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1. Effect of Intensive Management Practices on Wheat Yields and ProfitabilityConsiderable interest in improving wheat yields and profitability has been shown throughout the U.S. over the past ten years. Much of this interest has resulted from the dramatic yield increases achieved by English producers during that time - an annual increase of 5.0 bushellacre per year (Figure 1). During that same time period, wheat producers in the U.S. have shown a much lower rate of increase in wheat yields - 1.02 bushellacre per year (Figure 2). Missouri growers have been no exception to... |
2. The Growth of MEY in Spring Wheat CountryAny ag orientated news source looked at in recent weeks in North Dakota or western Minnesota has had some kind of a MEY related story. The MEY usually has been identified as 19naximum economic yield," but recently some use of I1most efficient yield" has been seen. Yes, spring wheat country has a new buzz acronym - MEY. How did such a buzz term for tbis amount of press/news coverage develop in the spring wheat region? The kickoff for MEY club deve1-t ocaured on November 25, 1986. Before that was possible,... |
3. Influence of Tillage and Placement on the Location of Phosphorus in the Root ZoneIn recent years, the ridge-till planting operation and the use of the chisel plow have developed into the most widely accepted planting systems for conservation tillage in Minnesota. While there is opportunity to incorporate plant nutrients in the chisel plow system, previous studies have shown that this incorporation is shallow when compared to the moldboard plow system. The ridge-till system, on the other hand, offers only limited possibilities for fertilizer incorporation. Typical broadcast applications... |
4. Nitrogen Test Development Soil N Levels in 1989The developnent of a N test that can be used for fertilizer recamrendations of corn in the eastern areas of Minnesota is needed for environmental and econcmic reasons. A multi-site project was initiated in 1989 to extensively examine soil sampling time and depth as well as N forms in the soil. This will then enable statistical models to be develaped using one or mre of the variables. A subset of the entire project is reported--concentrating on the sites allowing the calibration of the soil N tests... |
5. Best Management Practices for Nitrogen in MinnesotaAtrention to nirrogen (N) nlanagemerzt and to rhe influence of N on ground- rvarer qzraliry was significanrly enhanced in Minnesota wirh the passage of the Conlprehensive Groundwater Protection Acr in 1989. That legislative act mandated the fonnarion of u Nirrogen Fertilizer Task Force whose duty was ro study the eflecrs and impacrs on water resources fro,n N fenilizer use so rhar besr management practice (BMPs), a fenilizer managenlenr plan, and N fem'l- izer use regulations could be developed.... |
6. A Nitrogen Soil Test for CornIn the past decade, many states have started including a soil test when making N recommendations. In order for a soil N test to be useful, it must provide information that is not known or incorporated when making N recommendations without a test. If a test does not provide explainable, qunlltifiable infarmation. the tcs: !cses its usefghess. In Minnesota, a falllspring preplant N test has been used in the western tier of counties, which have lower rainfall than the rest of the state, for many years.... |
7. Changes in Extractable P and Mineral N from Soil Recieving Fertilizer or Manure from Swine Fed Tradional or Highly Available Phosphorus Corn DietsWe compared extractable P and mineral N from soils receiving inorganic fertilizer or manure from swine fed either traditional (TC) or Highly Available Phosphorus (HAP) corn diets. The study was conducted at two sites, one with conventionally tilled irrigated corn and the other with no-tillage dryland sorghum. Manure application to a no-tillage site resulted in volatilization losses of N and greater variation in nutrient availability when cornpared to incorporated manure. When expressed as a percentage... |
8. Fertilizer and Manure Management Comparisons for Corn-Soybean Rotataions in MinnesotaA study was designed to evaluate the impact of P sources (fertilizer and manure), nutrient application methods (broadcast and subsurface bands), P rates (crop removal and twice crop removal), and tillage systems (no-till and conventional) on corn-soybean response. Results to date show higher yields using manure as compared to fertilizer as the P source. This could be attributed to a higher rate of P being applied using the manure. No-till systems measured greater yields in 1999 and 2000, primarily... |
9. An Overview of On-Farm Nitrogen Rate ResearchBecause crop advisors, farmers, and some in the fertilizer industry questioned the University's N recommendations as being too low and raised concerns that the N calibration research had been done primarily in small plots on University Experiment Station land. numerous N calibration studies for corn after soybeans were conducted on farmers' fields in southern Minnesota and northeastern Iowa from 1989 through 2002 to validate present N recommendations. On-farm replicated trials were conducted by University... |
10. Utilizing Inhibitor Technology to reduce Ammonia Volatilization Losses from Urea Sources Applied to Conservation TillageA severe limitation to urea fertilizers and the ureacomponent in livestock wastes is the high potential for volatile loss of nitrogen (N) as ammonia. Losses are especially severe when the urea-containing materials are surface applied with no or only limited subsequent incorporation. Extensive losses are also observed when urea is applied to warm soils that are moist and undergoing rapid drylng. Soil pH, the presence of an active microbial population, and soil texture are also known to impact volatilization... |
11. A New Approach for Predicting Soil Nitrate Using Imagery and Non Imagery Information- Model Development and ValidationSoil nitrate, a key nutrient for optirnal gowth and development of crop, can be predicted using a new approach based on imagery and non imagery information. This paper presents an algorithm to predict soil nitrate using i~nagery and 11011 imagery infoi-~nation. LANDSAT TM satellite image, topography, soil electi-ical conductivity, crop yield, and soil type have been used to develop prediction models based on atificial intelligence technique called neural network. The models have been developed and... |
12. Evaluation of the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test in the North Central RegionData from 96 locations across the North Central Region was complied to evaluate the usefulness of the Illinois soil nitrogen test (ISNT) in identifying fields where corn will not respond to additional N fertilizer and predicting the yield optimizing N rate (YONR) for each field. The ISNT could not accurately predict non-responsive sites, nor could it predict YONR. Sub-setting the data based on soil drainage class and previous crop did not improve the predictive capability of the ISNT. The ISNT was... |
13. Effect of Biosolids Application On Plant Available NutrientsBiosolids are a by-product of municipal wastewater treatment process which is extensively treated to meet all applicable federal and state regulations so that they can it can be safely applied to land. Approximately, 7.9 million dry metric tons of biosolids are produced annually in the United States (U.S.) and over 55% of this amount is beneficially utilized through land application (NEBRA, 2007). Farmland application of biosolids is considered to be one of the most economical and environmentally... |
14. Determining In-season Nitrogen Requirements for Maize Using Model and Sensor Based ApproachesThere is great value in determining the optimum quantity and timing of nitrogen (N) application to meet crop needs while minimizing losses. Applying a portion of the total N during the growing season allows for adjustments which can be responsive to actual field conditions which result in varying N needs. Two methods of determining in-season N needs were evaluated, a model-based approach and a crop canopy sensor approach. The Maize-N model was developed to estimate the economically optimum N fertilizer... |
15. Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico- Causes and ConsequencesSeasonally severe and persistent hypoxia, or low dissolved oxygen concentrations, occur on the inner to mid-Louisiana continental shelf to the west of the Mississippi River and Atchafalaya River deltas. The areal extent during mid-summer surveys of 1993- 1997 ranged from 15.800 to 18,200 km2. The shelfwide distribution in mid-summer for 1985 to 1992 averaged 8,000 to 9,000 km2. Hypoxia occurs below the pycnocline from as early as late February through early October, but is most widespread, persistent... |
