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1. Educational Applications of Digitized Soil SurveysThe North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Soil Survey of McHenry County Organized Irrigation Districts is approaching publication and represents a first for soil survey in North Dakota. The decision was made to digitize the soil maps to facilitate acreage tabulations and improve methods of generating soil interpretations. While the digitization procedure is costly in terms of start-up labor (programming) and data entry, the benefits allow more flexibility than conventional soil surveys. The... |
2. Fertilizer Use Vs. Crop ProfitsGrowing crops in farming is a complex that large investments in land and equipment, as well as considerable borrowing of money for capital. With these costs and low commodity most keenly of continuing difficulty in rnaintaining in operations. Usually farmers do not have much control over their fixed costs i n crop production. Variable costs. however-, can sometimes be adjusted. some of adjustments can reduce if the has not based his cost on wise judgement, backed with technical expertise. If one... |
3. Rye Cover Crops in No-till Corn ProductionField studies have been conducted for several years in Ohio to determine the effects of including a ry.e cover crop in no-till production situations. These studies were conducted at two locations, on a moderately well drained Canfield silt loam at Wooster, and a very poorly drained, but tiled, Hoytville silty clay at Hoytville. At Wooster, no-till corn was planted into corn or soybean residue, with or without a fall-seeded rye cover crop (2 bu/A seeding rate). Individual plots received 200 lb N/A... |
4. Managing UAN Solutions in No-tillage CornStudies in many states over the past several years have indicated some type of inefficiency associated with broacasting N (nitrogen) as UAN (urea-anmnium nitrate) solution in no-tillage corn production situa- tions. Broadcasting UAN has often given lower yields when ccmpared to injected anhydrous amnonia or broadcast amnonium nitrate. Several theories have been proposed to account for this inefficiency, including volatilization of the urea canponent of the UAN, inmobilization of N during breakdown... |
5. P and K Fertilizer on Bottomland SoilsP and K Fertility on Bottomland Soils 1 William 0. Thom 2 Most of the bottomland soils of western Kentucky are important areas for corn and soybean production. They consist of the Belknap, Karnak, Melvin, Sadler, Stendal and Waverly soil series that are somewhat poorl y to poorl y drained. A phosphorus and potassium study was initiated on the Belknap soil in Webster County. Soybeans and corn were alternated during the 4 year study. The P study consisted of 5 rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 Ibs P 0... |
6. Nitrogen Source Affects Manganese Nutrition of No Till CornA study evaluating response of no-till continuous corn to different rates of N as injected anhydrous ammonia and broadcasted urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) was conducted on a Canfield silt loam near Wooster, Ohio. Repeated use of anhydrous ammonia on this naturally acid soil resulted in relatively large concentrations of Mn (often > 200 ug/g) in corn plant ear leaves at silking. Ear leaf Mn concentrations were less when UAN was used. For both N source treatments, ear leaf Mn concentrations... |
7. Ammonium Thiosulfate Effects on Corn ProductionAmmonium thiosulfate ((NH,),S,O,, ATS) and urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) were applied in different combinations to corn grown in five site-year studies to assess any effects of ATS on corn performance. Ammonium sulfate ((NH4),S04, AS) was included in three of these comparisons as an alternate sulfur (S) treatment. Adding ATS to UAN increased corn yield in one comparison, decreased it in another and had no effect on yield in others. Adding AS had no effect on corn yield. Neither S material... |
8. Phosphorus Placement and Tillage Effects on Corn and Soil P LevelsIncreasing crop production costs have producers scrambling to gain the greatest efficiency possible from added fertilizers. A field study was conducted at two locations in southern Illinois is assess the effect of phosphorus (P) rates and placement methods on yield and P uptake by corn under no-till (NT) and conventional (chisel and disk) tillage (CT) systems. Phosphorus rates consisted of 0, 20, and 40 pounds P205/Ac with placement methods of surface broadcast, dribble and 2x2 at planting. After... |
9. Ammonia Band Spacing Effects on Ammonium Persistence in the BandResults from four field experiments (1991 and 1992) showed that anhydrous ammonia (AA) concentration in the band increased NH4-N persistence in the Hord and Sharpsburg soils in 1992, but not in the Cass and Zook soils in 1991. In 1992, average half-life across both soils was increased from 14 days when applied in a 38 cm spacing to 66 days when applied in a 152 cm spacing (every other row) at the high application rate (224 kg N ha-'). A half-life of 66 days indicates 25% of the applied AA would be... |
10. Nutrient Management and Starter Fertilizer for No-till CornNo-till corn acreage has steadily increased in Illinois. No-till presents unique problems of nutrient stratification, increased surface residue, and cool, wet soils which may influence nutrient availability. Two experiments were initiated in 1993 at 4 locations to evaluate the response of no-till corn to: 1) primary N applications of anhydrous ammonia preplant, UAN broadcast preplant, and ammonia sidedressed at V6; 2) starter fertilizers with factorial combinations of N, P, and K banded 2 inches... |
11. Trapping Function of Grassed FiltersThe potential to contaminate rivers, streams, and other natural water bodies with sediment, nutrients, pesticides and bacteria in runoff from agricultural land is a very important water quality issue. Conservation tillage has proven to be effective in decreasing soil exposure to rainfall, thus decreasing water runoff and erosion potential. Vegetative filters slow down runoff that allows sediment, nutrients, pesticides and bacteria to be deposited. Combining conservation tillage with vegetative filters... |
12. Effect of N Fertilization on Accumulation and Release of Readily-Mineralized Organic NIncreased nitrogen (N) fertilizer use has generated concern about groundwater contamination by nitrate (NO,?. The objective of this work was to determine how previous N management and cropping system affect fertilizer N use efficiency. Research plots from a long-term N rate study on a silt loam soil were used to evaluate the impact of long term N rates on immobilization and mineralization of fertilizer N. Labeled '5~~,15~~, was applied at rates of 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lblacre to subplots of the... |
13. Effect of Subsoil Tillage on Crops Grown in No-Till and Reduced Till ManagementsThree different subsoil tillage experiments were conducted in southern Illinois on soils with root-limiting claypans that restrict crop growth. In the first experiment conducted at the SIU Belleville Research Center, subsoiling to 16 inches depth was compared to no subsoiling in a field that had been in long term, continuous no-till corn production. After 4 years of study, only small corn and soybean yield increases have observed with the tillage (2.0 bu/ac for corn and 1.0 bu/ac for soybeans) .... |
14. Nitrogen Fertigation on SoybeansNutrient requirements for soybeans are greatest as seeds are developing during reproductive pod fill. This peak nutrient demand period physiologically coincides with decreased efficiencies in both symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation and root efficiency (Brun, 1978). Large N applications during vegetative growth stages limit N fixation and fail to consistently increase grain yields (Fla~ery, 1986). However, smaller N applications during flowering and pod fill have been reported to augment plant N status... |
15. Yield Monitoring- The Beginning or the EndAs site specific management or precision farming gains acceptance with the agricultural producer, the question remains: '.Where do I begin?". As technology creates and makes available new machines for the site specific environment: ''How do they fit into the picture?". As the yield monitor has become the most popular and accepted of these technological innovations for the agricultural producer, what role does it play in the sitc specific management concept? What is site specific management and where... |
16. Effect of Potassium Rates and Placement on Soil Test Variability Across Tillage SystemsExperiments were conducted from 1994 through 1996 at the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center and the Belleville Research Center to evaluate K rates (60, 120, and 180 Ib KzO per acre) and placement methods in a corn and soybean rotation using chisel tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) practices. Four placement methods were used: surface broadcast, dribble, 10-inch wide surface band over each row, and banding 30 Ibs K20 per acre 2 inches to the side and 2 inches below the planted seed (remainder of the K rate... |
17. Effect of Time and Rate of N Application on N use Efficiency and Surface Water Contamination with NitratesNitrate levels in excess of the public health standard of 10 mg N/1 in public water supplies along - with concern about hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico have drawn renewed interest to improving fertilizer N use efficiency. Prior research has indicated that some farmers may be unkaowingly contributing to these problems. The objectives of this research were to: determine the effect of rate and time of N application on nitrate-N concentrations in water from tile lines and to evaluate the effect of previous... |
18. Nitrogen Management in Irrigated Corn Using Remotely-Sensed Imagery and Small-Plot ExperimentsNitrogen management for irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) grown along the Arkansas River Valley in Kansas is a concern due to the hig&ly leachable soils and high water tables (ranging fiom 10-50 A). Irrigated corn usually requires a high input of N fertilizer to achieve maximum yields, and most farmers in this area have been applying a uniform rate of nitrogen across their fields every growing season based on the following KSU N recommendation. N Rec = [YG * 1.35 lbs bu-'1 STA - PCA - PYM - PNST N Rec-nitrogen... |
19. Tillage and Potassium Effects on Potassium use Efficiency in a Corn-Soybean RotationA field study was conducted from 1994 through 1996 at the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center @SAC) on a Bonnie sil soil and at the SlU Belleville Research Center (BRC) on a Herrick sil soil. No-till (NT) and spring chisel tillage (CT) systems were compared in a corn-soybean rotation. Within each tillage system, potassium (K) rates of 60, 120 and 180 Ib K20 per acre were combined with four placement methods that included surface broadcast, 10-inch surface band over the intended row, surface dribble... |
20. Effect of Time of N Application for CornThe economic benefit associated with the application of N fertilizers for corn has been known for over 5 decades. As a result, over 99 % of the farmers in Illinois apply N fertilizers when corn is grown. Unlike phosphorus and potassium, there is no good soil test to predict the amount of N needed, instead, farmers use a factor times yield potential with appropriate credits for legume and other N sources to set N rates. While this works well over a number of years, there are years when less N will... |
21. Evaluation of Nitrogen Management Practices in No-till Corn ProductionExperiments were conducted fiom 1995 to 1998 at the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center of the University of Illinois and the Belleville Research Center of Southern Illinois University to evaluate agronomically and economically several nitrogen (N) management options, including the use of the urease inhibitor Agrotaii, in no-till corn production. Compared in these studies were N sources (urea, UAN, ammonium nitrate, and anhydrous ammonia), placement (dribble vs. broadcast for surface-applied N and... |
22. Soil and Site Factors Responsible for Yield Variations in Two Southern Illinois Farm FieldsYield variability within a field is largely influenced by the soil physical. chemical. and topographic features of that field. On-farm field research studies were conducted from 1997 through 1999 on two southern Illinois farm fields (one in Jefferson County and the other in Pope County) with varying soil physical, chemical, and topographic features to determine which factors most influenced crop yield variability. Each location was GPS-gridded utilizing a grid cell size of 0.45 acres. Detailed topographic... |
