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1. Nutrient Management and Starter Fertilizer for No-till CornNo-till corn acreage has steadily increased in Illinois. No-till presents unique problems of nutrient stratification, increased surface residue, and cool, wet soils which may influence nutrient availability. Two experiments were initiated in 1993 at 4 locations to evaluate the response of no-till corn to: 1) primary N applications of anhydrous ammonia preplant, UAN broadcast preplant, and ammonia sidedressed at V6; 2) starter fertilizers with factorial combinations of N, P, and K banded 2 inches... |
2. Effect of Time and Rate of N Application on N use Efficiency and Surface Water Contamination with NitratesNitrate levels in excess of the public health standard of 10 mg N/1 in public water supplies along - with concern about hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico have drawn renewed interest to improving fertilizer N use efficiency. Prior research has indicated that some farmers may be unkaowingly contributing to these problems. The objectives of this research were to: determine the effect of rate and time of N application on nitrate-N concentrations in water from tile lines and to evaluate the effect of previous... |
3. Effect of Time of N Application for CornThe economic benefit associated with the application of N fertilizers for corn has been known for over 5 decades. As a result, over 99 % of the farmers in Illinois apply N fertilizers when corn is grown. Unlike phosphorus and potassium, there is no good soil test to predict the amount of N needed, instead, farmers use a factor times yield potential with appropriate credits for legume and other N sources to set N rates. While this works well over a number of years, there are years when less N will... |
4. Phosphorus Runoff From Incorporated and Surface-Applied Fertilizer and ManureContinued inputs of fertiher and manure in excess of crop requirements have led to a build-up of soil phosphorus (I?) levels, creating an environmental rather than agronomic concern (Sharpley et al., 1994). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil test P level, source of P amendments, tillage, and manure application method on P runoff from agricultural soils. The treatments consisted of swine manure surface applied and injected at rates of 29 and 59 Ib acre-' of P, and triple... |
5. Strip till Nitrogen Placement, and Starter Fertilizer Effects on Corn Growth and YieldStrip tillage, a system where residue is removed and small ridges are formed in the fall in the position of next year's rows, has become an increasingly popular alternative to 0-till for corn in Illinois. Over three years and eight environments in Central and Northern Illinois, tillage had no effect on grain yield: conventional tillage, strip tillage, and 0-till produced 1 1.67, 11.67, 1 1.57 Mg/ha, respectively. There were also no differences in yield due to N timing, N placement, or starter fertilizer.... |
6. Evaluation of the Amino Sugar-N Based Soil test in Iowa Corn ProductionAn important improvement in estimating economic N applications for corn production would be to predict the soil N supply capacity each year. The objective of this research is to evaluate the adaptability and potential calibration of the amino sugar-N based Illinois N Soil Test in corn production fields across diverse Iowa soils. Nitrogen rate trials were conducted at multiple sites over several years, many on producer fields. Soil samples were collected at 0-6 and 0-12 inch depths in the fall and... |
7. Which Corn Nitrogen Fertilization Rate Tools Preforms the Best in the Midwest?Publicly-available nitrogen (N) rate recommendation tools are utilized to help maximize yield in corn production. These tools often fail when N is over-applied and results in excess N being lost to the environment, or when N is under-applied and results in decreased yield and economic returns. Performance of a tool is often based on the specific soil and weather conditions of a growing season. Research is needed to determine which tools are the most effective at recommending economical optimal N... |
8. Do Soil Nitrogen Tests Relate to Nitrogen Mineralization in First-year Corn Following Alfalfa?Corn (Zea mays L.) is the most frequent first-year crop grown following alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the Upper Midwest. In the majority of cases, first-year corn does not respond to fertilizer N, but sometimes large amounts are needed to optimize yield. The pre-sidedress and Illinois soil N tests (PSNT and ISNT, respectively) are early-season tests used to predict corn yield response to fertilizer N. These tests measure specific fractions of soil N and define a critical concentration to separate... |
9. Corn Nitrogen Rate Response and Crop Yield in a Rye Cover Crop SystemWater quality impairment related to N loss from crop production fields continues to be a concern in Iowa, including meeting the USEPA nitrate-N drinking water standard and reducing N export to the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, in-field production practices would be helpful to aid in reduction of nitrate leaching and movement to water systems. One practice identified in the science assessment for the Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy is use of a winter cereal rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crop, where a... |
10. Response of Minimum-till Corn to Starter Fertilizer and ACAStarter fertilizer containing N and P often increases grain yield under no-till management. but yield responses to starter have riot been consistently observed under conventional tillage. Experiments were established in 1996 and 1997 at six sites varying in latitude, soil type. fertility, and crop rotation to evaluate the effect of starter fertilizers on corn grown under high-residue minimum-till systems. In one experiment, a factorial combination of 3 N. 2 P, and 2 K rates placed in a 2x2 band was... |
11. Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nutrient Cycling in a Multi-Location Study in South DakotaSoil without living roots potentially loses mobile nutrients and retains excess water. Unprotected soil degradation and erosion enable the loss of carbon and nutrient rich top soil. Cover crops provide armor for the soil protecting from carbon and nutrient loss. Cover crop blends may influence soil health parameters and nutrient cycling. This multi-locational study depicts the influence of cover crop species blends with varying grass and broadleaf concentrations on established soil-health indicators... D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, D. Karki, J. Clark, A. Bly |
