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1. Influence of Soil Nitrate Nitrogen and Fertilizer Nitrogen on Wheat Grain Yield and ProteinWheat producers have recently shown a great deal of interest in grain protein levels. 'Ikis interest has developed prkily because of the relatively lqe protein premium available the last several years (Table 1). Nitrogen is a primary component of protein and needs to be added for most soils to produce high yielding, high protein wheat. The objectives of this study were to detennhe the effects of soil nitrate nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen on wheat grain yields and protein levels. ... |
2. Integrated Farm Management Demonstration Program in IowaThe Integrated Farm Management (IFM) Demonstration Program was established by the landmark 1987 Iowa Groundwater Protection Act. The five-year program, funded through 1992, is a cooperative effort involving various state agencies, Iowa State University and Iowa farmers. The program coordinators, many of whom are Iowa State Extension Service staff and scientists, work with farmers to help them implement best available technology that protects the environment and conserves energy. The goal of the program... |
3. The Nitrate Soil Test in South DakotaThe nitrate nitrogen soil test has been used for more than 15 years for making nitrogen fertilizer recommendations in South Dakota. Minimal leaching and denitrification due to a relatively dry climate has helped make this test a good predictor of nitrogen fertilizer needs. The test and nitrogen recommendation system is based on a two foot deep soil sample and a calibrated nitrogen requirement for common crops grown in South Dakota (Table 1). Extensive field plot data shows that the two foot deep... |
4. A Comparison of Point Injected and Knifed Phosphorus for Winter WheatThere are almost 2 million acres of winter wheat grown in South Dakota. Most is produced in the southwest part of the state on residual clay soils in a wheat fallow rotation with only limited, shallow sweep tillage. Very reduced tillage is necessary for wind and water erosion control, and water conservation on the long steep slopes. The continued use of shallow tillage on highly buffered, high pH soils has made broadcast phosphorus fertilizer inefficient in increasing wheat yields, even though phosphorus... |
5. Interpretation and Presentation of Research InformationCrop yields have increased over time as the knowledge base supporting crop production practices has increased. The educational process of transfer of information based on research bears a deep sense of responsibility. Selection of research results on which to base recommendations is a matter of judgement that can be enhanced by proper statistical analysis. Experimental objectives, experimental design, treatment selection, number and years of experiments, environments in which the experimentation... |
6. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization of Cool Season GrassStudies were initiated at two locations on cool season grass in central South Dakota to evaluate the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on forage and seed yields. Nitrogen rates (0,30,60,90,120,1501b Nacre) and phosphorus rates (0,30,60,90,180 Ib P,Odacre) were applied to established crested or intermediate wheatgrass once and harvested for either two or three years depending on location. Nitrogen increased dry matter yield by 48 and 62% at the two locations and seed yield by 166 percent. Phosphorus... |
7. Assessing the Source of Groundwater Nitrates- And You Thought Good Wine Took TimeControversy continues with elevated groundwater nitrate concentrations being attributed to N fertilizer use. Current research defining best management practices in farming system K management seldom addresses the influence these practices have on groundwater. Why? The results of this Missouri research show that the influence of management on groundwater nitrates may last for decades. The study provides support for time requirements when assessing farming system impact on groundwater quality. ... |
8. Influence of Phosphorus Soil Test Level on the Probabaility of Corn Yield ResponseData from a long term residual phosphorus study was analyzed to determine the probability of a corn yield response at low, medium, high and very high soil test levels. Analysis of 55 rate-site years showed a corn yield increase 59, 22, 43 and 17% of the time respectively for low, medium, high and very high soil test categories. The very high soil test category is defined as a Bray P soil test of greater than 20 ppm. The results suggest that the current South Dakota State University recommendation... |
9. Influence of Water Treatment Lime Sludge on Soil pH and Crop YieldsSoil pH levels are decreasing in extreme Eastern South Dakota. To test the effectiveness of water treatment lime sludge in raising soil pH and crop yields, a liming study was established at four locations with pH levels of 5.7 or less. The lime sludge applied at 3 tons per acre raised soil pH to neutral and maintained it at neutral for the 4 year duration of the study. Crops grown at the various sites included soybeans, corn, spring wheat, winter wheat and forage sorghum. Although there was a trend... |
10. Pass--An Improved System for Combining Dris and Sufficiency Range Approaches to Plant AnalysisThe University of Wisconsin Soil & Plant Analysis Lab (UW-Lab) includes both the Sufficiency Range (SR) and the Diagnosis and Recommendations Lntegrated System (DRIS) interpretations in plant analysis reports. The UW-Lab added the DRIS to its routine plant analysis program in 1992. Soon after its introduction, the DRIS appeared to be diagnosing Ca as yield-limiting in many cases where the SR interpreted Ca as sufficient. The DRIS diagnosis of Ca as deficient also contradicted previous research which... |
11. Regionalizing Fertilizer Recommendations for North Dakota, South Dakota, and Western MinnesotaFertilizer recommendations have varied between adjacent states. The inconsistencies at state lines made educational efforts in soil fertility more difficult for companies doing business across state lines. In an effort to alleviate these problems, the agronomists working with fertilizer calibration data and recommendations from the three states of North Dakota, South Dakota and Minnesota put together a recommendation system which could be used in a large part of all three states. The basic "core"... |
12. Influence of Seed Placed Fertilizer on Corn, Soybean and Sunflower EmergenceSix phosphorous fertilizer materials were placed with corn, soybean and sunflower seed to determine their influence on seed injury and emergence. Fertilizer rates used were 0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 Ib/A P,O, as dry TSP (0-46-O), MAP (1 1-55- 0), DAP (18-46-0) or liquid 10-34-0, 7-21-7 and 9-18-9. Seed emergence ranged from 0 to 100% depending on crop, fertilizer rate and materials used. Corn was most tolerant of fertilizer injury while soybean was extremely sensitive with stand reduction with even... |
13. Influence of Elemental Sulfur on Soil pH and Soil Test LevelsSoil test summaries from South Dakota State University Soil Testing Lab show that 16 percent of South Dakota soils have a pH of 7.6 or higher. These high pH soils can reduce nutrient availability to plants. A major concern is for reduced phosphorus availability and fertilizer use efficiency. High pH soils also reduce the availability of micronutrients such as iron and zinc. Due to these issues, questions are often asked on how to reduce soil pH. A number of materials such as sulfuric acid, aluminum... |
14. Response of Corn to N Fertilization in Fall, Spring, and (or) SummerPrecision farming technologies (remote sensing of canopy reflectance and yield monitoring) were used to study the response of corn after soybean to fertilizer N applied at different times in three field-scale trials in central Iowa in 1999. Weather conditions were unusually favorable for losses of fall-applied N and crop responses to N indicated that substantial losses occurred. Yields of corn could be maintained by adding a nitrification inhibitor or additional N, but the greatest profit was attained... |
15. Cropping Systems Management Effects on Soil N Mineralization DynamicsChanges in soil organic matter (SOM) content due to cultivation also impacts the amount of indigenous soil nitrogen (IN) supply. Crop management practices designed to achieve high yields also result in high residue inputs, which can contribute to SOM build up and enhanced indigenous N supply. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long term effect of crop rotation and nutrient management in conventional and intensive maize based systems on the change in soil N supply. Soil samples fiotn... |
16. Utilizing Existing Sensor Technology to Develop a Late-Season Critical Value for Spring Wheat ProteinA premium is paid to producers for spring wheat with a protein content greater than or equal to 14%. Obtaining that protein content can be problematic without proper nitrogen (N) fertilizer management. Sensor-based technologies have been used for predicting yield. The question is whether ths technology can be used to determine the protein content in-season for spring wheat. Field studies were conducted in South Dakota in 2003 and 2005. Five N treatments (0, 34, 65, 102, 136 kg N ha-') were applied... |
17. Utilizing the Greenseeker to Evaluate Spring Wheat Growth and YieldThere is currently little information on the use of existing sensor-based technologies for in- season application of nitrogen (N) to spring wheat (Triticttm aestivztm L.) in the northern Great Plains. Over the past decade researchers in the southern Great Plains have developed the Greenseeker as a tool for on-the-go N application to winter wheat. Field experiments were established in Brookings and Gettysburg, SD to evaluate the Greenseeker Hand Held optical sensor (NTech Industries, Ukiah, CA) for... |
18. Nitrogen Fertilizer Efficiency in a Long-term Research TrialIn 1993, a long term crop rotation study (The Living Field Laboratory) was initiated at the W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI, designed to investigate the benefits of cover crops in various integrated systems compared to a conventional system without cover crops. Today, with the rising cost of production (i.e. energy and fertiliz er) and continued environmental concerns, there are strong incentives for corn pr oducers to accurately assess N requirements and improve fertilizer efficiency.... |
19. Fertilizer Placement with Seed - A Decision AidBanding fertilizers with the seed at planting con tinues to be a popular option with producers in the Great Plains and North Central regions of the U.S. However, seed-placed fertilizer may limit germination/emergence of the seed/seedling. Nutrie nt source and rate are two factors affecting injury that are relatively simple to manage. Unfortunately, many crop producers and advisors have few rate guidelines for the many crop by fer tilizer combinations that are common to the region. The objectives... |