16. Understanding Spatial Variability in Cover Crop Growth and DecompositionIn many agricultural landscapes, topographic variability leads to downslope movement of soil, water, and nutrients, causing heterogeneity in both crop yield and soil fertility throughout production fields. Cover crops can slow these processes, but the impact of topography on cover crop growth and residue persistence is uncertain. We measured the growth, mixture biomass composition, and decomposition of a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop, and cereal rye /crimson clover (Trifolium... S.J. Leuthold, M. Salmeron, O. Wendroth, E. Haramoto, H. Poffenbarger |
17. Cover Crops and Tillage Interaction on Claypan Soils of Southern IllinoisIncreased nutrient leaching due to agricultural practices such as tillage and fertilization is a significant environmental concern. Nitrogen (N) mineralization stimulated by tillage can increase the risk for nitrate leaching before subsequent crops have an opportunity to take up the N released by microbial activity. An alternative measure for reducing potential nutrient loss via leaching and runoff is use of cover crops (CCs). A field experiment was conducted at the Southern Illinois University’s... S. Gurbir, J. Schoonover, K. Williard, K. Gauge |
18. Cereal Rye and Hairy Vetch Cover Crops for Improving Soil and Water QualitySoil and water quality benefits of cover crops (CCs) have been inferred only from plot scale studies. Replicating cover crops at the watershed scale and expecting similar results to that of plot scale studies need further research. Therefore, cover crop study at Southern Illinois was carried at the plot as well as the watershed scale. The objectives of plot scale study were (i) to evaluate the contribution of fertilizer and soil organic matter (SOM) to N leaching under corn/soybean cropping... S. Gurbir, K. Williard, J. Schoonover, R. Cook, R. Mcelroy |
19. Project Sense: Sensors for the Efficient Use of Nitrogen and Stewardship of the Environment. An On-Farm Research Effort to Increase Adoption of Sensor Based N ManagementLow nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has been attributed to several factors including asynchrony between nitrogen (N) fertilizer application, crop demand, and spatial variability (Shanahan et al., 2008). Sidedress applied N synchronizes crop uptake demand for N, but does not address the spatial and temporal variability that exists in a field year to year. Active crop canopy sensors provide an ability to monitor and respond to spatial and temporal N variability for a given field. A three-year project,... B. Krienke, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, L. Thompson, J. Parrish, N. Mueller, T. Mieno, J. Crowther, T. Shaver, T. Ingram, D. Krull, K. Glewen |
20. Does Nitrogen Management in Winter Wheat Affects Its Yield and Nitrate-N Leaching in a Wheat-Soybean Double Cropping System?Conventional corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation contributes to nitrate-N and phosphate leaching to waterbodies causing water quality concerns. Two strategies that could minimize N and P losses include (i) incorporating winter rye (Secale cereale L.) (WR) as a cover crop to capture residual nutrients or (ii) intensifying the corn-soybean rotation with winter wheat (WW) (Triticum aestivum L.) (Double cropping). Double cropping WW at a right N... A. Sadeghpour, O. Ola, O. Guzel, K.L. Gage, K. Williard, J. Schoonover, S. Mueller |
21. Short Term Effect of Double Cropping and Cover Cropping on Soil Physical PropertiesIntegrating cover crops into corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation has been promoted as a sustainable practice to reduce soil erosion, enhance soil health, and improve agricultural sustainability. However, growers are less inclined to include cover crops into their cash crop rotations especially winter cereals such as winter rye (Secale cereale L.) behind corn. One strategy to minimize the fallow period in corn-soybean rotation is by intensifying the corn-soybean... F. Sheikhi shahrivar, O. Ola, O. Guzel, K. Gage, K. Williard, J. Schoonover, S. Mueller, A. Sadeghpour |
22. The Effect of Nitrogen Management in Winter Wheat on Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Wheat-Soybean Double Cropping SystemNitrogen fertilizer management plays a critical role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in agricultural production systems. This study investigated the impact of nitrogen application in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) double cropping system on winter wheat biomass production, grain yield, and N₂O emissions. The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Research Center (ARC), Carbondale in Southern Illinois University, IL using a Randomized Complete... O. Ola, O. Guzel, K. Gage, K. Williard, J. Schoonover, S. Mueller, A. Sadeghpour |