12. Do cover crops improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Bare soils are prone to erosion and lose soluble nutrients. Cover crops provide protection to the soil against erosion and nutrient loss. We hypothesized that the cover crops should uptake available nutrients from the soils in the fall when there is no cash crop, assimilate the nutrients in their tissues, and in the following spring, should release the nutrients back to the soil during the next cash crop growing season. In our study, we are quantifying the nutrients taken up by the cover crops... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Wolthuizen, J. Clark, A. Bly |
13. A Combination of Soil Incubation and Chemical Extraction Tests Best Predicts Corn Yield Response to Fertilizer NitrogenSoil tests in general have served a critical role in the field of soil fertility for over half a century, and have helped to increase crop productivity and promote more efficient use of fertilizers on farms. However, N soil tests have limitations and chemical extraction tests have not predicted well the potentially mineralizable N supplied to corn over a growing season. Thus, these tests often do not accurately predict a corn’s yield response to fertilizer N. We explored 30 soil tests for... M. Mcdaniel, D. Walters, L. Bundy, C. Laboski, P. Scharf, R. Drijber, W. Horwath, J. Sawyer, J. Sawyer, M. Castellano |
14. The Importance of Soil Health and the Efforts of NRCSSince its inception in 1932, USDA-NRCS has worked with agricultural producers and landowners to address natural resource concerns, and improve long-term productivity on the nation’s private working lands. The mission of the agency is accomplished primarily through local field staff who provide technical assistance, and work with interested farmers and ranchers to develop conservation plans that improve identified resource concerns. In addition to site-specific technical recommendations,... D. Chessman |
15. Do Split-Nitrogen Applications in the Midwest Affect Corn Nitrogen Uptake and Grain Yield?It is hypothesized that split-nitrogen (N) relative to single near-planting applications improve corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield and nitrogen recovery efficiency, which can lessen environmental impacts of fertilization. However, these hypotheses have not been fully tested. A 49-site-year study across eight US Midwestern states over three years was conducted to compare near-planting (Single) and split-N (Split) applications. Three N application timings were evaluated [Single near planting, 40... J. Clark, F. Fernandez, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
16. The Anaerobic Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen Test as a Tool for Nitrogen Management in the MidwestThe anaerobic potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMNan) test is a tool that can improve estimations of mineralizable nitrogen (N) and enhance nitrogen use efficiency. This tool may also help improve predictions of N uptake, grain yield, and the economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) of corn (Zea mays L.). A 32 site-year study across eight US Midwestern states was conducted to 1) compare the effect of incubation length (7-, 14-, 28-d), soil sampling timing, N fertilizer rate, and their... J. Clark, K. Sloan veum, F. Fernandez, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
17. Relationship of in-season soil nitrogen concentration with corn yield and potential nitrogen lossesModeled or measured soil mineral N (SMN) levels during the corn growing season have been used to set sidedress N rates, but there has been little research linking SMN levels at different growth stages to yield to help guide this process. The degree to which SMN level influences the risk of N losses is also not known. Data from 32 site-years of field experiments in Illinois (2015–2018) that included 12 combinations of N fertilizer rate, timing, and source, were used to evaluate... G. Preza-fontes, E. Nafziger, L. Christianson, C. Pittelkow |
18. Cover crops nutrients uptake did not cause yield loss in cornBare soils are susceptible to erosion and nutrient loss. Cover crops and residues provide physical protection against erosion and nutrient loss, and improve nutrient cycling as well as biodiversity. We hypothesized that cover crops store available nutrients from the soil in the fall and release them the next spring for the next cash crop, minimizing potential nutrients loss with no adverse effect on cash crop yield. A four site-year study throughout South Dakota was conducted to compare... |
19. Can Cover Crops Help to Improve Soil Health While Having a Positive Effect on Corn Grain Yield?Cover crops have recently gained attention in the U.S. Mid-west because of their potential to increase soil organic matter and improve overall soil health. There is some concern however, that cover crops may negatively impact corn grain yield. This study was conducted to determine the effects that different cover crop mixtures have on soil health measurements and corn grain yield at increasing nitrogen rates. Cover crops were planted in the fall as a dominantly grass mixture, dominantly... |
20. Can Kura Clover and Winter Rye Covers Mitigate Nitrate Leaching In Irrigated Sands?Cover crops are gaining more popularity as a mitigation tool to prevent nitrate (NO3--N) leaching from the corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) merr.] fields of Minnesota. Leaching of NO3--N is not only a monetary loss for growers, but also results in groundwater contamination. Winter rye (Secale cereale), a commonly grown cover crop in Minnesota and kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum), a less... |
21. Corporate Sustainability Initiatives and Their Interface with Crop Nutrient ManagementAn increasing number of corporations are establishing sustainability initiatives. For ag/food companies, these interface with nutrient management mainly via nitrogen—a lot of carbon dioxide is produced during nitrogen fertilizer manufacture, and some nitrogen fertilizer is converted to nitrous oxide (a potent greenhouse gas) after application. A corporate sustainability representative, a nitrous oxide expert, and a farmer will present their views and then take questions... P. Carter, R. Sirolli, G. Robertson, M. Hora |
22. The MRTN Approach: Past, Present, and FutureThe method of using crop N response data assimilation, now called the “MRTN approach”, was conceived at a September, 2004 meeting in Bettendorf, Iowa of scientists from several Corn Belt states. This meeting was prompted by findings in field trials that showed substantially lower optimum N rates than those based on using corn yield goal to predict crop N needs; most also showed no correlation between EONR and yield at EONR across trials. The MRTN method is straightforward: yield data... E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer |