry TSP (0-46-O), MAP (1 1-55- 0), DAP (18-46-0) or liquid 10-34-0, 7-21-7 and 9-18-9. Seed emergence ranged from 0 to 100% depending on crop, fertilizer rate and materials used. Corn was most tolerant of fertilizer injury while soybean was extremely sensitive with stand reduction with even... |
10. Starter Effects on Corn Grown on Previously Flooded SoilsThe devastating floods of 1993 prompted a great deal of concern about crop production in those areas the following year. These concerns were prompted both by scientific information (Fixen et al. 1984: Vivekanandan and Fixen, 1991) and by farmer observations from prior flood experience. In response to these concerns. projects, observations. and experiments were undertaken. These included collection of soil samples for chemical analysis in the fall of 1993, observations of corn grown in 1994 on flood... |
11. Influence of Elemental Sulfur on Soil pH and Soil Test LevelsSoil test summaries from South Dakota State University Soil Testing Lab show that 16 percent of South Dakota soils have a pH of 7.6 or higher. These high pH soils can reduce nutrient availability to plants. A major concern is for reduced phosphorus availability and fertilizer use efficiency. High pH soils also reduce the availability of micronutrients such as iron and zinc. Due to these issues, questions are often asked on how to reduce soil pH. A number of materials such as sulfuric acid, aluminum... |
12. Identifying Critical Sources of Phosphorus Export from Agricultural WatershedsPhosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant and animal growth, and its input to agriculture is necessary to maintain profitable crop and animal production. Eutrophication, the natural aging of lakes or streams brought on by nutrient enrichment, can be accelerated by P inputs to fresh waters from human activities (Carpenter et al., 1998; Schindler. 1977). Eutrophication has been identified as the main problem in surface waters withimpaired water quality (USEPA. 1996). It restricts water use for... |
13. Starter Fertilizer for Row Crop Production Under No-till Conditions in Eastern NebraskaStarter fertilizer application often results in increased corn and sorghum yield under no-till conditions, probably due to lower soil temperatures as compared to tilled soil. Five dryland and 5 irrigated corn trials. and 12 dryland grain sorghum trials were established after soybean in 2002 and 2003 on rolling land in eastern Nebraska with different soil types and topographic positions. Three placement positions were compared: in the seed furrow. over the row. and 2" to the side and 2" deep (2x2).... |
14. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Dynamics Throughout Corn Growing SeasonPhosphorous is an essential plant nutrient and is the second most common fertilizer nutrient applied in crop production. The role of mycorrhizal fungi in phosphorous (P) nutrition of corn (Zea mays L.) in high fertility soils in unclear. A study was conducted to determine the effect of extractable P on myco~hizal biomass and to evaluate the temporal dynamics of mycorrhizal fungi during the growing season in two irrigated corn fields in Nebraska. The objectives were addressed by the installation of... |
15. Comparing Yield Goal and Maximum Return to N Based Methods in Predicting Corn Economic Optimal Nitrogen RatesThere are two main N rate recommendation systems used in the U.S.–Yield goal and maximum return to N (MRTN). The current yield-goal based system for calculating corn N rate recommendations in SD has not been evaluated for accuracy since 2013. Therefore, the objective of this project was to 1) evaluate the accuracy of the current yield goal-based equation and 2) create a database of N response trials and evaluate the accuracy of using the MRTN approach for predicting N rate requirements.... J. Clark, P. Kovacs, A. Bly, C. Graham |
16. Predicting Nitrogen Response by Winter Wheat Using Soil Health and Soil Microbiome IndicatorsEfficient nitrogen (N) management is critical for improving profitability and sustainability in winter wheat production systems of western South Dakota, where soils and growing conditions vary widely. Current fertilizer recommendations rely heavily on soil nitrate-N, often overlooking contributions from organic N sources and soil biological activity. This project aims to refine N fertilizer recommendations by integrating soil health indices (SHIs) and soil microbiome analysis as predictors of... C. Graham, R. Jain |