20. Manure Application Technology and Impact on Nitrogen DynamicsA field study was carried out ne ar Elora, Ontario to assess the impact of manure application timing and method on ammonia volatilization a nd nitrogen availability to the crop. A novel method was developed and calibrated for quan tifying ammonia volatilization using passive dosimeter tubes, which promises to provide an economical alternative to other methods. Ammonia loss was negligible from injected manure treatments, and when manure was incorporated immediately it had smaller losses th an when... |
21. Poly-Coated Urea Responses For Winter Wheat In The Northern PlainsManaging nitrogen applications for winter wheat production and quality includes limiting N volatilization with surface urea applications in the northern Great Plains. Two winter wheat sites located in central and western (W) South Dakota were established in the fall of 2011. Treatments were broadcast poly-coated urea (ESN) and urea at different blend proportions applied at rates of 0, 40, 60, 80, and 100 lb N/a and two timings (fall and spring). An additional winter wheat site was established in... |
22. Response Surface Models Of Subsoil K Concentration For Loess Over Till Soils In MissouriCrop uptake of potassium (K) has demonstrated sensitivity to subsoil variation in K content. This fact has not been sufficiently considered in K management strategies in part due to logistical difficulties in sampling spatially variable subsoil K. We propose a simplified soil factorial model, a response surface, to enable site-specific accounting of whole root zone K supply for loess over till soils. We compared the performance of two peak functions and a non-parametric local regression procedure... |
23. Corn Nitrogen Evaluation in South DakotaCurrent Nitrogen (N) recommendations for corn in South Dakota use an N rate calculator approach (yield goal x 1.2 ⤓ soil test Nitrate-N (0-2 ft) ⤓ legume credits ⤓ other credits such as manure application or N in starter fertilizers + 30 lbs N/a for no-till). The N coefficient has been modified in the past from 1.45 in 1975, to 1.3 in 1982 and currently 1.2 determined 1991. The N coefficient is in dire need of re-evaluation because... A. Bly, S. Berg, P. Sexton, R. Gelderman |
24. Nitrogen Management of Bioenergy Miscanthus on Claypan Soil LandscapesBioenergy crop Miscanthus x giganteus has been well studied for its yield in Europe and certain parts of the US Midwest but little has been done to investigate Miscanthus production in settings economically marginal for grain production. This study was conducted to determine nitrogen (N) requirements and yield potentials of M. x giganteus in degraded claypan soils. The effects of N fertilizer rates were investigated at four different locations in central Missouri on a Mexico series soil (fine, smectitic,... |
25. Agronomic and Nutrient Cycling Responses in a Rotation StudyA twelve-year rotation study was established in the Divide soil near Brookings SD in 2000. Treatments of crop rotations (corn-soybean, s oybean-spring wheat, and corn-soybean-spring wheat), tillage (conservation till vs. no-till), and residue management (post-harvest residue removed vs. residue returned) were established. Grain yield, residue crop residue production, nutrient cycling, and carbon storage responses were documented. Mean grain yield for various crops was not significantly influenced... |
26. Performance of Early vs. Late Maturing Corn Hybrids in MichiganThe planting of fill-season, or late maturing hybrids in Michigan is encouraged by their tendency to produce higher yields. Full-season hybrids can take advantage of the entire growing season available at a particular location. Shorter season hybrids reach physiological maturity sooner and generally yield less. Recent experience with cool, wet springs resulting in delayed planting, and growing seasons that provided less growing degree days (GDD) than normal has caused corn producers to question the... |
27. Tillage, Crop Rotation, and Cover Crop Impact on Corn Nitrogen Requirements in Southeastern South DakotaNitrogen is the lifeline of corn production. There is uncertainty whether nitrogen (N) requirements are the same for corn raised under long term no-till versus conventional till production systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate N fertilizer requirements for long term no-till soils in southeastern South Dakota, while considering effects from cover crops and crop rotation. This was a two year study at the SDSU Southeast Research Farm near Beresford, SD on long term no-till plots established... S. Berg, P. Sexton, R. Gelderman, A. Bly, C. Derdall |
28. Independence of Crop Yield and Nitrogen Rate Across SitesHistorically soil fertility specialists in the North Central States of the USA have constructed nitrogen (N) rate recommendations based on ‘yield goals’ or ‘expected yield’. Within the past ten years, there has been a general realization by soil fertility researchers that within a site or field there is a relationship between N rate and yield; however, because of soil and weather differences between sites there is no relationship in N rate studies with a large number of... D. Franzen, L. Sharma, H. Bu, E. Schultz, J. Breker, A. Denton |
29. Improving Digital Soil Maps for Site-specific Soil Fertility Management Using Feature SelectionDigital soil mapping (DSM) has become an attractive option to manage site-specific soil fertility management thanks to its capabilities of creating highly accurate, fine-resolution (e.g., 3 m) soil maps with uncertainty measures associated with soil property predictions. One approach to making soil maps with geospatial technologies is to build statistical models using machine learning (ML) based on the relationships between environmental covariates (e.g., digital terrain attributes, satellite,... C. Ferhatoglu, B.A. Miller |