Proceedings
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1. The Anaerobic Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen Test as a Tool for Nitrogen Management in the MidwestThe anaerobic potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMNan) test is a tool that can improve estimations of mineralizable nitrogen (N) and enhance nitrogen use efficiency. This tool may also help improve predictions of N uptake, grain yield, and the economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) of corn (Zea mays L.). A 32 site-year study across eight US Midwestern states was conducted to 1) compare the effect of incubation length (7-, 14-, 28-d), soil sampling timing, N fertilizer rate, and their... J. Clark, K. Sloan Veum, F. Fernandez, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
2. Use of A Wheat Cover Crop to Trap Residual Soil N for No-till CornIn continued work on long-term no-till plots, wheat was tested as a winter cover crop to determine how much carryover soil N it would accumulate from the preceding no-till corn crop and make available to the successive no-till corn crop. Wheat biomass at time of planting no-till corn was about 1.7 times greater following 240 lbs N/A on the preceding corn than following 80 lbs N/A. However, maximum wheat biomass was only about 1 T/A, and contained only 15 lbs N/A more than wheat grown following corn... |
3. Changes in Nitrogen use Efficiency and Soil Quality After Five Years of Managing for High Yield Corn and SoybeanAverage corn gain yields in the USA have increased linearly at a rate of 1.7 bulacre over the past 35 years with a national yield average of 130 bdacre. Corn yield contest winners and simulation models, ho ~ever, indicate there is -100 bda in exploitable corn yield gap. Six years (1999-2004) of plant development, grain yield and nutrient uptake \yere compared in intensive irrigated maize systems representing (a) recommended best management practices for a yield goal of 200 bdacre (Ml) and (b) intensive... |
4. Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nutrient Cycling in a Multi-Location Study in South DakotaSoil without living roots potentially loses mobile nutrients and retains excess water. Unprotected soil degradation and erosion enable the loss of carbon and nutrient rich top soil. Cover crops provide armor for the soil protecting from carbon and nutrient loss. Cover crop blends may influence soil health parameters and nutrient cycling. This multi-locational study depicts the influence of cover crop species blends with varying grass and broadleaf concentrations on established soil-health indicators... D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, D. Karki, J. Clark, A. Bly |
5. Do cover crops improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Bare soils are prone to erosion and lose soluble nutrients. Cover crops provide protection to the soil against erosion and nutrient loss. We hypothesized that the cover crops should uptake available nutrients from the soils in the fall when there is no cash crop, assimilate the nutrients in their tissues, and in the following spring, should release the nutrients back to the soil during the next cash crop growing season. In our study, we are quantifying the nutrients taken up by the cover crops... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Wolthuizen, J. Clark, A. Bly |
6. Do Split-Nitrogen Applications in the Midwest Affect Corn Nitrogen Uptake and Grain Yield?It is hypothesized that split-nitrogen (N) relative to single near-planting applications improve corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield and nitrogen recovery efficiency, which can lessen environmental impacts of fertilization. However, these hypotheses have not been fully tested. A 49-site-year study across eight US Midwestern states over three years was conducted to compare near-planting (Single) and split-N (Split) applications. Three N application timings were evaluated [Single near planting, 40... J. Clark, F. Fernandez, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
7. Can an Estimate of Mineralizable Nitrogen Improve Nitrogen Sufficiency Indexes?Combining the anaerobic potentially mineralizable N (PMNan) test with the pre-plant (PPNT) and pre-sidedress (PSNT) nitrate tests may improve N fertilizer guidelines for corn (Zea mays L.). Forty-nine corn N response experiments were conducted across eight states in the US Midwest (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Wisconsin) from 2014-2016. These studies were used to evaluate the effect of combining PMNan values from different soil sampling timings... J. Clark |
8. Nitrogen Non-Cycling from Cover Crops Grown Before Corn and Spring Wheat-Unexpected Early Project ResultsNitrogen credits in North Dakota State University fertilization recommendations include those anticipated from the previous year annual legume crops (field pea, lentil, soybean, chickpea) and from terminated alfalfa. In addition, it was established in the region that sugarbeet tops returned to the soil may have an N credit potential of up to 80 pounds of N per acre (Crohain and Rixhon, 1967; Moraghan and Smith, 1994a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995b; Franzen et al.,... D. Franzen, A. Wick, H. Bu, L. Ressler, J. Bell, M. Berti, C. Gasch |
9. Cover crops nutrients uptake did not cause yield loss in cornBare soils are susceptible to erosion and nutrient loss. Cover crops and residues provide physical protection against erosion and nutrient loss, and improve nutrient cycling as well as biodiversity. We hypothesized that cover crops store available nutrients from the soil in the fall and release them the next spring for the next cash crop, minimizing potential nutrients loss with no adverse effect on cash crop yield. A four site-year study throughout South Dakota was conducted to compare... |
10. Can Cover Crops Help to Improve Soil Health While Having a Positive Effect on Corn Grain Yield?Cover crops have recently gained attention in the U.S. Mid-west because of their potential to increase soil organic matter and improve overall soil health. There is some concern however, that cover crops may negatively impact corn grain yield. This study was conducted to determine the effects that different cover crop mixtures have on soil health measurements and corn grain yield at increasing nitrogen rates. Cover crops were planted in the fall as a dominantly grass mixture, dominantly... |
11. No-till corn nitrogen recommendation using precision soil management practicesIn long-term no-till fields, South Dakota (SD) farmers reported a reduced fertilizer-nitrogen (N) requirement compared to conventional tillage to obtain optimum corn yield. Reduced fertilizer recommendation may be due to improved soil health resulting from increasing soil organic matter, higher soil microbial activities, and improved water and nutrient use efficiency over the years the no-till system is used. However, the impact of soil health measurements on fertilizer-N requirement has not been... D. Bhattarai, J. Clark, D. Clay |
12. Evaluation of Plant-Available Phosphorus of Dried Residuals from Wastewater Processed for Phosphorus Reduction with Aluminum or IronABSTRACT Wastewater effluent from industrial and municipal water treatment plants requires phosphorus (P) removal before being discharged to surface waters. The resulting residual materials, with elevated P concentration, are usually land applied. Basing P application rates on the nutrient value for crops is the most rational way to utilize this P resource because it would improve farmers economic return while... |
13. What Soil Measurements Relate Best to Corn Economic Optimal N Rate?The use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical for optimizing corn (Zea mays L.) yield. However, improper applications can reduce fertilizer efficiency, create environmental issues, and reduce grower profits. The N cycle is largely affected by biological processes. Therefore, the inclusion of biological soil tests alone or in combination with other soil chemical and physical properties may enable us to improve the accuracy of corn N fertilizer needs to optimize yield. From 2018-2021,... J. Clark, P. Kovacs, A. Bly, A. Ahlersmeyer |
14. Consideration of Clay Mineralogy for Enhanced Prediction of Optimal Corn Potassium Fertilizer RatesProperly calibrated potassium (K) fertilizer recommendations (KFRs) are critical for improving crop yields and maintaining environmental stewardship. Recent innovations in soil and crop management suggest that certain soil factors, including clay mineralogy, can be used to predict optimal K requirements in corn. The objectives of this study include 1) correlate soil K levels to corn yield, 2) calibrate KFRs with clay mineralogy data, and 3) determine the relationships among clay mineralogy, K... A. Ahlersmeyer, J. Clark, K. Osterloh, D. Clay |
15. Comparing Yield Goal and Maximum Return to N Based Methods in Predicting Corn Economic Optimal Nitrogen RatesThere are two main N rate recommendation systems used in the U.S.–Yield goal and maximum return to N (MRTN). The current yield-goal based system for calculating corn N rate recommendations in SD has not been evaluated for accuracy since 2013. Therefore, the objective of this project was to 1) evaluate the accuracy of the current yield goal-based equation and 2) create a database of N response trials and evaluate the accuracy of using the MRTN approach for predicting N rate requirements.... J. Clark, P. Kovacs, A. Bly, C. Graham |
16. Exploring the Impact of Temporal Variability in Emergence on Corn Grain Yield and Development PatternsConcerns have raised among farmers in the Midwest regarding the impacts of uneven emergence of corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Research has showed that even a minor delay in emergence of a few hours could have a substantial influence on plant performance and ear weight; and one of the contributing factors to uneven seedling emergence in corn is the application of starter fertilizer. Placing fertilizers in the seed furrow increases the salt concentration surrounding the seed and as a result, delays... L. Dorissant, P. Kovács, J. Clark |
17. Conservation Practices Lower Soil Test Phosphorus Requirements and Optimize Crop YieldSustainable P management in cropping systems is a challenge in modern agriculture. The implementation of conservation practices of no-till, retaining high levels of residue in the field, and diverse crop rotations may create a more suitable environment for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to accumulate. A greater AMF population may subsequently increase the P available to crops, lowering the soil test P amount needed to optimize crop yield. At the Dakota Lakes Research Farm in Pierre, South... C. Winter, J. Clark, M. Lehman, S. Xu, S. Ireland |
18. Cover Crop Composition: Implications for Crop Yields, Nitrogen Use, and Soil Health in Corn-Soybean RotationsCover crops can improve agricultural sustainability by influencing nitrogen (N) use, enhancing soil health, and optimizing crop yields. However, their effects can vary based on species composition. This study evaluated how different cover crop compositions impact crop yields, N requirements, and soil health in corn-soybean rotations. Field experiments were conducted at Brookings and Beresford, South Dakota. Three cover crops (none, single grass, and multi-species) were interseeded... S. Kodali, J. Clark |
19. Updating Oat Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate GuidelinesThe current yield-goal based system for calculating oat N rate recommendations in SD has not been evaluated for accuracy recently. There are two main N rate recommendation systems used in the U.S.–Yield goal and maximum return to N (MRTN). Therefore, the objective of this project was to 1) evaluate the accuracy of the current yield goal-based equation and 2) evaluate the accuracy of using the MRTN approach for predicting N rate requirements. Twenty-eight oat N rate response trials were conducted... J. Clark, D. Karki, A. Bly, P. Sexton |
20. Evaluating Soil Health Indicators in Response to Tillage, Crop Rotation, and Cover CroppingSoil health is shaped by management practices that influence soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Conservation practices such as reduced-disturbance tillage, cover cropping, and diverse crop rotations are increasingly promoted for improving soil structure, nutrient cycling, and microbial activity. However, the extent to which these practices interact and whether newly adopted no-till systems show similar benefits to long-term reduced tillage remains unclear. This study evaluates... S. Mesman, J. Clark, V. Nunes, P. Sexton |
21. Predicting Nitrogen Response by Winter Wheat Using Soil Health and Soil Microbiome IndicatorsEfficient nitrogen (N) management is critical for improving profitability and sustainability in winter wheat production systems of western South Dakota, where soils and growing conditions vary widely. Current fertilizer recommendations rely heavily on soil nitrate-N, often overlooking contributions from organic N sources and soil biological activity. This project aims to refine N fertilizer recommendations by integrating soil health indices (SHIs) and soil microbiome analysis as predictors of... C. Graham, R. Jain |
22. Evaluating Commercial Nitrification Inhibitors Under Variable Soil ConditionsNitrification inhibitors (NIs) are commonly used agrochemicals designed to slow the conversion ammonium to nitrate, which has the potential to reduce environmental losses of nitrogen and improve nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency. However, their efficacy can be highly variable and is dependent upon soil and environmental characteristics which can vary by geographic location and agricultural production system. This experiment involved a laboratory incubation designed to evaluate the performance... R. Roth, A. Ludolph |
23. Two-sided Banding of Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilizers Improves Maize Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Midwestern Cropping SystemsEfficient fertilizer management is essential for maximizing crop yield while minimizing environmental impacts. Optimizing fertilizer placement is a key strategy for improving nutrient recovery and synchronizing nutrient availability with crop demand. Traditionally, fertilizer banding in Midwestern maize (Zea mays L.) systems is done on one side of the plant. This study evaluates the impact of two-sided banding of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilizers on maize yield and nutrient use... A. Yakubu, A. Ludolph, A. Diop, A. Yakubu, R. Roth |