23. The Influence of Variably Applied Potassium Fertilizer on Yield Variations in Two Southern Illinois Farm FieldsThe basis of Variable Rate Technology (VRT) is to apply nutrients where they are needed and to reduce the application of nutrients where they are not needed. However, there is considerable uncertainty as to whether the variable application of nutrients to farmers fields should be on the basis of soil test levels or yield potentials. A field study was conducted at two locations in southern Illinois from 1997 to 1999 to evaluate VRT as a management tool for corn and soybean production on fields with... |
24. Effect of Changing the Rotation Sequence in a Long Term Tillage and Fertility StudyA continuous experiment was conducted fiom 1970 to 1999 to determine the long term effects of fertilizer application and tillage practices on soil acidity, organic matter and nutrient changes, and crop responses. Four tillage treatments were evaluated: continuous conventional: alternate till (two years no-till: one year conventional); continuous chisel till; and continuous no-till. Five fertilizer treatments were also evaluated (Ib ac-' N-P205-K20): check, 0-0-0; 175-0-0 broadcast; 160-0-0 broadcast... |
25. The Effect of Tillage and Lime Rate on Soil Acidity and Grain Yields of a Corn-Soybean RotationModern tillage systems, such as reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, provide shallow incorporation of surface applied materials at best. Because of concern of over-liming the surface few inches of agricultural soils, producers either reduce lime rates (and apply more often) or perform some sort of soil inversion to mix the lime deeper into the soil profile. The objectives ofthis field study were to evaluate the effects of tillage, lime rate and time of limestone application on corn and soybean... |
26. The Illinois Nitrogen Soil TestNitrogen fertilizer recommendations for corn production are often estimated on the basis of a realistic yield goal, with adjustments to allow for N credits fiom other sources, such as legumes or manure. A yield-based recommendation may have merit on a long-term basis. but under- or over- fertilization is apt to occur in any given growing season since soil N availability is not taken into account. Insufficient application of N can have serious economic consequences for the farmer, whereas excessive... |
27. Phosphorus Runoff From Incorporated and Surface-Applied Fertilizer and ManureContinued inputs of fertiher and manure in excess of crop requirements have led to a build-up of soil phosphorus (I?) levels, creating an environmental rather than agronomic concern (Sharpley et al., 1994). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil test P level, source of P amendments, tillage, and manure application method on P runoff from agricultural soils. The treatments consisted of swine manure surface applied and injected at rates of 29 and 59 Ib acre-' of P, and triple... |
28. Strip till Nitrogen Placement, and Starter Fertilizer Effects on Corn Growth and YieldStrip tillage, a system where residue is removed and small ridges are formed in the fall in the position of next year's rows, has become an increasingly popular alternative to 0-till for corn in Illinois. Over three years and eight environments in Central and Northern Illinois, tillage had no effect on grain yield: conventional tillage, strip tillage, and 0-till produced 1 1.67, 11.67, 1 1.57 Mg/ha, respectively. There were also no differences in yield due to N timing, N placement, or starter fertilizer.... |
29. Update on the Illinois N TestEstimation of plant-available N is complicated enormously by the dynamic nature of soil N, owing largely to the effects of temperature and moisture supply on N-cycle processes. Numerous biological and chemical methods have been proposed as an index of soil N availability (Brernner, 1965; Keeney, 1982; Stanford, 1982; Bundy and Meisinger, 1994), but none has been adopted widely for soil testing. Biological methods are necessarily time-consuming because of the need for incubation, and the results represent... |
30. Variable Seeding Rates in Twin Row Planting and Micro Management of NutrientsA large scale study to determine if twin row planting, utilizing particular fertility concepts and conservational practices, out produces conventional methods of planting and fertilizing. The primary goal of the study was to increase fmer profitability and promote methods of conservational tillage. ... |
31. Varying Nitrogen and Seeding Rates of Corn Across Productivity Regions in FieldsA field study was conducted fiom 1999 to 2001 to determine the effects of variable seeding rates and variable nitrogen rates on corn (Zeu muys L.) in southern Ihois. In whole field experiments, variable seeding rates ranging fiom 18,000 to 38,000 seeds ac-' in 4.000 seed increments were planted in randomized strips (in a randomized complete block design) across the field that had soils with varying productivity based upon historical yield maps. From the yield data it was determined that the optimum... |
32. Corn Nitrogen Response Across Environments and Crop RotationRecent research on corn has tended to show variability in N response. Brown et al. (1993) reported that economically optimal N rates among 77 sites in Illinois ranged from zero to more than 200 lb N per acre. Results from other studies show similar variability in time and space. Even with such variability, results over environments have been combined and used to develop an N fertilizer rate guideline in Illinois based on anticipated corn yield (Hoeft and Peck, 2002). This guideline suggests providing... |
33. Impacts of Management, Moisture, and Phosphorus Form on Phosphorus Loss PotentialPhosphorus (P) is considered one of the major nutrients contributing to degradation of water quality in the United States. Our objectives were to examine P loss potential associated with: 1) high moisture conditions. 2) application (surface and incorporated) of manure from animals fed different diets and 3) sorption dynamics of inorganic and organic P compounds. The study of high moisture conditions evaluated the effects of near surface moisture conditions (wet and saturated), time (up to 28 days... |
34. Relationship Between Response Indices Measured In-Season and at Harvest in Winter WheatCurrent methods for making nitrogen recommendations in winter wheat (Triticum aestivurn L.) do not adjust for in-season temporal variability of plant available non-fertilizer nitrogen (N) sources. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of different nitrogen response indices determined in-season @INDVI and RIPLANTHEIGkm) to the nitrogen response index measured at harvest (RIHARvEST). In addition, this study evaluated the use of the in-season response indices for determining topdress nitrogen... |
35. Starter Fertilizer for Row Crop Production Under No-till Conditions in Eastern NebraskaStarter fertilizer application often results in increased corn and sorghum yield under no-till conditions, probably due to lower soil temperatures as compared to tilled soil. Five dryland and 5 irrigated corn trials. and 12 dryland grain sorghum trials were established after soybean in 2002 and 2003 on rolling land in eastern Nebraska with different soil types and topographic positions. Three placement positions were compared: in the seed furrow. over the row. and 2" to the side and 2" deep (2x2).... |
36. The Analysis of Nitrogen and Plant Population InteractionsNitrogen and plant population are significant factors for corn production. Accurate nitrogen fertilizer and seeding rate recommendations are essential for optimizing profitability for the fmer and minimizing nitrogen losses. Research and development of yield response curves provide important information that can be used to understand the relationships between these inputs (nitrogen fertilizer and corn seeds) and output (grain yield). Over the varying levels of inputs. yield response functions can... |
37. Using Historical Yield Patterns in Fields as a Management Tool to Variably Apply NitrgenIn whole field studies in southem Illinois a uniform rate of N application was compared with variably applied rates of N based upon historical crop yields for each field. The fields used were partitioned in "low". "medium", and "high" zones of productivity depending upon the normalized yield of the preceding 5 to 10 years of crops grown. Two formulas were used to variably apply nitrogen. One formula (VRN-One) calculated a N rate that favored more fertilizer in "high" productivity regions and less... |
38. Utilizing Inhibitor Technology to reduce Ammonia Volatilization Losses from Urea Sources Applied to Conservation TillageA severe limitation to urea fertilizers and the ureacomponent in livestock wastes is the high potential for volatile loss of nitrogen (N) as ammonia. Losses are especially severe when the urea-containing materials are surface applied with no or only limited subsequent incorporation. Extensive losses are also observed when urea is applied to warm soils that are moist and undergoing rapid drylng. Soil pH, the presence of an active microbial population, and soil texture are also known to impact volatilization... |
39. Corn Response to Anhydrous Ammonia rate, Timing, and Inhibitor use: A RevisitationField experiments were conducted from 2001 through 2003 at three southern Illinois locations to obtain more current data on the effects of anhydrous ammonia rates. application timing, and nitrapyrin (N-Serve) use on corn. Nitrogen rates of 0. 60, 120, and 180 lbs Nlac \\ere evaluated at three times of application (fall, spring pre-plant, and sidedress) with and without nitrapqrin. Corn yield results suggest that fall anhydrous ammonia application is inferior to spring application even if nitrapyrin... |
40. In-Season Nitrogen Recommendations for CornMaking fertilizer N recommendations involves a great deal of guess work and uncertainty because much, essentially all, of the fertilizer N is applied before the crop is planted and the amount is based on estimated crop use from historical data. In addition, producers, consultants, and fertilizer dealers try to anticipate how much N might be lost because of untimely or excess precipitation or how much additional N might be required if the weather conditions are favorable. Sidedress and in-season... |
41. Periodic Deep Tillage of No-till Corn and Soybean Systems in Southern IllinoisLow organic matter and low available moisture supplying soils in southern Illinois lend themselves to no-tillage crop production, but concern about compaction and rooting depth have led some to employ the use of periodic tillage. A field study was conducted at two locations in southern Illinois between 2000 and 2006 to evaluate the effects of periodic deep tillage (ripping 16-18 inches [40-45 cm] with minimum surface disturbance style shanks) prior to corn or soybean production. Deep tillage occurring... |
42. Soil pH and Manganese Effects on Roundup Ready SoybeansSoybean 'flas'h is a general yellowing of th e upper soybean canopy thought to be associated with high rates of glyphosate and reduced levels of manganese (Mn) with glyphosate-resistant soybeans. Several field sites varying in soil Mn levels and some with within field variable pH levels were evaluated between 2004 and 2006 for re sponsiveness of soybeans to glyphosate rate and Mn treatments. The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the effects of foliar applied Mn and soil applied Mn on yiel... |
43. Crop Residue Removal Effects on Soil PropertiesThree large challenges facing mankind are the n eed to feed a rapidly growing population, increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and reliance on fossil fuels. Expectations from agriculture include produ ction of food and fiber to meet demands, management of agricultural systems to sequester carbon and redu ce emission of other greenhouse gases, and provision of feedstock for a rapidly expanding biofuels industry. Some discussions involving use of crop residue for biofuel... |
44. Corn and Soybean Response to Phosphorus Placement under Minimum Tillage SystemProducers often question the need for better fertilizer placement methods in reduced tillage systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different placements and rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer for corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max). The study was conducted at 3 locations from 2005 to 2012 (8 years). This paper presents results from one irrigated location. Tillage system was strip till before planting corn; and soybean was planted without previous tillage. Fertilizer... |
45. Do Soil Nitrogen Tests Relate to Nitrogen Mineralization in First-year Corn Following Alfalfa?Corn (Zea mays L.) is the most frequent first-year crop grown following alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the Upper Midwest. In the majority of cases, first-year corn does not respond to fertilizer N, but sometimes large amounts are needed to optimize yield. The pre-sidedress and Illinois soil N tests (PSNT and ISNT, respectively) are early-season tests used to predict corn yield response to fertilizer N. These tests measure specific fractions of soil N and define a critical concentration to separate... |
46. 4R Phosphorus Management for Soybeans in the Northern Frontier: Rate and Placement Effects on Plant Stand, Biomass and Seed YieldVery little research has been conducted to determine the best rate, source, placement, and timing of P fertilizer for modern soybean cultivars grown in the Canadian Prairies. Preliminary results of the two years of field studies at 10 locations in Manitoba showed that typical agronomic rates of seed row P did not decrease plant stand and seed yield at any sites; nor was seed yield increased at any site, even with Olsen P concentrations as low as 3 ppm.... |
47. Evaluating the Interaction between Chelated Fe Source and Placement on Phosphorus Availability in SoybeanIn agriculture, chelating agents are used to supplement micronutrients, such as iron (Fe). However, little research has been conducted on a field scale to evaluate chelating agent effects on phosphorus (P) uptake. The objectives of this study were to evaluate four commercially available chelated Fe sources on early soybean growth and nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) uptake. The study was conducted at two locations, and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications... |
48. Evaluation of Secondary and Micronutrient for Soybean Production in KansasSecondary and micronutrients are being increasingly studied for their potential to contribute to yield increase. The objective of this study was to evaluate soybean response to secondary and micronutrient fertilizer application to maximize yields. A randomized complete block design was employed with four replications, at five locations during 2013 and five locations in 2014. Treatments consisted of micronutrient fertilizer as individual nutrient for B, Cu, Mn, S and Zn, in addition to a mix of these... |
49. Minnesota Long-Term Phosphorus Management Trials: Phase I, The Build PeriodPhosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations are usually made using one of two philosophies, Build and Maintain or Sufficiency. In recent years, the Sufficiency approach has been questioned because of concerns of reducing soil test levels and yield sustainability and whether it has the same yield potential as the Build and Maintain approach. Trials were initiated in 2010 at six locations across Minnesota to develop various soil test P Interpretation Classes in replicated experiments. The initial phase... |
50. Fertilizer Placement and Tillage Interaction in Corn and Soybean ProductionDifferent tillage systems can affect the availability of phosphorus (P) in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects and interaction of fertilizer placement, tillage, and varieties/hybrids for corn and soybean. The experiment was established at two locations in Kansas in 2014. The experimental design was a factorial in a randomized complete block with four replications. Three fertilizer treatments were combined with two tillage systems and two varieties/hybrids of soybean... |
51. Early Season Nutrient Uptake from Combinations of N itrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Applies in Starter Fertilizer in Two Corn HybridsConventional small plot field trials were establ ished to study the effect nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) applied as starter ferti lizer on early season growth and nutrient uptake of two corn hybrids with a nd without the Bt-rootworm gene. Ei ght locations were studied over two years comparing a non-starter check, N only, K only, NP, NPK, and NK starter fertilizer combinations on early season growth and nutrient uptake. Sites tested High initially in both P and K. One or more starter... |
52. Effects of Glyphosate Application and Manganese Fertiization on Leaf Manganese Concentration and Yield of Glyphosate-Resistant SoybeanGlyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean is widely accep ted in the United States. Recent research in Indiana and elsewhere has observe d that post-emergence foliar applications of glyphosate may cause or exacerbate manganese (Mn) deficiency and then limit yield of GR soybeans on low Mn availability soils. The objectives of this study were to 1) better understand how glyphosate application(s) might reduce the up take and translocation of Mn in GR soybean plants, and 2) determine the effectiveness of starter-banded... |
53. Effect of Nutrient Combinations and Nitrapyrin in Starters on CornExperiments were conducted from 1994 to 1996 at the Belleville Research Center of Southern Illinois Univerity and the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center of the University of Illinois to evaluate the effect of starter fertilizers. nitrapyrin (N-Serve) amendment of the starters, and tillage on conn. The soil at the Belleville site was an Iva silt loam, a low organic matter soil with relatively high P and K soil test levels. At Dixon Springs a Bonnie silt loam (bottomland) soil was used and the soil... |
54. Response of Minimum-till Corn to Starter Fertilizer and ACAStarter fertilizer containing N and P often increases grain yield under no-till management. but yield responses to starter have riot been consistently observed under conventional tillage. Experiments were established in 1996 and 1997 at six sites varying in latitude, soil type. fertility, and crop rotation to evaluate the effect of starter fertilizers on corn grown under high-residue minimum-till systems. In one experiment, a factorial combination of 3 N. 2 P, and 2 K rates placed in a 2x2 band was... |
55. Re-Evaluating Rate, Time, and Placement of Urea and Other Nitrogen Sources in MinnesotaUrea is increasingly an important nitrogen (N) source in Minnesota. Approximately 43% of our farmers use urea as their major N source. In the southwestern, south-central and west-central areas approximately 45% of the N is applied in the fall, 50% is applied in the spring, and 5% is applied at sidedress. While most of those that use urea as the major N source apply it in the spring, approximately 4% do the major application with urea in the fall and there are others that apply some of their N... F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi, J. Vetsch, D. Kaiser |
56. 4R Nutrient Management for Corn Production on Upper Midwest SoilsCorn (Zea mays L.) demand for nitrogen (N) is often met using inorganic fertilizer on Upper Midwest soils. While applying the right rate of fertilizer N normally has the greatest impact on yield and N use efficiency (NUE), selection of the right fertilizer source, placement, and application timing can fine-tune rate recommendations, improve NUE by matching soil N availability to corn demand, and minimize loss to the environment. Given the diversity of corn production environments, the... J. Spackman, F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi |
57. Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nutrient Cycling in a Multi-Location Study in South DakotaSoil without living roots potentially loses mobile nutrients and retains excess water. Unprotected soil degradation and erosion enable the loss of carbon and nutrient rich top soil. Cover crops provide armor for the soil protecting from carbon and nutrient loss. Cover crop blends may influence soil health parameters and nutrient cycling. This multi-locational study depicts the influence of cover crop species blends with varying grass and broadleaf concentrations on established soil-health indicators... D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, D. Karki, J. Clark, A. Bly |
58. Do cover crops improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Bare soils are prone to erosion and lose soluble nutrients. Cover crops provide protection to the soil against erosion and nutrient loss. We hypothesized that the cover crops should uptake available nutrients from the soils in the fall when there is no cash crop, assimilate the nutrients in their tissues, and in the following spring, should release the nutrients back to the soil during the next cash crop growing season. In our study, we are quantifying the nutrients taken up by the cover crops... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Wolthuizen, J. Clark, A. Bly |
59. Impact of sulfur and its interaction with N rates on wheat and barley in North Dakota and Western MinnesotaEffects of S, N, and their interactions were assessed on grain yields and protein of spring wheat and barley, across eight site years in Western Minnesota (MN), and ten site years (hereafter, sites) in North Dakota (ND) from 2015 to 2019. The studies were to determine if S improves yields and protein in wheat, and if the effects were dependent on N rates. Treatments included all combinations of five N rates of N (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lbs/ac) and three rates of S (0, 10, 20 lbs/ac) in MN. In... J.M. Teboh, S. Yuja, B.G. Schatz, G. Pradhan |
60. Optimizing Nitrogen Rate to Maximize Winter Malting Barley Grain Yield While Meeting ProteinWinter malting barley (Hordeum vulgare) acreage is increasing across Ohio due to demand from the local craft brewing industry; however, grain used for this market must pass specific quality requirements. The objective of this study was to identify optimum spring nitrogen rates for winter malting barley that maximize yield while meeting protein requirements. Small plot trials were conducted at three locations in Ohio: Northwest Agriculture Research Station (NWARS) in Custar, Western Agriculture... G. Mcglinch, L. Lindsey, R. Shrestha, M. Hankinson |
61. Soybean Response to Potassium Fertility and Fertilizer in ManitobaSoybean acres have increased greatly in Manitoba in recent years, now occupying more than 25% of the province’s annual crop land. Potassium removal by soybean is greater than any other crop grown in Manitoba (1.1 – 1.4 lb K2O/bu). This large removal, accompanied by the large and rapid expansion in soybean acres, has contributed to an increase in province-wide potassium removal rates and likely explains the increase in incidence of potassium deficiency symptoms reported in recent years.... M. Bourns, D. Flaten, J. Heard, G. Bartley |
62. Soil Phosphorus Fractions and Legacy after Long-term Fertilizer Placement in a Corn-Soybean RotationPhosphorus (P) fertilizer placement can affect plant P uptake during the growing season, however, the long-term interaction of placement and plant root P uptake can also affect soil P pools. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of long-term P fertilizer placement on soil P pools (labile, moderately labile and non-labile) and legacy soil P accumulation under a corn (Zea mays) -soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation. A field study was conducted for ten years from 2006-... M. Coelho, D. Ruiz diaz, G. Hettiarachchi, F. Hansel |
63. Nitrogen Non-Cycling from Cover Crops Grown Before Corn and Spring Wheat-Unexpected Early Project ResultsNitrogen credits in North Dakota State University fertilization recommendations include those anticipated from the previous year annual legume crops (field pea, lentil, soybean, chickpea) and from terminated alfalfa. In addition, it was established in the region that sugarbeet tops returned to the soil may have an N credit potential of up to 80 pounds of N per acre (Crohain and Rixhon, 1967; Moraghan and Smith, 1994a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995b; Franzen et al.,... D. Franzen, A. Wick, H. Bu, L. Ressler, J. Bell, M. Berti, C. Gasch |
64. A Combination of Soil Incubation and Chemical Extraction Tests Best Predicts Corn Yield Response to Fertilizer NitrogenSoil tests in general have served a critical role in the field of soil fertility for over half a century, and have helped to increase crop productivity and promote more efficient use of fertilizers on farms. However, N soil tests have limitations and chemical extraction tests have not predicted well the potentially mineralizable N supplied to corn over a growing season. Thus, these tests often do not accurately predict a corn’s yield response to fertilizer N. We explored 30 soil tests for... M. Mcdaniel, D. Walters, L. Bundy, C. Laboski, P. Scharf, R. Drijber, W. Horwath, J. Sawyer, J. Sawyer, M. Castellano |
65. Effects of Sampling Time and Extraction Method on Soil-Test and Nonexchangeable Potassium in Iowa SoilsMore research is needed to better understand K cycling and high short-term temporal soil-test K (STK) variation. The objective of this research was to study soil-test K and nonexchangeable K pools across Iowa soils managed with corn-soybean rotations as affected by K application rates, soil properties, parent materials, and time of sampling. Three-year field trials that included a control and several broadcast K fertilizer rates were conducted at 35 Iowa sites. Soil samples (6-inch depth) were... R. Oltmans, A. Mallarino |
66. Can Nitrapyrin and Cover Crop Improve Fall Dairy Slurry N Availability to Corn?Fall applications of manure have the potential for high nitrogen (N) losses. Cereal/grass cover crops have been shown to take up fall applied N. Similarly, using nitrapyrin (Instinct®) has been shown to prevent loss of fall applied N. No studies have been conducted to evaluate combining these tools to prevent N loss. This experiment was performed in 2016 and 2017 on a well-drained and somewhat poorly drained silt loam soils. This study was conducted to determine if using Instinct® and... A. Teeter, T. Andraski, C. Laboski |
67. How Late Can Nitrogen Be Applied to Corn?Delaying some of the N supplied to the corn crop is considered a way to increase N uptake and yield and to limit N losses, but the length of the delay may increase the risk of yield loss. We conducted a 3-year experiment at Urbana, Illinois in which half of the N (112 kg N/ha) was injected as UAN at planting and the other half or all (224 kg N/ha) of the N was dribbled UAN next to the row, at each of eight stages ranging from V3 to R3. In corn following soybean, when half of the N was applied... B. Yoder |
68. The Importance of Soil Health and the Efforts of NRCSSince its inception in 1932, USDA-NRCS has worked with agricultural producers and landowners to address natural resource concerns, and improve long-term productivity on the nation’s private working lands. The mission of the agency is accomplished primarily through local field staff who provide technical assistance, and work with interested farmers and ranchers to develop conservation plans that improve identified resource concerns. In addition to site-specific technical recommendations,... D. Chessman |
69. Response of Continuous Corn to Varying Rates and Placements of Starter FertilizerPrevious research has shown that starter fertilizer, a small amount of fertilizer placed with or near the seed at planting, often accelerates early season growth and increases biomass production, but does not always increase grain yield in corn (Zea mays L.). Our objective was to evaluate the effects of starter fertilizer on crop growth and development, as well as grain yield and moisture in continuous corn cropping systems. Treatments consisted of no fertilizer applied at planting (Control),... C. Hornaday, J. Camberato, R. Nielsen |
70. Project Sense: Sensors for the Efficient Use of Nitrogen and Stewardship of the Environment. An On-Farm Research Effort to Increase Adoption of Sensor Based N ManagementLow nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has been attributed to several factors including asynchrony between nitrogen (N) fertilizer application, crop demand, and spatial variability (Shanahan et al., 2008). Sidedress applied N synchronizes crop uptake demand for N, but does not address the spatial and temporal variability that exists in a field year to year. Active crop canopy sensors provide an ability to monitor and respond to spatial and temporal N variability for a given field. A three-year project,... B. Krienke, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, L. Thompson, J. Parrish, N. Mueller, T. Mieno, J. Crowther, T. Shaver, T. Ingram, D. Krull, K. Glewen |
71. Starter Fertilizer Slows the Movement of Corn Roots Across the RowApplications of starter fertilizer may alter the root morphology of young developing plants by causing lateral roots to proliferate when the root system enters the highly concentrated fertilizer band. This may affect the timing of root movement across the row when starter fertilizer is used. The timing of root movement across the row was determined by placing 20 12-inch-long perforated cylinders vertically in the soil at the V2 leaf stage. The cylinders were placed approximately every 15”... J. Lee, J. Camberato, R. Nielsen |
72. Residual Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Soil Nitrogen Pools and Corn GrowthNitrogen (N) fertilization of corn (Zea mays L.) may increase, decrease, or not affect the N supplying capacity of the soil. Six field-scale corn N rate trials were established in corn-soybean rotations in diverse soil types across Indiana. Six N rates ranging from about 25 to 270 lb N ac-1 were replicated 4 to 6 times at each site and re-applied to the same plots for each of four corn crops. In the fifth corn season, 2015, half of the replications at each location were supplied... M. Moser, R. Nielsen, J. Camberato |
73. Variation in Internal N Efficiency of Corn and Impact on Yield-Goal Based N RecommendationsInternal N efficiency (IE) is defined as bushels per acre (GY) produced per pound of N per acre (PMN) in the plant at physiological maturity (R6). Internal N efficiency defines the required amount of plant N content at R6 in a yield-goal based N rate recommendations (currently used in 30 U.S. states) and several commercial N recommendation models. Commonly IE is assumed to be constant at an approximate value of 0.8 bu lb-N-1 in yield-goal based recommendations. Our research objective was... M. Shafer, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, F. Fernandez, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, R. Nielsen, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
74. Relationship of in-season soil nitrogen concentration with corn yield and potential nitrogen lossesModeled or measured soil mineral N (SMN) levels during the corn growing season have been used to set sidedress N rates, but there has been little research linking SMN levels at different growth stages to yield to help guide this process. The degree to which SMN level influences the risk of N losses is also not known. Data from 32 site-years of field experiments in Illinois (2015–2018) that included 12 combinations of N fertilizer rate, timing, and source, were used to evaluate... G. Preza-fontes, E. Nafziger, L. Christianson, C. Pittelkow |
75. Cover crops nutrients uptake did not cause yield loss in cornBare soils are susceptible to erosion and nutrient loss. Cover crops and residues provide physical protection against erosion and nutrient loss, and improve nutrient cycling as well as biodiversity. We hypothesized that cover crops store available nutrients from the soil in the fall and release them the next spring for the next cash crop, minimizing potential nutrients loss with no adverse effect on cash crop yield. A four site-year study throughout South Dakota was conducted to compare... |
76. Can Cover Crops Help to Improve Soil Health While Having a Positive Effect on Corn Grain Yield?Cover crops have recently gained attention in the U.S. Mid-west because of their potential to increase soil organic matter and improve overall soil health. There is some concern however, that cover crops may negatively impact corn grain yield. This study was conducted to determine the effects that different cover crop mixtures have on soil health measurements and corn grain yield at increasing nitrogen rates. Cover crops were planted in the fall as a dominantly grass mixture, dominantly... |
