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1. Educational Applications of Digitized Soil SurveysThe North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Soil Survey of McHenry County Organized Irrigation Districts is approaching publication and represents a first for soil survey in North Dakota. The decision was made to digitize the soil maps to facilitate acreage tabulations and improve methods of generating soil interpretations. While the digitization procedure is costly in terms of start-up labor (programming) and data entry, the benefits allow more flexibility than conventional soil surveys. The... |
2. Fertilizer Use Vs. Crop ProfitsGrowing crops in farming is a complex that large investments in land and equipment, as well as considerable borrowing of money for capital. With these costs and low commodity most keenly of continuing difficulty in rnaintaining in operations. Usually farmers do not have much control over their fixed costs i n crop production. Variable costs. however-, can sometimes be adjusted. some of adjustments can reduce if the has not based his cost on wise judgement, backed with technical expertise. If one... |
3. Rye Cover Crops in No-till Corn ProductionField studies have been conducted for several years in Ohio to determine the effects of including a ry.e cover crop in no-till production situations. These studies were conducted at two locations, on a moderately well drained Canfield silt loam at Wooster, and a very poorly drained, but tiled, Hoytville silty clay at Hoytville. At Wooster, no-till corn was planted into corn or soybean residue, with or without a fall-seeded rye cover crop (2 bu/A seeding rate). Individual plots received 200 lb N/A... |
4. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Placement and Sources on No-till CornNo-tillage production of corn can lead to a number of savings for growers including costs of time, machinery, labor, and energy. However, savings of soil and water are perhaps the most important attributes of no-tillage production on the sloping, erosion-prone soils found in southern Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and Kentucky. Producer acceptance of no-tillage has not been overwhelming. Prob- lems in achieving acceptable stands, difficulties in adequately con- trolling pests of all types, especially... |
5. Managing UAN Solutions in No-tillage CornStudies in many states over the past several years have indicated some type of inefficiency associated with broacasting N (nitrogen) as UAN (urea-anmnium nitrate) solution in no-tillage corn production situa- tions. Broadcasting UAN has often given lower yields when ccmpared to injected anhydrous amnonia or broadcast amnonium nitrate. Several theories have been proposed to account for this inefficiency, including volatilization of the urea canponent of the UAN, inmobilization of N during breakdown... |
6. P and K Fertilizer on Bottomland SoilsP and K Fertility on Bottomland Soils 1 William 0. Thom 2 Most of the bottomland soils of western Kentucky are important areas for corn and soybean production. They consist of the Belknap, Karnak, Melvin, Sadler, Stendal and Waverly soil series that are somewhat poorl y to poorl y drained. A phosphorus and potassium study was initiated on the Belknap soil in Webster County. Soybeans and corn were alternated during the 4 year study. The P study consisted of 5 rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 Ibs P 0... |
7. No-till Corn Response to N Fertilizer Sources and Placement Methods- A Summary of Southern Illinois ResultsExperiments were conducted in southern Illinois from 1984-1986 to evaluate the placement efficiency of several N fertilizers used in no-till corn production. Such information has become of meaningful importance as producers strive to obtain the greatest possible returns from their N fertilizer investment and to obtain yields and a level of profitability equal to that of more conventionally produced corn. Also, in the near future, no-tillage will become an important tool for many farmers in southern... |
8. Effect of Climatic Variability on Grain YieldsThere are three cycles in climate and weather that affect the north central part of the United States. They are (1) a long term cycle of global temperature changes; (2) an 18.5 year wet and dry cycle; and (3) the El Ni�o cycle. ... |
9. Nitrogen Source Affects Manganese Nutrition of No Till CornA study evaluating response of no-till continuous corn to different rates of N as injected anhydrous ammonia and broadcasted urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) was conducted on a Canfield silt loam near Wooster, Ohio. Repeated use of anhydrous ammonia on this naturally acid soil resulted in relatively large concentrations of Mn (often > 200 ug/g) in corn plant ear leaves at silking. Ear leaf Mn concentrations were less when UAN was used. For both N source treatments, ear leaf Mn concentrations... |
