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1. Soil Nitrate Testing- A Guide for Adjusting Michigan Nitrogen Recommendations for CornPrevious attempts to use soil nitrate tests in Michigan for adjusting N fertilizer recommendations for corn have been less than satisfactory. Soil tests were typically performed on fall or spring samples taken weeks or months prior to planting. The use of residual nitrate to adjust N fertilizer recommendations in the semi humid regions of the U. S. has never been considered very re1 iable because of the large fluctuation in soil nitrate from the time of sampling to the time of maximum uptake. Soil... |
2. Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Changes in a Long Term Cropping Systems StudyConserving soil C and N appears to a reasonable objective in the choice of a cropping system. Many long-term studies have been conducted where the effects of rotation or cropping system on soil C, N and other nutrients have been evaluated. A cropping systems study was initiated in 1972 on Michigan's lake bed area to 1) evaluate how often sugar beet and dry bean could be grown in a rotation and 2) determine how much crop residue needed to be returned to the soil to maintain productivity. Soil samples... |
3. Yield of Sugar Beet, Soybean,Corn, Field Bean and Wheat as affected by Lime Applications on High Soil pHLime from sugar beet processing plants has been stockpiled for 100 years. Environmental regulations and limited storage space provide an impetus for the removal of the material. Land application on alkaline soils is one alternative for disposal of this material. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of applying sugar beet processing lime on crop production on these soils. Studies were conducted at seven sites representing four alkaline soil series in Michigan. Lime was applied at rates... |
4. Effect of Time of N Application for CornThe economic benefit associated with the application of N fertilizers for corn has been known for over 5 decades. As a result, over 99 % of the farmers in Illinois apply N fertilizers when corn is grown. Unlike phosphorus and potassium, there is no good soil test to predict the amount of N needed, instead, farmers use a factor times yield potential with appropriate credits for legume and other N sources to set N rates. While this works well over a number of years, there are years when less N will... |
5. A Crop-Based Approach for In-Season N Management of CornOver-application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on corn has resulted in elevated levels of N in ground and surface waters. A major factor contributing to decreased N use efficiency and environmental contamination for traditional corn N management schemes is routine pre-season application of large doses of N before the crop can effectively utilize this N. Our long-term research goal is to reduce these over-applications by using remote sensing to direct fertilizer only to areas needing N at times when... |
6. Sulfur Responses and the Wisoconsin Alfalfa Sulfur SurveyFor more than 30 years, agronomists, soil scientists, consultants and farmers have recognized the potential for significant responses to applied sulfur fertilizer in northern and western Wisconsin on lighter textured, low organic matter soils that had not recently received manure (Rand et al., 1969; Hoefi and Walsh, 1975; Schulte, 1976; Peters and Kelling, 1987). More recently, crop consultants and others have reported seeing sulhr responses on soils or in locations where they typically were not... |
7. Corn, Soybean, and Alfalfa Response to Dolomitic and Calcitic LimeCenewed interest in soil pH and liming on some of south-central Minnesota's rnost productive glacial till soils has occurred recently because: (1) intensive "grid" soil sampling has identified areas of fields that are generally considered below optimum pH ( (2) the availability of site-specific application technology to treat only below-optimum pH soils in fields that contain significant variability in soil pH, and (3) near neutral pH is believed to be necessary for achieving exceptionally high yields.... |
8. Phosphorus and Potassium Place in Corn-Soybean Systems in the Midwest: Possibilities with Automatic Guidance TechnologyGlobal positioning system teclmology available to the public has become more accurate in recent years. Current Real Time Kinematic (RTK) techniques allow relative positions of equipment to be recorded with 3/8 - 2 in. precision (Dana, 1991). Being able to return to the same location in the field year after year with high precision may have implications for corn-soybean systems where banded applications of phosphorus (P) and/or potassium (K) are made at a time other than at planting. The importance... |
9. Zone Delineation for Nitrogen ManagementManaging nitrogen through zone soil sampling has been shown effective in revealing residual soil nitrate patterns in North Dakota. Zone delineation has been constructed using several types of data, including yield maps, remote imagery, topography and soil EC sensor data. A study was conducted in North Dakota, Montana and Minnesota to evaluate zone delineation methods. Across the region, yield frequency maps, topography, remote inlagery and soil EC data were effective in helping to construct zones.... |
10. Phosphorus Placement For Corn, Soybeans, and WheatRoot-Soil Interface Transport Pathways Three mechanisms are commonly cited for how nutrients reach plant roots: 1) root interception, 2) mass flow, and 3) diffusion. Root interception occurs when a plant root, as it grows, comes into direct contact with a nutrient. Quantities of nutrients reaching plant roots in this manner are estimated to be proportional to the volume of soil occupied by roots (Barber et al., 1963). For instance, if roots occupy one percent of the soil volume, then the quantity... |
11. Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Nitrogen Fertilizers In IllinoisNitrous oxide (N 2O) has a large global warming potential (GWP). Agricultural applications of nitrogen (N) contribute to N 2O emissions but it might be possible to mitigate such emissions through different N sources. We investigated the potential for anhydrous ammonia (AA), urea, and polymer coated urea (ESN) to mitigate N 2O emissions while enhancing corn (Zea mays L.) production. This three-year study was conducted in Champaign County, Illinois on highly productive mollisols during 2009 to 2011.... |
12. Quantifying Risk in Nitrogen Management through On-Farm EvaluationsThe process of nitrogen (N) management in corn (Zea mays L.) production is often reduced to finding ways to manage various risks. These risks include common difficulties of quantifying soil N availability, avoiding N fertilizer losses, and predicting the impact of weather before and after fertilizer applications. This poster provides a synopsis of several recent on-farm evaluation studies conducted across Iowa. These studies were designed and executed to identify management, soil, and weather factors... |
13. Evaluation of Weed Management Strategies on Grain Sorghum Nitrogen Status and Grain Yield Using Optical SensorsInformation on weed management options and relation to nutrient status is very limited for grain sorghum production. The objectives of this study were: (i) determine the effects of different weed management strategies on grain sorghum yield; and (ii) evaluate the impact on nitrogen (N) status and development of the crop. This study was established at two locations in 2014 (Smith and Reno Co in Kansas). The study used a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Two main factors evaluated... |
14. Response of Corn to Residue Management and Nitrogen FertilizationInterest in the production of cellulosic fuel production for bioenergy has identified corn (Zea mays L.) as a suitable option. However, residue removal can affect the growth and yield of a following corn crop and its response to N fertilizer. Residue removal may also influence the optimal tillage system with regard to yield and N-use efficiency. In southern Minnesota, concern about yield reductions due to cool, wet soil conditions, partially attributed to high amounts of crop residue, have limited... |
15. Post-Harvest Soil Nitrate Following Corn Production in Eight Midwestern StatesApplying nitrogen (N) at economically optimal rates (EONR) and at times of rapid crop uptake are practices that are thought to minimize the amount of residual soil nitrate (RSN) in the profile that may be susceptible to loss. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rate (0 to 280 lb N/a in 40 lb increments) and timing (pre-plant (PP) or PP plus V9 sidedress (PP+SD)) of N application on corn grain yield and RSN in the top 3 feet of soil relative to the calculated EONR. Thirty-two... C. Bandura, C. Laboski, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, F. Fernandez, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
16. Response of Continuous Corn to Varying Rates and Placements of Starter FertilizerPrevious research has shown that starter fertilizer, a small amount of fertilizer placed with or near the seed at planting, often accelerates early season growth and increases biomass production, but does not always increase grain yield in corn (Zea mays L.). Our objective was to evaluate the effects of starter fertilizer on crop growth and development, as well as grain yield and moisture in continuous corn cropping systems. Treatments consisted of no fertilizer applied at planting (Control),... C. Hornaday, J. Camberato, R. Nielsen |
17. Variation in Internal N Efficiency of Corn and Impact on Yield-Goal Based N RecommendationsInternal N efficiency (IE) is defined as bushels per acre (GY) produced per pound of N per acre (PMN) in the plant at physiological maturity (R6). Internal N efficiency defines the required amount of plant N content at R6 in a yield-goal based N rate recommendations (currently used in 30 U.S. states) and several commercial N recommendation models. Commonly IE is assumed to be constant at an approximate value of 0.8 bu lb-N-1 in yield-goal based recommendations. Our research objective was... M. Shafer, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, F. Fernandez, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, R. Nielsen, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
18. Tile Drainage, Cover Crops and Nitrogen InteractionsPrevious research has shown subsurface tile drainage systems deliver nitrate-N to surface waters thereby degrading water quality. Cover crops and applying appropriate N rates for corn are potential management strategies for reducing NO3-N in tile drainage. The objective of this study was to measure the effects and interactions of cover crops (winter hardy and winter terminating) at various N rates on NO3-N concentration and load in tile drainage water and corn and soybean... |
19. Some Thoughts on Nutrient Mineralization and Cycling in No-Till SystemsHigh post-harvest residue accumulations (10+ tons/acre) often occur in crop sequences involving high yielding corn, spring wheat and soybean. Over the last decade, we have conducted several studies that show that N or P availability may be suppressed either through slow residue decomposition, slow mineralization or immobilization. Although several states provide fertilizer recommendation adjustments for no-till and for high residue accumulations, the recommendations are sometimes contradictory.... L. Cihacek, R. Alghamdi |