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1. Influence of Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization on Alfalfa Yields Under Intensive HarvestIn the northern part of the North Central (NC) states cutting management schedule and adequate fertilizer are important factors in maintaining alfalfa stands. Recent work in Minnesota by Sheaffer indicates that fall cutting poses some risks to lon-term stand persistance but should be considered as a management alternative to allow greater harvest flexibility. He further states that stand loss can be greatly reduced by high levels of fertilizer (particularly potassium). The study I am reporting on... |
2. Small Grain Response to Potassium and Chloride AdditionsStudies have been conducted over a three-year period to determine the frequency and the cause of small grain response to KC1 additions on high K soils. During the first two years responsiveness of hard red spring wheat, spring barley, and oats were compared at six locations in eastern South Dakota. Broadcast applications of 167 lbs/A of KC1 caused grain yield increases significant at the 0.05 probability level at four sites for wheat and two sites for barley while no oat yield increases were measured.... |
3. Soybean Chlorosis Management ProgramChlorosis in soybeans is a problem wherever soybeans are grown on high pH soils. In Nebraska, most of the soybeans are grown in the southeastern half of the state. Here the upland soils are neutral to moderately acid; however, many of the river valley soils are alkaline. Thus, chlorosis is a problem in the Platte and Elkhorn River Valleys and to a lesser extent, in the Republican and Loup River Valleys. Not all soils in the river valleys are prone to chlorosis OF soybeans even though many are alkaline... |
4. The New Wisconsin Soil Test Recommendation ProgramThe modern Wisconsin soil testing program was originally developed in the early 1960's. It was revised rather thoroughly in 1970 and again in 1981. New research advances, additional correla- tion and calibration data, changes in user needs, and shifts in philosophical viewpoint make it necessary to periodically review the soil testing program and the recommendations that emanate from that program. The current revision is an attempt to incorporate additional research, eliminate certain inconsistencies... |
5. On-Farm Nitrogen Fertilizer DemonstrationsThe Magdoff Pre-Sidedress Nitrate Test (PSNT) has been successful 1y used in the Northeast and humid parts of Midwest to improve N fertilizer recommendations. A modified version of the Magdoff PSNT was evaluated in 1989 and 1990 in Michigan. Fifty-three large scale on-farm corn N demonstrations were carried out. Two rates of N (a reduced rate and a high rate) were rep1 icated 3 to 6 times in each field. Forty-six sites showed no significant (p=.05) yield reduction due to the reduce N rate. Forty-nine... |
6. Overview of Soil Fertility Research in Ontario, 1991The major areas of focus in soil fertility research at the Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph over the past year have concerned increased nuhent use efficiency and environmental impact. These studies have examined the development of nitrogen soil test for corn, nitrate movement to groundwater, the fate of manure N, the placement of phosphorus fertilizer and the role of VA mycorrhizae in plant phosphorus numtion. The following is a summary of the projects being conducted in... |
7. Phosphorus Placement and Tillage Effects on Corn and Soil P LevelsIncreasing crop production costs have producers scrambling to gain the greatest efficiency possible from added fertilizers. A field study was conducted at two locations in southern Illinois is assess the effect of phosphorus (P) rates and placement methods on yield and P uptake by corn under no-till (NT) and conventional (chisel and disk) tillage (CT) systems. Phosphorus rates consisted of 0, 20, and 40 pounds P205/Ac with placement methods of surface broadcast, dribble and 2x2 at planting. After... |
8. Long-Term Alfalfa Study With K RatesA long-term potassium rate study was conducted on a Maury silt loam as part of the soil test calibration program to develop data for more soils in Kentucky. Beginning soil test K levels were established with initial applications of either 0, 150 or 300 lb of K20 per acre. Annual applications of 0, 120, 240 and 360 lb of K20 per acre were applied about 1 month before fall freezedown. Results indicated (1) there were significant yield responses to annual applications after the first year; (2) the soil... |
9. The State of the Art StartersInterest in reduced tillage has caused a resurgence in the use of starter fertilizer. Starter fertilizer research has been conducted on many crops across the country. The purpose of this paper is to highlight recent research on a variety of crops including corn. cotton, sorghum, soybean, canola, sugar beet, and potato. Increased yields from starter fertilizers are common in low P soils and several factors may lead to increased yields even when soil P and K levels are high. Geographic trends in yield... |
10. Chemical and Biological Changes Resulting from Soil SubmergenceFlooding of a soil for rice production results in significant short and long term physical, chemical and biological changes in soil properties. These changes may have significant impact of the availability of nutrients for plant growth both for aquatic plants growing in the flooded soil and upland plants on the soil when not under flooded conditions. Chief among these nutritional effects are accelerated nitrogen (N) losses, conversion of phosphorus (P) to more available forms during flooding then... |
11. Horse Manure ManagementIt is common in the United States to find large concentrations of horses being stabled in suburban counties, immediately adjacent to large cities. Wood sawdust is one of the most common bedding materials used for horses. The high CIN ratio present in horse manure and hardwood sawdust mixtures makes this material problematic for use in agronomic or horticultural production. The high CIN ratio can induce a nitrogen deficiency in growing crops, due to the inmobilization of soil nitrogen by micro-organisms... |
12. Effect of N Fertilization on Accumulation and Release of Readily-Mineralized Organic NIncreased nitrogen (N) fertilizer use has generated concern about groundwater contamination by nitrate (NO,?. The objective of this work was to determine how previous N management and cropping system affect fertilizer N use efficiency. Research plots from a long-term N rate study on a silt loam soil were used to evaluate the impact of long term N rates on immobilization and mineralization of fertilizer N. Labeled '5~~,15~~, was applied at rates of 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lblacre to subplots of the... |
13. Site Specific Nitrogen and Irrigation Management Across Nebraska Agro-ecological ZonesNitrogen leaching below hrrow irrigated ground has caused nitrate contamination in Nebraska's groundwater. Alternate row irrigation and alternate row nitrogen fertilization is proposed as a method to decrease water use and decrease nitrogen leaching. Nitrogen was applied at a uniform and variable rates based on spring grid sampling for nitrate and soil organic matter. The experiment was conducted at three sites in Nebraska that represent a range of growing conditions. At these sites the average growing... |
14. Strategies for Establishing Management Zones for Site Specific Nutrient ManagementRecent precision agriculture research has focused on the use of management zones as a method to define areas for variable application of crop inputs. The goal of our work was to determine the relative importance of terrain information, aerial photographs, magnetic induction maps, and yield maps to define management zones. This work was conducted on a center-pivot irrigated field located near Gibbon. NE that has been planted to continuous corn for at least five years. Remotely sensed bare-soil images,... |
15. The Influence of Variably Applied Potassium Fertilizer on Yield Variations in Two Southern Illinois Farm FieldsThe basis of Variable Rate Technology (VRT) is to apply nutrients where they are needed and to reduce the application of nutrients where they are not needed. However, there is considerable uncertainty as to whether the variable application of nutrients to farmers fields should be on the basis of soil test levels or yield potentials. A field study was conducted at two locations in southern Illinois from 1997 to 1999 to evaluate VRT as a management tool for corn and soybean production on fields with... |
16. Effect of Changing the Rotation Sequence in a Long Term Tillage and Fertility StudyA continuous experiment was conducted fiom 1970 to 1999 to determine the long term effects of fertilizer application and tillage practices on soil acidity, organic matter and nutrient changes, and crop responses. Four tillage treatments were evaluated: continuous conventional: alternate till (two years no-till: one year conventional); continuous chisel till; and continuous no-till. Five fertilizer treatments were also evaluated (Ib ac-' N-P205-K20): check, 0-0-0; 175-0-0 broadcast; 160-0-0 broadcast... |
17. The Effect of Tillage and Lime Rate on Soil Acidity and Grain Yields of a Corn-Soybean RotationModern tillage systems, such as reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, provide shallow incorporation of surface applied materials at best. Because of concern of over-liming the surface few inches of agricultural soils, producers either reduce lime rates (and apply more often) or perform some sort of soil inversion to mix the lime deeper into the soil profile. The objectives ofthis field study were to evaluate the effects of tillage, lime rate and time of limestone application on corn and soybean... |
18. Phosphorus Runoff From Incorporated and Surface-Applied Fertilizer and ManureContinued inputs of fertiher and manure in excess of crop requirements have led to a build-up of soil phosphorus (I?) levels, creating an environmental rather than agronomic concern (Sharpley et al., 1994). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil test P level, source of P amendments, tillage, and manure application method on P runoff from agricultural soils. The treatments consisted of swine manure surface applied and injected at rates of 29 and 59 Ib acre-' of P, and triple... |
19. Use of Fly Ash as as Alternative Liming Source for Irrigated Corn ProductionFly ash from the Gerald Gentleman Power Station in west central Nebraska can potentially serve as an alternative liming source without reducing corn grain yields. A study was conducted to assess the use of fly ash as an alternative liming source on three acid sandy soils of west central Nebraska where conventional limmg sources can be uneconomical due to transportation costs. Corn grain yield, and soil pH change over time were assessed. Lime sources failed to raise the soil pH in the upper 8 inches... |
20. Varying Nitrogen and Seeding Rates of Corn Across Productivity Regions in FieldsA field study was conducted fiom 1999 to 2001 to determine the effects of variable seeding rates and variable nitrogen rates on corn (Zeu muys L.) in southern Ihois. In whole field experiments, variable seeding rates ranging fiom 18,000 to 38,000 seeds ac-' in 4.000 seed increments were planted in randomized strips (in a randomized complete block design) across the field that had soils with varying productivity based upon historical yield maps. From the yield data it was determined that the optimum... |
21. Evaluation of the Amino Sugar-N Based Soil test in Iowa Corn ProductionAn important improvement in estimating economic N applications for corn production would be to predict the soil N supply capacity each year. The objective of this research is to evaluate the adaptability and potential calibration of the amino sugar-N based Illinois N Soil Test in corn production fields across diverse Iowa soils. Nitrogen rate trials were conducted at multiple sites over several years, many on producer fields. Soil samples were collected at 0-6 and 0-12 inch depths in the fall and... |
22. Long-Term Measurement of Nitrate Leaching Below Corn Agreosystems and a Restored PrairieMany studies have evaluated nitrogen leachmg from tile drained agricultural soils, but less research has been performed on many well drained soils also common throughout the Midwest. This study measured nitrate leaching fiom chisel-plow (CP) and no-tillage 0 agroecosystems in order to determine the effects of common agricultural practices on the quality of water that drains past the root zone of crops. In an effort to obtain background levels of nitrate leaching from a natural ecosystem, measurements... |
23. Manganese Fertilizer Antagonism of Glyphosphate EfficacyMichigan soybean producers have observed antagonism of glyphosate efficacy in tank mixtures with foliar manganese (Mn) fertilizers. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate four Mn fertilizer formulations for their effect on glyphosate activity. (2) evaluate the effect of Mn fertilizer application timing on glyphosate activity, (3) evaluate the efficacy of three adjuvants in overcoming the Mn fertilizer antagonism of glyphosate. (4) determine the spray solution ratio of h4n2' and glyphosate... |
24. Relationship Between Response Indices Measured In-Season and at Harvest in Winter WheatCurrent methods for making nitrogen recommendations in winter wheat (Triticum aestivurn L.) do not adjust for in-season temporal variability of plant available non-fertilizer nitrogen (N) sources. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of different nitrogen response indices determined in-season @INDVI and RIPLANTHEIGkm) to the nitrogen response index measured at harvest (RIHARvEST). In addition, this study evaluated the use of the in-season response indices for determining topdress nitrogen... |
25. Using Historical Yield Patterns in Fields as a Management Tool to Variably Apply NitrgenIn whole field studies in southem Illinois a uniform rate of N application was compared with variably applied rates of N based upon historical crop yields for each field. The fields used were partitioned in "low". "medium", and "high" zones of productivity depending upon the normalized yield of the preceding 5 to 10 years of crops grown. Two formulas were used to variably apply nitrogen. One formula (VRN-One) calculated a N rate that favored more fertilizer in "high" productivity regions and less... |
26. Utilizing Inhibitor Technology to reduce Ammonia Volatilization Losses from Urea Sources Applied to Conservation TillageA severe limitation to urea fertilizers and the ureacomponent in livestock wastes is the high potential for volatile loss of nitrogen (N) as ammonia. Losses are especially severe when the urea-containing materials are surface applied with no or only limited subsequent incorporation. Extensive losses are also observed when urea is applied to warm soils that are moist and undergoing rapid drylng. Soil pH, the presence of an active microbial population, and soil texture are also known to impact volatilization... |
27. Corn Response to Anhydrous Ammonia rate, Timing, and Inhibitor use: A RevisitationField experiments were conducted from 2001 through 2003 at three southern Illinois locations to obtain more current data on the effects of anhydrous ammonia rates. application timing, and nitrapyrin (N-Serve) use on corn. Nitrogen rates of 0. 60, 120, and 180 lbs Nlac \\ere evaluated at three times of application (fall, spring pre-plant, and sidedress) with and without nitrapqrin. Corn yield results suggest that fall anhydrous ammonia application is inferior to spring application even if nitrapyrin... |
28. Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Distribution and Gaseous Flux Due to Landscape Position and Temperate Alley-Cropping Practices in an Agricultural WatershedSoil NzO and COz efflux can be stimulated by agricultural practices whlch may contribute to an enhanced global warming effect. However, the efflux of these two gases in response to landscape position and soil conservation management practices such as contour strips in a temperate agoforestry alley cropping system has not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of alley cropping and landscape position on soil total organic C and total N distribution and N20... |
29. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Dynamics Throughout Corn Growing SeasonPhosphorous is an essential plant nutrient and is the second most common fertilizer nutrient applied in crop production. The role of mycorrhizal fungi in phosphorous (P) nutrition of corn (Zea mays L.) in high fertility soils in unclear. A study was conducted to determine the effect of extractable P on myco~hizal biomass and to evaluate the temporal dynamics of mycorrhizal fungi during the growing season in two irrigated corn fields in Nebraska. The objectives were addressed by the installation of... |
30. Scale of Measurement Effects on Phosphorus Runoff Losses from CroplandAs phosphorus (P)-based nutrient management planning becomes necessary for some farms in Wisconsin, it will be critical to have reliable, research-based planning tools. The Wisconsin P- hdex provides one method for preparing P-based nutrient management plans. The P-Index was developed largely from small plot-scale data showing the relationships between various site and management variables and runoff P losses. Thls study was conducted to compare runoff composition measurements at the subwatershed... |
31. Cropping Systems Management Effects on Soil N Mineralization DynamicsChanges in soil organic matter (SOM) content due to cultivation also impacts the amount of indigenous soil nitrogen (IN) supply. Crop management practices designed to achieve high yields also result in high residue inputs, which can contribute to SOM build up and enhanced indigenous N supply. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long term effect of crop rotation and nutrient management in conventional and intensive maize based systems on the change in soil N supply. Soil samples fiotn... |
32. Should We Abandon Soil Testing and Yield Goals in Estimating Nitrogen Rates for CornIf the prices of corn and fertilizer-N and the shape of the N response function relating crop yield to the amount of fertilizer used are known, calculating an economically optimal N rate (EONR) for maximizing the net return to applied N is straightforward: the EONR is the N rate at which no firher increase in net return occurs. In most cropping systems and under common price scenarios, crop yield at the EONR is within 95 to 99% of the maximum yield obtained for the specific management package. In... |
33. Impact of Biofuel Crops on U.S. Agriculture: An OverviewBiofuel crops are having an impact on prices of commodities, land use, and environmental factors such as water quality, biod iversity, etc. There are critical linkages today that result in the phenomenon of oil and corn prices moving in lockstep. We also see that limited cropland leads to tradeoffs between different crops that aff ect not only food and feed production, current corn based biofuel production but also future cellulosic production. The current and potential impact of biofuels on the... |
34. Organic Farming in Nebraska: Establishing Organic Research for the Organic Farming CommunityFour sites in Nebraska were developed to have land available to conduct research on certified organic land. All sites will be certified organic by the end of 2008. The goal of the project is to conduct research relevant to the organic farmi ng community and not to compare organic systems with conventional systems. Resear ch is being conducted on the use of flaming to control weeds, winter wheat variety development and selection for the organic market, variety testing of organic winter wheat, proso... |
35. Organic Nutrient And Weed Management With Sweet Corn On Sandy SoilThe Central Sands region of Wisconsin is host to commercial-scale vegetable production, requiring intense nitrogen (N) fertilization. The limited nutrient holding capacity and minimal organic matter content of sandy soils in the Central Sands contributes to water nitrate contamination. Organic management may help to alleviate problems associated with leaching by increasing organic matter and nutrient retention in this soil. For organic agriculture to be feasible in this region, organic N inputs... |
36. Using Soil and Tissue Testing to Predict Soybean Yield Response to Foliar Applied Micronutrients in IowaPrior research with foliar application of micronutrients for soybean has shown inconsistent yield responses in Iowa and the western Corn Belt. Iowa has no interpretations for soil or tissue tests for micronutrients in soybean. This study's objectives were to evaluate soybean plant-tissue and grain yield responses to foliar application of boron (B), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in Iowa. There were 22 field trials in 2012 and 21 in 2013, which were established in 20 counties and included... |
37. Nitrogen Loss from Sprinkler Applied Beef Feedlot EffluentLoss of nitrogen from sprinkler applied beef feedlot effluent can be costly for both the producer and the environment. Sprinkler application of effluent is common throughout the Great Plains, though little work has focused specifically on N losses from beef feedlot effluent. We quantified ammonia (NH 3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) losses from beef feedlot effluent applications under field conditions including variations in soil pH, soil water content, ammonium (NH 4+) concentration of the effluent, and... |
38. Overview of Manure Handling on Steroid Movement in Agricultural Fields from Beef Cattle SystemsManure generated from concentrated animal feeding operations may serve as a source of steroids in surface water and potentially in groundwater. The objectives of this research were to determine the amount of steroids and metabolites in runoff from beef cattle production pens, and from runoff and leaching from crop production fields. Cattle were fed a synthetic progestagen, MGA or melengestrol acetate and treated with zeranol, trenbolone acetate, and estradiol implants, while a second group was not... |
39. Evaluation of Fertilizer Placement for Corn with Contrasting Rooting SystemCorn genetic improvements in recent year⤙s generated hybrids adapted for water limited conditions (drought tolerant-DT). Drought tolerant hybrids were developed with conventional breeding selection process, and therefore selected based on certain characteristics such as growth habits and root system. New transgenic DT corn hybrids are also becoming available to producers. A previous study demonstrated that corn response to starter fertilizer application can vary by hybrid (Gordon et al, 1997).... |
40. Assessing the Benefits of Radish as a Cover CropOilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L) is a popular cover crop for no-till farmers in Wisconsin, especially among those that include winter wheat in rotation since radish can accumulate large amounts of nitrogen (N). However, previously presented research in Wisconsin has not shown a clear N credit for a subsequent corn crop. Additionally, there is a lack of information that quantifies other benefits of radish, including compaction reduction and nematode suppression. The objective of this project was... |
41. Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources to Enhance Tolerance and Recovery of New Corn Hybrids from Early Season Soil WaterloggingCorn (Zea mays L.) production losses due to temporarily flooded or saturated soils resulting from excessive precipitation are a persistent problem in Missouri and the Midwest Region of the United States. In 2011 alone, monetary losses for corn and soybean (Glycine max) production due to excessive flooding in the Midwest were calculated to be more than $1.6 billion. Application of different sources of nitrogen (N) fertilizer may promote increased flood tolerance and recovery in interaction with different... |
42. Fertilizer Placement and Tillage Interaction in Corn and Soybean ProductionDifferent tillage systems can affect the availability of phosphorus (P) in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects and interaction of fertilizer placement, tillage, and varieties/hybrids for corn and soybean. The experiment was established at two locations in Kansas in 2014. The experimental design was a factorial in a randomized complete block with four replications. Three fertilizer treatments were combined with two tillage systems and two varieties/hybrids of soybean... |
43. Field Correlation of Tissue Testing for Phosphorus and Potassium in Corn and SoybeanInterest in tissue testing as a method of guiding fertilization and detecting nutrient deficiencies in corn and soybean in the upper Midwest is increasing. Tissue testing may be a helpful diagnostic tool for assessing in-season crop nutrients deficiencies. No current yield-response based interpretations for tissue test results are available in Iowa, although previous reports based on limited data collected during the 1990s and 2000s suggested that the value of tissue testing for phosphorus (P) and... |
44. Phosphorus Sorption Behavior of Kentucky Soils with Varying Indigenous Phosphorus ContentThe risk of phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural lands through surface transport to waterways increases with increasing levels of soil P. Agricultural soils in the Inner and Outer Bluegrass of Kentucky have high indigenous P content. This study investistigates the phsophorus sorption characteristics that influence the soils potential for P loss to water bodies. Four soils from the Inner Bluegrass and four soils from the Outer Bluegrass were identified as eing agriculturally significant soils not... |
45. Cover Crops Following Corn Silage and Winter WheatCover crops are widely used in Wisconsin following corn silage or winter wheat harvest to control erosion, but effects on subsequent corn yields and their optimum N rates have not been documented. Two separate studies were conducted to: (1) determine the effect of rye as a cover or silage crop on corn yields at varying N rates and (2) determine the effect of radish on corn yields and optimum N rates. In two of three years, a reduction in corn silage yield was determined following rye silage compared... |
46. Corn Nitrogen Rate Response and Crop Yield in a Rye Cover Crop SystemWater quality impairment related to N loss from crop production fields continues to be a concern in Iowa, including meeting the USEPA nitrate-N drinking water standard and reducing N export to the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, in-field production practices would be helpful to aid in reduction of nitrate leaching and movement to water systems. One practice identified in the science assessment for the Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy is use of a winter cereal rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crop, where a... |
47. Building a Corn Nitrogen Rate Database for Minnesota's Irrigated Sandy SoilsA study was conducted to determine the optimum N rate to apply for corn grown on irrigated sandy soils in Minnesota. Sandy soils in Minnesota vary in the texture of the surface fron silt loam to sand. Since 2006, 11 sites had 8 to 9 N fertikizer rates applied. The optimum N rate for the sandy sites with a silt loam surface texture ranged from 168 kg N/ha to 200 kg N/ha while the sandy surfaced soils optimum N rate ranged from 250 kg Nha to 280 kg N/ha. The silt loam surface soil sites optimum N rate... |
48. Switchgrass Response to Nitrogen: Trade-offs between Quantity and QualityIn 2009 and 2010, a study was conducted at four loca tions in southwest Wisconsin to determine optimal nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates and harvest timings for switchgrass quantity and quality. The study was conducted as a randomized complete bloc k, split plot design with five main plot treatments (0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg ha -1 of N) and three split plot treatments (mid-fall, late- fall, and early spring harvest). Dry matter (D M) yields increased between 2009 and 2010 and were most often maximized... |
49. Adapt-N: A Computational Tool for Precise N Management in CornCurrent approaches to estimation of optimum N fertilizer rates are based on mass balances, average expected economic return based on field experiments, soil N tests, an d crop leaf or canopy sensing. However, denitrification and leaching losses of nitrogen may occur from dynamic and complex interactions among weather, soil hydrology, crop water and N uptake, and management practices , and result in high variability in annual crop N needs in maize ( Zea mays L.) production. W eather impacts the soil... |
50. Validating Potassium Fertilizer Guidelines in Alfalfa-corn RotationsIn 2008 to 2010, on-farm research was conducted on 10 fields with medium soil test K (STK) to validate Minnesota K fertilizer guidelines by determining the effect of K fertilizer applications on alfalfa yield and quality in its last production year, and estimating the carryover of excess fertilizer K to first-year corn. We were surprised to find that no K fertilizer was needed to maximize alfalfa yield or overall forage feed value and quality. Luxury consumption of K occurred because as K application... |
51. A Nitrogen Rate of Return Calculator for Wheat, Barley, and Canola in ManitobaNitrogen (N) general guidelines in Manitoba ar e reviewed by a panel of government, industry and university experts on an annu al basis and revisions as well as additions and corrections are reflected in the Soil Fertility Guide that is published (as well as posted on the web-site) by Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives. However, a comprehensive review of the N databases for barley, wheat and canola has not been undertaken since September 1990. Post 1988 database of experiments conducted... |
52. Potassium in Corn Starter Fertilizers RevisitedDespite the importance of potassium in crop nutriti on, there has been relatively little assessment of potassium in starter fertilizer s, and particularly where sufficie nt preplant broadcast K has been applied to meet the needs of the crop. Initial re sults from the first year of a multi-year study in Southern Ontario showed that corn yields were increased by about 0.4 t ha -1 by the inclusion of potassium in a starter fertilizer on low P and K testing soils, above the response to added P. Further... |
53. Effect of Phosphate and Sulfate Application on Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Grain Selenium Content and Yield ComponentsThe interest in Selenium (Se) has increased due to its potential anti-cancer attributes in human health. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) will assimilate Se according to soil availability. There is interest in developing a consiste nt grain supply of high Se wheat for markets in Europe and Asia since plant-available Se in soils of these continents are very low. Agricultural soils in some regions of central and western South Dakota ha ve high Se content. Yet the common plant available forms of Se, selenate... |
54. Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nutrient Cycling in a Multi-Location Study in South DakotaSoil without living roots potentially loses mobile nutrients and retains excess water. Unprotected soil degradation and erosion enable the loss of carbon and nutrient rich top soil. Cover crops provide armor for the soil protecting from carbon and nutrient loss. Cover crop blends may influence soil health parameters and nutrient cycling. This multi-locational study depicts the influence of cover crop species blends with varying grass and broadleaf concentrations on established soil-health indicators... D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, D. Karki, J. Clark, A. Bly |
55. No-till and Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nitrogen Rate and Timing Recommendations: Early ResultsThe idea of improving soil health has become increasingly more talked about by researchers, agronomists, and farmers in the past five years. Management practices such as no- or reduced-tillage and planting cover crops are recommended to improve soil health because of their potential to improve organic matter and soil structure leading to a greater capacity to hold water and nutrients needed for plant growth. Research in South Dakota has been occurring these past two years to determine the influence... J.D. Clark, A. Bly, D. Karki, D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, P. Kovacs |
56. Soil N2O emissions in continuous corn as affected by 4R and cover cropsCover crops and 4R nitrogen (N) management are promoted as key practices for reducing nitrate leaching losses, but their impacts on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions remain less certain. This study evaluated soil N2O emissions and grain yield under different timing of N application and cover crops for two years in a tile-drained continuous corn system. Treatments were 224 kg N ha-1 split-applied in fall + pre-plant (Conventional), pre-plant + side-dress (4R), 4R +... G. Preza fontes, L.E. Christianson, C.M. Pittelkow |
57. Nitrogen Source and Timing Effects on CornThe 4R’s of nutrient management call for the right source, applied at right time, at the right rate at the right placement. Producers in South Dakota ask when the correct time to apply nitrogen fertilizers. Mean annual precipitation in the major South Dakota corn growing areas ranges from 16 to 26 inches. This is a relatively dry climate compared to other major corn growing regions and the effect of nitrogen timing might not be as important. Therefore, a research question that challenges... A. Bly, S. Berg, D. Karki |
58. Soil Phosphorus Fractions and Legacy after Long-term Fertilizer Placement in a Corn-Soybean RotationPhosphorus (P) fertilizer placement can affect plant P uptake during the growing season, however, the long-term interaction of placement and plant root P uptake can also affect soil P pools. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of long-term P fertilizer placement on soil P pools (labile, moderately labile and non-labile) and legacy soil P accumulation under a corn (Zea mays) -soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation. A field study was conducted for ten years from 2006-... M. Coelho, D. Ruiz diaz, G. Hettiarachchi, F. Hansel |
59. Nitrogen Non-Cycling from Cover Crops Grown Before Corn and Spring Wheat-Unexpected Early Project ResultsNitrogen credits in North Dakota State University fertilization recommendations include those anticipated from the previous year annual legume crops (field pea, lentil, soybean, chickpea) and from terminated alfalfa. In addition, it was established in the region that sugarbeet tops returned to the soil may have an N credit potential of up to 80 pounds of N per acre (Crohain and Rixhon, 1967; Moraghan and Smith, 1994a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995b; Franzen et al.,... D. Franzen, A. Wick, H. Bu, L. Ressler, J. Bell, M. Berti, C. Gasch |
60. Performance of Grain Oats at Different Nitrogen Regimes when Grown with and without Plant Growth Regulator (PGR)Among small grains grown in the South Dakota (SD), oat is considered the most susceptible to lodging which can result to significant yield loss due to harvest difficulty. Although current South Dakota State University (updated 2005) recommends 1.3 pounds nitrate N per bushel of oats (minus soil test N and legume credit), producers have been using lesser than the SD recommended rate to avoid lodging. This study was initiated in 2016- i) to evaluate the response of oat grain yield at various nitrogen... D. Karki, A. Bly |
61. Manure, Phosphorus, and 125 Site-Years of Edge-of-Field Runoff MeasurementsPhosphorus export from agricultural fields continues to create water quality concerns in Wisconsin. The UW Discovery Farms program, along with Discovery Farms Minnesota have collected 125 site-years of edge-of-field monitoring datawhich can be used to better understand the relative effects of inherent soil properties (slope, drainage class, texture), management practices (manure application, tillage, crop rotation, cover cropping), and soil test P values on seasonal (frozen and non-... M. Ruark, A. Thompson, Z. Zopp, T. Radatz, A. Radatz, E. Cooley |
62. Iowa Soybean Nitrogen Fixation Consider in Nitrogen BudgetsSoybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important agricultural commodities grown in Midwestern states of the US and some other parts of the world. Like many other legumes, soybean can associate symbiotically with nitrogen (N) fixing bacteria, which can transform the N2 from the atmosphere into NH3 a more available N form, through a process known as biological N fixation (BNF). However, BNF is an energy expensive process for soybean that requires carbohydrates from... S. Cordova, R. Dietzel, M. Licht, S. Archontoulis, M. Castellano |
63. Integrating Management Zones and Canopy Sensing for Improved Nitrogen Recommendation AlgorithmsActive crop canopy sensors have been studied as a tool to direct spatially variable nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications in maize, with the goal of increasing the synchrony between N supply and crop demand and thus improving N use efficiency (NUE). However, N recommendation algorithms have often proven inaccurate in certain subfield regions due to local spatial variability. Modifying these algorithms by integrating soil-based management zones (MZ) may improve their accuracy... J. Crowther, J. Parrish, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, K. Glewen, T. Shaver, D. Krull, L. Thompson, N. Mueller, B. Krienke, T. Mieno, T. Ingram |
64. Root Growth and Phosphorus Uptake Affected by Fertilizer Management in Soybean and WheatPlant root growth patterns can be affected by nutrient and water availability. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of phosphorus (P) fertilizer management on soybean (Glycine max. L) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root system growth and macro and micronutrients uptake. Two greenhouse studies were carried out at Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas under controlled environment. The experimental design... F. Hansel, D. Diaz |
65. Influence of phosphorus management on potential for soluble phosphorus loss through leachingThe over application of phosphorus (P) fertilizers in agricultural systems may pose a threat to water quality due to the loss of dissolved P to fresh water bodies leading to eutrophication. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential for water soluble P loss from top soil (0-6 inches) across a range of initial soil test phosphorus (STP) levels, soil types, and leaching volumes; and to determine if P leaching loss could be predicted with existing soil P tests. Intact soil columns... L. Leverich, D. Kaiser |
66. Active and Passive Spectral Sensing for Predicting the Optimum Nitrogen Rate and Timing in CornThere are many in-season plant diagnostic tools available for predicting the rate and timing of in-season nitrogen fertilizer in corn (Zea mays L.). However, soils in Southern Minnesota are generally high in organic matter and can carry over nitrate- nitrogen from one season to the next. Subsequently, there is oftentimes sufficient soil nitrogen early in the growing season to supply much of the crop requirement, limiting the use of sensor-based N management tools. Past work... T. Nigon, D. Kaiser, C. Yang, D. Mulla |