10. Ammonium Thiosulfate Effects on Corn ProductionAmmonium thiosulfate ((NH,),S,O,, ATS) and urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) were applied in different combinations to corn grown in five site-year studies to assess any effects of ATS on corn performance. Ammonium sulfate ((NH4),S04, AS) was included in three of these comparisons as an alternate sulfur (S) treatment. Adding ATS to UAN increased corn yield in one comparison, decreased it in another and had no effect on yield in others. Adding AS had no effect on corn yield. Neither S material... |
11. Long Term Tillage and Fertility Effects in CornA long term study to evaluate tillage methods and fertilization practices on corn under monoculture was initiated in 1970. Effects on grain yields and soil property changes were evaluated over 20 growing seasons. Four tillages evaluated were continuous conventional, alter- nate till (2 years no-till: 1 year conventional till), continuous chisel till, and continuous no-till. The five fertilizer treatments evaluated were: control, 0-0-0; 175-0-0; 160-0-0 broadcast plus 15-80-120 row banded at planting;... |
12. Phosphorus Placement and Tillage Effects on Corn and Soil P LevelsIncreasing crop production costs have producers scrambling to gain the greatest efficiency possible from added fertilizers. A field study was conducted at two locations in southern Illinois is assess the effect of phosphorus (P) rates and placement methods on yield and P uptake by corn under no-till (NT) and conventional (chisel and disk) tillage (CT) systems. Phosphorus rates consisted of 0, 20, and 40 pounds P205/Ac with placement methods of surface broadcast, dribble and 2x2 at planting. After... |
13. Economic Optimum Rates of N for Corn Production in IowaProper nitronen (N) fertilizer is essential if crop producers are to maximize profits and minimize environmental contamination. A study to determine 'economic optimum N fertilizer rates was conducted in Iowa from-1987 to 1991. The results show that Iowa crop producers over-applied N during those years primarily due to not considering residual N in the soil. This was especially true following the drought year of 1988.... |
14. Importance of Subsoil PotassiumRecent information has emphasized the importance of nutrient distribution by depth in soils. Information from across the Cotton Belt in the U.S. has demonstrated that cotton yields have been affected by accumulation of potassium (K) near the soil surface with subsequent depletion of subsoil K. This condition combined with changes in K demand by new, high-yielding cotton varieties has led to a change in cotton K deficiency symptoms and delayed diagnosis of the actual problem. Recent studies have emphasized... |
15. In-Field Determination of Anhydrous Ammonia Applicator Accuracy in NebraskaLiquid and dry fertilizer applicators have been studied for their application patterns and precision. However, anhydrous ammonia (AA) applicators are generally considered less accurate. Due to the difficulty of calibration, actual application errors have not been documented. In order determine if AA applicators were delivering the intended application rate, a standard AA nurse tank was fitted with load cells, temperature, pressure, travel speed and travel distance sensors. Initial data from 55 farmer... |
16. Ammonia Band Spacing Effects on Ammonium Persistence in the BandResults from four field experiments (1991 and 1992) showed that anhydrous ammonia (AA) concentration in the band increased NH4-N persistence in the Hord and Sharpsburg soils in 1992, but not in the Cass and Zook soils in 1991. In 1992, average half-life across both soils was increased from 14 days when applied in a 38 cm spacing to 66 days when applied in a 152 cm spacing (every other row) at the high application rate (224 kg N ha-'). A half-life of 66 days indicates 25% of the applied AA would be... |
17. Spacial Variability of Soil Test Phosphorus in a Northern Corn Belt FieldFor some time, an increasing number of fertilizer dealers, crop consultants, and farmers have reported substantial year-to- year variability in soil test values for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Frequently, this variation could be explained by such factors as extremes in soil moisture content at the time of sample collection. In many situations, however, this variation was due to the fact that soil samples were not collected from the same location in the field in two consecutive years. The introduction... |
18. Effects of Residue Density, Strip Tillage, and Starter K on No-till Corn Grown in Wheat StubbleField studies were conducted in 1992 to 1994 at 2 locations in southern Illinois to evaluate the influence of wheat straw residue density and stl-ip-tillage vs no-tillage on corn growth and yield. Corn growth and resultant yield is frequently reported by producers to Se depressed in the residues of a previous wheat crop. Allelopatliy is thought to be at least partially involved. The objective of the research was to evaluate straw level (removed, remain non-modif ied, and doubled), strip tillage,... |
19. Nutrient Management and Starter Fertilizer for No-till CornNo-till corn acreage has steadily increased in Illinois. No-till presents unique problems of nutrient stratification, increased surface residue, and cool, wet soils which may influence nutrient availability. Two experiments were initiated in 1993 at 4 locations to evaluate the response of no-till corn to: 1) primary N applications of anhydrous ammonia preplant, UAN broadcast preplant, and ammonia sidedressed at V6; 2) starter fertilizers with factorial combinations of N, P, and K banded 2 inches... |
20. Trapping Function of Grassed FiltersThe potential to contaminate rivers, streams, and other natural water bodies with sediment, nutrients, pesticides and bacteria in runoff from agricultural land is a very important water quality issue. Conservation tillage has proven to be effective in decreasing soil exposure to rainfall, thus decreasing water runoff and erosion potential. Vegetative filters slow down runoff that allows sediment, nutrients, pesticides and bacteria to be deposited. Combining conservation tillage with vegetative filters... |
21. Effect of N Fertilization on Accumulation and Release of Readily-Mineralized Organic NIncreased nitrogen (N) fertilizer use has generated concern about groundwater contamination by nitrate (NO,?. The objective of this work was to determine how previous N management and cropping system affect fertilizer N use efficiency. Research plots from a long-term N rate study on a silt loam soil were used to evaluate the impact of long term N rates on immobilization and mineralization of fertilizer N. Labeled '5~~,15~~, was applied at rates of 0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lblacre to subplots of the... |
22. Effect of Subsoil Tillage on Crops Grown in No-Till and Reduced Till ManagementsThree different subsoil tillage experiments were conducted in southern Illinois on soils with root-limiting claypans that restrict crop growth. In the first experiment conducted at the SIU Belleville Research Center, subsoiling to 16 inches depth was compared to no subsoiling in a field that had been in long term, continuous no-till corn production. After 4 years of study, only small corn and soybean yield increases have observed with the tillage (2.0 bu/ac for corn and 1.0 bu/ac for soybeans) .... |
23. Nitrogen Fertigation on SoybeansNutrient requirements for soybeans are greatest as seeds are developing during reproductive pod fill. This peak nutrient demand period physiologically coincides with decreased efficiencies in both symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation and root efficiency (Brun, 1978). Large N applications during vegetative growth stages limit N fixation and fail to consistently increase grain yields (Fla~ery, 1986). However, smaller N applications during flowering and pod fill have been reported to augment plant N status... |
24. Nutrient Credits for Manure--Differences Between Theory and RealityIt has been a mainstay recommendation for many years--take credit for the nutrients in the manure you spread on your fields. While it may seem that everyone is referring to an identical procedure, there are numerous strategies to crediting nutrients contained in manure. Although it appears to be simple, the complexities involved in crediting have resulted in few livestock and crop producers properly crediting nutrients from manure. Research and educational efforts have sharply increased in the past... |
25. Yield Monitoring- The Beginning or the EndAs site specific management or precision farming gains acceptance with the agricultural producer, the question remains: '.Where do I begin?". As technology creates and makes available new machines for the site specific environment: ''How do they fit into the picture?". As the yield monitor has become the most popular and accepted of these technological innovations for the agricultural producer, what role does it play in the sitc specific management concept? What is site specific management and where... |
26. Effect of Potassium Rates and Placement on Soil Test Variability Across Tillage SystemsExperiments were conducted from 1994 through 1996 at the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center and the Belleville Research Center to evaluate K rates (60, 120, and 180 Ib KzO per acre) and placement methods in a corn and soybean rotation using chisel tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) practices. Four placement methods were used: surface broadcast, dribble, 10-inch wide surface band over each row, and banding 30 Ibs K20 per acre 2 inches to the side and 2 inches below the planted seed (remainder of the K rate... |
27. Effect of Time and Rate of N Application on N use Efficiency and Surface Water Contamination with NitratesNitrate levels in excess of the public health standard of 10 mg N/1 in public water supplies along - with concern about hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico have drawn renewed interest to improving fertilizer N use efficiency. Prior research has indicated that some farmers may be unkaowingly contributing to these problems. The objectives of this research were to: determine the effect of rate and time of N application on nitrate-N concentrations in water from tile lines and to evaluate the effect of previous... |
28. Nitrogen Management in Irrigated Corn Using Remotely-Sensed Imagery and Small-Plot ExperimentsNitrogen management for irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) grown along the Arkansas River Valley in Kansas is a concern due to the hig&ly leachable soils and high water tables (ranging fiom 10-50 A). Irrigated corn usually requires a high input of N fertilizer to achieve maximum yields, and most farmers in this area have been applying a uniform rate of nitrogen across their fields every growing season based on the following KSU N recommendation. N Rec = [YG * 1.35 lbs bu-'1 STA - PCA - PYM - PNST N Rec-nitrogen... |
29. Tillage and Potassium Effects on Potassium use Efficiency in a Corn-Soybean RotationA field study was conducted from 1994 through 1996 at the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center @SAC) on a Bonnie sil soil and at the SlU Belleville Research Center (BRC) on a Herrick sil soil. No-till (NT) and spring chisel tillage (CT) systems were compared in a corn-soybean rotation. Within each tillage system, potassium (K) rates of 60, 120 and 180 Ib K20 per acre were combined with four placement methods that included surface broadcast, 10-inch surface band over the intended row, surface dribble... |
30. Effect of Time of N Application for CornThe economic benefit associated with the application of N fertilizers for corn has been known for over 5 decades. As a result, over 99 % of the farmers in Illinois apply N fertilizers when corn is grown. Unlike phosphorus and potassium, there is no good soil test to predict the amount of N needed, instead, farmers use a factor times yield potential with appropriate credits for legume and other N sources to set N rates. While this works well over a number of years, there are years when less N will... |
31. Evaluation of Nitrogen Management Practices in No-till Corn ProductionExperiments were conducted fiom 1995 to 1998 at the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center of the University of Illinois and the Belleville Research Center of Southern Illinois University to evaluate agronomically and economically several nitrogen (N) management options, including the use of the urease inhibitor Agrotaii, in no-till corn production. Compared in these studies were N sources (urea, UAN, ammonium nitrate, and anhydrous ammonia), placement (dribble vs. broadcast for surface-applied N and... |
32. Optimal Phosphorus Response in Site-specific FarmingSite-specific farming has provided an opportunity to collect large amounts of field data, but traditional agronomic yield response models have not been developed to exploit this mformation. This research presents a yield model that incorporates detailed site-specific field information (e.g., soil pH. soil test P, K, and N, fertilizer rates), providing improved fertilizer decision making. A quadratic yield response function and a modified asymptotic Mitscherlich function are compared for irrigated... |
33. Site Specific Nitrogen and Irrigation Management Across Nebraska Agro-ecological ZonesNitrogen leaching below hrrow irrigated ground has caused nitrate contamination in Nebraska's groundwater. Alternate row irrigation and alternate row nitrogen fertilization is proposed as a method to decrease water use and decrease nitrogen leaching. Nitrogen was applied at a uniform and variable rates based on spring grid sampling for nitrate and soil organic matter. The experiment was conducted at three sites in Nebraska that represent a range of growing conditions. At these sites the average growing... |
34. Site-Specific Nitrogen and Irrigation Management Across Nebraska Agro-Ecological ZonesNitrogen leaching below hrrow-irrigated ground has caused nitrate contamination in Nebraska's groundwater. Alternate row hrrow irrigation and alternate row nitrogen fertilization is proposed as a method to decrease water use and decrease nitrogen leaching. Nitrogen (N) was applied at a uniform and variable rate based on spring grid sampling for nitrate. The experiment was conducted at three sites in Nebraska that represent a range of growing conditions. At these sites, the average growing degree-days... |
35. Soil and Site Factors Responsible for Yield Variations in Two Southern Illinois Farm FieldsYield variability within a field is largely influenced by the soil physical. chemical. and topographic features of that field. On-farm field research studies were conducted from 1997 through 1999 on two southern Illinois farm fields (one in Jefferson County and the other in Pope County) with varying soil physical, chemical, and topographic features to determine which factors most influenced crop yield variability. Each location was GPS-gridded utilizing a grid cell size of 0.45 acres. Detailed topographic... |
36. The Influence of Variably Applied Potassium Fertilizer on Yield Variations in Two Southern Illinois Farm FieldsThe basis of Variable Rate Technology (VRT) is to apply nutrients where they are needed and to reduce the application of nutrients where they are not needed. However, there is considerable uncertainty as to whether the variable application of nutrients to farmers fields should be on the basis of soil test levels or yield potentials. A field study was conducted at two locations in southern Illinois from 1997 to 1999 to evaluate VRT as a management tool for corn and soybean production on fields with... |