77. Can Kura Clover and Winter Rye Covers Mitigate Nitrate Leaching In Irrigated Sands?Cover crops are gaining more popularity as a mitigation tool to prevent nitrate (NO3--N) leaching from the corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) merr.] fields of Minnesota. Leaching of NO3--N is not only a monetary loss for growers, but also results in groundwater contamination. Winter rye (Secale cereale), a commonly grown cover crop in Minnesota and kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum), a less... |
78. No-till corn nitrogen recommendation using precision soil management practicesIn long-term no-till fields, South Dakota (SD) farmers reported a reduced fertilizer-nitrogen (N) requirement compared to conventional tillage to obtain optimum corn yield. Reduced fertilizer recommendation may be due to improved soil health resulting from increasing soil organic matter, higher soil microbial activities, and improved water and nutrient use efficiency over the years the no-till system is used. However, the impact of soil health measurements on fertilizer-N requirement has not been... D. Bhattarai, J. Clark, D. Clay |
79. Implications of Clay Mineral Analysis for Improved Calibration of Corn Potassium Fertilizer RecommendationsEastern South Dakota has seen an increase in soil potassium (K) deficiencies. To correct those deficiencies and avoid yield reductions, corn producers rely on accurate K fertilizer recommendations (KFRs). Among the various parameters used to estimate a KFR, clay mineralogy has significant potential to increase KFR accuracy. The study has two objectives: first, to determine the relationships among clay mineralogy, K uptake by corn, and KFRs, and second, to calibrate KFRs in South Dakota to incorporate... A. Ahlersmeyer, J. Clark, D. Clay, K. Osterloh |
80. Comparative Effects of Herbicide, Nitrogen Inhibitors and Nitrogen Source on Nitrification and Corn YieldNitrogen management in crops can be challenging due to nitrogen transformations and losses in soil, such as nitrification and denitrification. Nitrification is the conversion of ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-) by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. Nitrates can be lost through leaching during heavy precipitation. Nitrification inhibitor products are used to temporarily slow the nitrification process by... W. Neels, A. Jhala, B. Maharjan, R. Little, J. Iqbal |
81. The MRTN Approach: Past, Present, and FutureThe method of using crop N response data assimilation, now called the “MRTN approach”, was conceived at a September, 2004 meeting in Bettendorf, Iowa of scientists from several Corn Belt states. This meeting was prompted by findings in field trials that showed substantially lower optimum N rates than those based on using corn yield goal to predict crop N needs; most also showed no correlation between EONR and yield at EONR across trials. The MRTN method is straightforward: yield data... E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer |
82. Promoting Adoption of Precision Nitrogen Management Technologies Through On-farm ResearchThe Nebraska On-Farm Research Network helps farmers evaluate products and practices that impact the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of their operations. There are many technologies that have potential to increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) on corn and winter wheat but typically these technologies have low adoption. At the same time, farmers have technologies such as GPS, yield monitors, and variable-rate application equipment on their farmers that enables them to easily conduct... L. Thompson, L. Puntel, T. Mieno, J. Iqbal, B. Maharjan, J. Luck, S. Norquest, J. Guilherme cesario pereira pinto, C. Uwineza |
83. Consideration of Clay Mineralogy for Enhanced Prediction of Optimal Corn Potassium Fertilizer RatesProperly calibrated potassium (K) fertilizer recommendations (KFRs) are critical for improving crop yields and maintaining environmental stewardship. Recent innovations in soil and crop management suggest that certain soil factors, including clay mineralogy, can be used to predict optimal K requirements in corn. The objectives of this study include 1) correlate soil K levels to corn yield, 2) calibrate KFRs with clay mineralogy data, and 3) determine the relationships among clay mineralogy, K... A. Ahlersmeyer, J. Clark, K. Osterloh, D. Clay |
84. Long-Term (16-year) Comparison of Phosphorus Fertilization Strategies: Targeted Soil Test Values Vs. Crop Removal in Corn ProductionDeveloping effective phosphorus (P) fertilization strategies to optimize corn (Zea mays L.) yields across varying environmental conditions is essential. This 16-year study, conducted on Nora silt loam soil in Concord, NE (initial Bray-1 P of 16±3 mg kg⁻¹), evaluated different P fertilization strategies under dry, normal, and wet years. The treatments included: no P or N (NPNN), no P (NP), phosphorus applied at crop removal (CRP), and maintaining soil P at 15 (B15), 30 (B30), and... S. Patel, C. Shapiro, J. Iqbal |
85. Evaluating the Effects of Nitrogen Source, Placement, and Timing on Corn Yield and Nitrogen Losses in the Sandy Soils of Northeast NebraskaThe impact of nitrogen sources, placement, enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs), and application timing on improving groundwater quality in groundwater management areas remains unclear. This study assessed the effects of various N fertilizer sources, EEFs, application timing, and placement on corn yield and nitrogen losses via nitrate (NO3- ) leaching and ammonia (NH3) volatilization. The experiment was conducted in 2023, a notably dry year, at a farmer’s... A. Singh, C. Misar, J. Iqbal |
86. Nitrogen Rate and Harvesting Time Based on Growing Degree Days Influenced Winter Cereal Rye Morphological Traits, Forage Yield, Quality, and Farm Profit in Poorly Drained AlfisolsWinter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) (WCR) is often double cropped with maize for silage (Zea mays L.) to increase farm forage supply and profit. Spring nitrogen (N) fertilization to WCR could influence its production and quality at different harvesting times. Therefore, two on-farm trials were conducted in the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing seasons to evaluate the effect of harvesting time (late-March to end-of-April considering the growth stage) and spring N fertilization... G. Burkett, K. Vaughn, O. Adeyemi, O. Zandvakili, M. Battaglia, S. Babaei, J. Nair, S. Still, A. Sadeghpour |