67. Comparison of Ground-Based Active Crop Canopy Sensor and Aerial Passive Crop Canopy Sensor for In-Season Nitrogen ManagementCrop canopy sensors represent one tool available to help calculate a reactive in-season nitrogen (N) application rate in corn. When utilizing such systems, corn growers must decide between using active versus passive crop canopy sensors. The objectives of this study was to 1) determine the correlation between N management by remote sensing using a passive sensor and N management using proximal sensing with an active sensors. Treatments were arranged as field length strips in a randomized complete... J. Parrish, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, K. Glewen, L. Thompson, B. Krienke, N. Mueller, T. Ingram, D. Krull, J. Crowther, T. Shaver, T. Mieno |
68. Soybean Yield Response to P Fertilizer Placement as Affected by Soil Parameters: A ReviewIn the last decades, several studies were conducted to evaluate more efficient P fertilizer management with emphasis on placement. Many of these studies report contrasting results, suggesting that a general recommendation may not be appropriate and specific factors of soils, crops, and weather should be considered. A literature search was completed using Google Scholar, and published papers that met our selection criteria included 62 experiments, with 95 site-years. Approximately 9.8% of the studies... F. Hansel, D. Ruiz diaz, L. Rosso |
69. Prediction of Corn and Soybean Grain Yield Response to P in Minnesota Using the Haney H3A and Mehlich-III TestsMinnesota soils are highly variable in P availability due to the wide range of chemical properties. Currently, two soil tests are used to measure soil P in Minnesota, the Bray-P1 for pH<7.4 and the Olsen P for pH>7.4. The purpose of this study was to correlate crop response in corn and soybean rotations to the Bray-P1, Olsen, Mehlich-III, and Haney H3A extractions and to determine critical concentrations for each extraction method. Soil P tests were also correlated with one another to determine... D. Kaiser, L. Leverich, J. Vetsch, J. Strock |
70. Effects of Applied Soil Micronutrients on Corn and Soybean Yields in Eastern South Dakota EnvironmentsMicronutrients although taken up by plants in small quantities, their deficiencies can have significant detrimental effects on grain yield. As growers aim for maximum corn and soybean yields, availability of micronutrients in agricultural market both as individual source or combined with other secondary nutrients have also increased. However, effects of micronutrients on corn and soybean grain yields are not well documented for South Dakota (SD) soils, and growers seem to be concerned if application... D. Karki, A. Bly, S. Berg |
71. Project Sense: Sensors for the Efficient Use of Nitrogen and Stewardship of the Environment. An On-Farm Research Effort to Increase Adoption of Sensor Based N ManagementLow nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has been attributed to several factors including asynchrony between nitrogen (N) fertilizer application, crop demand, and spatial variability (Shanahan et al., 2008). Sidedress applied N synchronizes crop uptake demand for N, but does not address the spatial and temporal variability that exists in a field year to year. Active crop canopy sensors provide an ability to monitor and respond to spatial and temporal N variability for a given field. A three-year project,... B. Krienke, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, L. Thompson, J. Parrish, N. Mueller, T. Mieno, J. Crowther, T. Shaver, T. Ingram, D. Krull, K. Glewen |
72. Variation in Internal N Efficiency of Corn and Impact on Yield-Goal Based N RecommendationsInternal N efficiency (IE) is defined as bushels per acre (GY) produced per pound of N per acre (PMN) in the plant at physiological maturity (R6). Internal N efficiency defines the required amount of plant N content at R6 in a yield-goal based N rate recommendations (currently used in 30 U.S. states) and several commercial N recommendation models. Commonly IE is assumed to be constant at an approximate value of 0.8 bu lb-N-1 in yield-goal based recommendations. Our research objective was... M. Shafer, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, F. Fernandez, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, R. Nielsen, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
73. South Dakota Producers Use of Soil Testing to Make Soil Fertility DecisionsSoil fertility guidelines in South Dakota are primarily based on soil testing results. There are several possible soil sampling procedures regarding timing, frequency, and type of soil sampling that can be followed by producers. Survey information collected from South Dakota producers can inform us what soil sampling procedures they are commonly using. We distributed a survey to 3,000 South Dakota producers based on crop reporting district, crops grown, and farm size. We reminded producers three... |
74. Improving Nitrogen Management in Dryland Winter Wheat Production in NebraskaWheat producers in Nebraska endured a significant loss in profit due to reduced grain protein in years that had wet springs such as in 2016 and 2017. Among many potential factors, soil nitrogen (N) is the most central factor that affects protein levels in wheat. To investigate the effect of N on wheat grain yield and protein content, field trials across the State were initiated in 2018. The specific objectives of the field study were to evaluate the effects of different N rates and application... |
75. Exploratory analysis of event-based edge-of-field phosphorus lossesUnderstanding how the timing of management activities, particularly manure and fertilizer applications, impacts P losses in runoff can improve farmers’ decisions on when to apply nutrients. The University of Wisconsin Discovery Farms and Discovery Farms Minnesota have been monitoring edge-of-field nutrient losses since 2004. This data set includes over 125 site-years of runoff across 26 fields and includes 1574 individual runoff events. The objectives of this study are to: (i) determine... |
76. Evaluation of soybean response to in-season potassium fertilizationIn-season application of potassium (K) fertilizer may offer an alternative to remediate deficiencies developed during the growing season. The objective of this study was to determine soybean (Glycine max) response to topdress K application timing under deficient soil conditions. Treatments included a control (0 lbs K2O acre-1), 50 lbs K2O acre-1 pre-plant incorporated, and 50 lbs K2O acre-1 in-season broadcasted at the... D.A. Charbonnier, D.A. Ruiz diaz, M.A. Coelho |