37. Effect of Changing the Rotation Sequence in a Long Term Tillage and Fertility StudyA continuous experiment was conducted fiom 1970 to 1999 to determine the long term effects of fertilizer application and tillage practices on soil acidity, organic matter and nutrient changes, and crop responses. Four tillage treatments were evaluated: continuous conventional: alternate till (two years no-till: one year conventional); continuous chisel till; and continuous no-till. Five fertilizer treatments were also evaluated (Ib ac-' N-P205-K20): check, 0-0-0; 175-0-0 broadcast; 160-0-0 broadcast... |
38. Response of Corn Grown in Two Crop Rotations to Different N Rates and NitrapyrinNitrogen fertilization of corn is necessary to obtain adequate yields. Loss of soil-applied N1-L'-N fertilizers due to nitrification can decrease corn yield significantly. Nitrate contamination of ground or surface water supplies should also be considered. Use of nitrapyrin may help address these issues, though in fine textured soils response to its use is difficult to predict. A 10-year study was done to determine the effects of annual application of ammonia with nitrapyrin upon the yield of continuous... |
39. Soil Test Phosphorus and Potassium as Affected by Site Specific Soil Fertility ManagementThe overall objective of this field scaled study was to provide an in-field evaluation of common site specific fertilizer strategies used in corn 1 soybean production. While a team of researchers are working on several specific objectives, this work specifically focuses on three of them. First, to evaluate the variability in soil tests for making site specific phosphate (P) and potassium (K) application. Second, to measure the change in this variability over time as affected by fertilizer management... |
40. Spatial Response of Corn to Banded Zinc Sulfate Fertilizer in IowaThe solubility of zinc (Zn) decreases as pH increases. There are soil associations that contain high pH spots within fields where the surrounding soils' pHs are slightly acid. It is reasonable to expect that Zn availability, due to a difference in solubility, is different in the two areas. The objectives of this study were to find corn (Zea nlnys L.) grain yield responses to Zn fertilizers within fields and to define the soil characteristics in responsive areas. The study was conducted at twelve... |
41. The Effect of Tillage and Lime Rate on Soil Acidity and Grain Yields of a Corn-Soybean RotationModern tillage systems, such as reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, provide shallow incorporation of surface applied materials at best. Because of concern of over-liming the surface few inches of agricultural soils, producers either reduce lime rates (and apply more often) or perform some sort of soil inversion to mix the lime deeper into the soil profile. The objectives ofthis field study were to evaluate the effects of tillage, lime rate and time of limestone application on corn and soybean... |
42. The Illinois Nitrogen Soil TestNitrogen fertilizer recommendations for corn production are often estimated on the basis of a realistic yield goal, with adjustments to allow for N credits fiom other sources, such as legumes or manure. A yield-based recommendation may have merit on a long-term basis. but under- or over- fertilization is apt to occur in any given growing season since soil N availability is not taken into account. Insufficient application of N can have serious economic consequences for the farmer, whereas excessive... |
43. Phosphorus Runoff From Incorporated and Surface-Applied Fertilizer and ManureContinued inputs of fertiher and manure in excess of crop requirements have led to a build-up of soil phosphorus (I?) levels, creating an environmental rather than agronomic concern (Sharpley et al., 1994). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil test P level, source of P amendments, tillage, and manure application method on P runoff from agricultural soils. The treatments consisted of swine manure surface applied and injected at rates of 29 and 59 Ib acre-' of P, and triple... |
44. Soil Phosphorus Spatial Distribution in Pastures Receiving Poultry Litter ApplicationsEnvironmentally-based P management strategies could be improved by debeating management zones incorporating the effects of landscape position on soil morphology, hydrology, and soil P distribution. Three farm pasture sites in SW Missouri receiving long-term poultry litter applications were sampled by landscape position (summit, shoulder, upper backslope. middle backslope, lower backslope, footslope, drain) for soil P (Bray 1 P, CaCl2 P, total P) at two depths (0-5 cm, 5- 15 cm). Low landscape positions... |
45. Strip till Nitrogen Placement, and Starter Fertilizer Effects on Corn Growth and YieldStrip tillage, a system where residue is removed and small ridges are formed in the fall in the position of next year's rows, has become an increasingly popular alternative to 0-till for corn in Illinois. Over three years and eight environments in Central and Northern Illinois, tillage had no effect on grain yield: conventional tillage, strip tillage, and 0-till produced 1 1.67, 11.67, 1 1.57 Mg/ha, respectively. There were also no differences in yield due to N timing, N placement, or starter fertilizer.... |