77. Corporate Sustainability Initiatives and Their Interface with Crop Nutrient ManagementAn increasing number of corporations are establishing sustainability initiatives. For ag/food companies, these interface with nutrient management mainly via nitrogen—a lot of carbon dioxide is produced during nitrogen fertilizer manufacture, and some nitrogen fertilizer is converted to nitrous oxide (a potent greenhouse gas) after application. A corporate sustainability representative, a nitrous oxide expert, and a farmer will present their views and then take questions... P. Carter, R. Sirolli, G. Robertson, M. Hora |
78. Should we incur a loss by interseeding in sugarbeet ?The Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota contributes with half of the nation’s sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) production. Interseeding cover crops within sugarbeet has the potential to reduce the impact of soil disturbances. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of cover crop interseeding time and species on sugarbeet root yield, sugar content, and economic profitability during 2018 -20 growing seasons. Cover crops were first interseeded in June and second... S. Sigdel, A. Chatterjee, M. Berti |
79. Site-Specific Yield and Protein Response to Nitrogen Rate and Timing in Winter WheatNitrogen (N) fertilizer management is crucial in cereal crop production. Improved prediction of optimal N fertilizer rates for winter wheat can decrease N losses and enhance profits. We tested seven N fertilizer rates (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 kg N ha-1) applied at three timings (Fall, Spring, and Split Fall/Spring) in seven small plot trials located in commercial fields... J. Cesario pereira pinto, L. Puntel, L. Thompson, N. Mueller |
80. Biomass and Nitrogen Partitioning of the Modern Russet Varieties of Potatoes Under Nitrogen Stressed and Optimum ConditionsWisconsin is the third largest producers of potatoes in the USA. Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient in the development of crop biomass and yield. N uptake and partitioning in potato can be different based on the varieties and nutrient availability. These differences can result in the wide variations in yield accumulation and nitrogen use efficiencies. However, there is a lack of quantitative understanding of the in-season N uptake and demand and biomass partitioning of the different varieties... A. Rawal, M.D. Ruark, R.A. Lankau, J. Ross |
81. Farming the Data: New Paradigm in Precision AgriculturePrecision Agriculture has been around for over two decades. The first decade had a strong focus on quantifying spatial variability in soils, the second decade spent significant time on science and technology of precision management of nutrients. Now, with increasing adoption of Precision management techniques and practices there is interest in harnessing the power of data to grapple the new paradigm of making management decision based on evidence. The success of future farming practices, output,... R. Khosla |
82. Benchmarking Nitrogen Recommendation Tools for Nebraska Winter WheatAttaining high yield and high nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) remains a current research challenge in crop production. Digital ag technologies for site-specific N management have been demonstrated to improve NUE. This is due to the ability of digital technologies to account for the spatial and temporal distribution of crop N demand and available soil N in the field, which varies greatly according to soil properties, climate, and management. In addition, winter wheat protein content is highly... J. Cesario pinto, L. Thompson, N. Mueller, T. Mieno, L. Puntel, G. Balboa |
83. Landscape Position Affects Management Decisions for Crop ProductionLandscape attributes including topographic positions, slope, curvature, elevation, water flow direction and water flow accumulation are well documented in the literature for their effects on crop productivity. Topography influences crop growth and yield by impacting water and nutrient movement in the soil. Under dryland crop production systems, water availability generally depends on topsoil depth, soil organic matter, and curvature of the micro-topography. To improve overall productivity of a... G. Singh , K. Nelson, G. Kaur |
84. Drainage and Nitrogen Management Affects Soil Health and Soil PropertiesMidwestern United States farmers rely on key fertilizer inputs and management of soil drainage to maintain productivity and profitability. Subsurface tile drainage is used extensively throughout the Midwest U.S. to lower the water table and drain waterlogged soils. To improve nutrient use efficiency and sustainable crop production, best management practices such as 4R nutrient stewardship framework is being promoted in conjunction with drainage water management technology. The 4R nutrient stewardship... H. Kaur, K.A. Nelson, G. Singh, G. Kaur |
85. Revamping Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendations for MissouriMultiple nitrogen fertilizer rate decision tools have been developed over the years for recommending nitrogen to growers. These tools are based on mass balance equations with expected yield and yield goal, economically optimum nitrogen rate, preplant soil nitrate test, pre-sidedress and late spring soil nitrate test, plant tissue nitrogen, crop growth models, and canopy reflectance sensing. These tools rarely include biological nitrogen in the rate recommendations. Advances in soil health assessment... G. Singh , J.A. Lory, K.A. Nelson, M. Davis, L. Abendroth, G. Kaur, J. Calhoun, J. Chlapecka |
86. Examination of Topography and Soil Health Properties and Their Relationship to Corn Yield Stability in Central Iowa Agricultural FieldsCroplands in the North Central region are managed for high crop yields that are stable across years and fields. Nevertheless, yields fluctuate from year to year. Moreover, the magnitude of these fluctuations can vary across the field such that yield in some portions of the field is relatively stable and relatively variable in other portions of the field. Previous research has found that yield stability can be partially explained by topographic variables, but potential relationships between yield... L. Makens, M. Castellano |
87. Corn Response to Nitrogen Fixation Technology in Upstate MissouriNitrogen is one of the most expensive corn input costs and is critical for grain production. Nitrogen (N) fixing bacteria convert atmospheric N into organic forms that can be utilized by the plant are common with legumes. The symbiosis between Rhizobia and legumes is a critical plant–microbe mutualism that is essential for high yielding soybean. Recently, an emphasis on developing technology to supply corn with additional N through biological processes has been a focus of several agribusinesses... D.J. Steinkamp, K.A. Nelson, G. Singh, G. Kaur, H. Kaur |