46. The Effect of Tillage and P Fertilizer Placement on P Runoff from Sugar Beet Production SystemsThe objective of this study was to determine the differences in the amount of phosphorus (P) in runoff fiom land under sugar beet production caused by different management practices and phosphorus fertilizer placement. The study was set up as a split plot experimental design, replicated three times. The whole plot treatments were: 1 ) codsoybean rotation, with moldboard plow as primary tillage before soybean; 2) corntsoybean rotation, with chisel plow as primary tillage before corn; 3) sugar beet/soybean/corn... |
47. Update on the Illinois N TestEstimation of plant-available N is complicated enormously by the dynamic nature of soil N, owing largely to the effects of temperature and moisture supply on N-cycle processes. Numerous biological and chemical methods have been proposed as an index of soil N availability (Brernner, 1965; Keeney, 1982; Stanford, 1982; Bundy and Meisinger, 1994), but none has been adopted widely for soil testing. Biological methods are necessarily time-consuming because of the need for incubation, and the results represent... |
48. Variable Seeding Rates in Twin Row Planting and Micro Management of NutrientsA large scale study to determine if twin row planting, utilizing particular fertility concepts and conservational practices, out produces conventional methods of planting and fertilizing. The primary goal of the study was to increase fmer profitability and promote methods of conservational tillage. ... |
49. Varying Nitrogen and Seeding Rates of Corn Across Productivity Regions in FieldsA field study was conducted fiom 1999 to 2001 to determine the effects of variable seeding rates and variable nitrogen rates on corn (Zeu muys L.) in southern Ihois. In whole field experiments, variable seeding rates ranging fiom 18,000 to 38,000 seeds ac-' in 4.000 seed increments were planted in randomized strips (in a randomized complete block design) across the field that had soils with varying productivity based upon historical yield maps. From the yield data it was determined that the optimum... |
50. An Overview of On-Farm Nitrogen Rate ResearchBecause crop advisors, farmers, and some in the fertilizer industry questioned the University's N recommendations as being too low and raised concerns that the N calibration research had been done primarily in small plots on University Experiment Station land. numerous N calibration studies for corn after soybeans were conducted on farmers' fields in southern Minnesota and northeastern Iowa from 1989 through 2002 to validate present N recommendations. On-farm replicated trials were conducted by University... |
51. Corn Nitrogen Response Across Environments and Crop RotationRecent research on corn has tended to show variability in N response. Brown et al. (1993) reported that economically optimal N rates among 77 sites in Illinois ranged from zero to more than 200 lb N per acre. Results from other studies show similar variability in time and space. Even with such variability, results over environments have been combined and used to develop an N fertilizer rate guideline in Illinois based on anticipated corn yield (Hoeft and Peck, 2002). This guideline suggests providing... |
52. Impacts of Management, Moisture, and Phosphorus Form on Phosphorus Loss PotentialPhosphorus (P) is considered one of the major nutrients contributing to degradation of water quality in the United States. Our objectives were to examine P loss potential associated with: 1) high moisture conditions. 2) application (surface and incorporated) of manure from animals fed different diets and 3) sorption dynamics of inorganic and organic P compounds. The study of high moisture conditions evaluated the effects of near surface moisture conditions (wet and saturated), time (up to 28 days... |
53. Manganese Fertilizer Antagonism of Glyphosphate EfficacyMichigan soybean producers have observed antagonism of glyphosate efficacy in tank mixtures with foliar manganese (Mn) fertilizers. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate four Mn fertilizer formulations for their effect on glyphosate activity. (2) evaluate the effect of Mn fertilizer application timing on glyphosate activity, (3) evaluate the efficacy of three adjuvants in overcoming the Mn fertilizer antagonism of glyphosate. (4) determine the spray solution ratio of h4n2' and glyphosate... |
54. Relationship Between Response Indices Measured In-Season and at Harvest in Winter WheatCurrent methods for making nitrogen recommendations in winter wheat (Triticum aestivurn L.) do not adjust for in-season temporal variability of plant available non-fertilizer nitrogen (N) sources. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of different nitrogen response indices determined in-season @INDVI and RIPLANTHEIGkm) to the nitrogen response index measured at harvest (RIHARvEST). In addition, this study evaluated the use of the in-season response indices for determining topdress nitrogen... |
55. Starter Fertilizer for Row Crop Production Under No-till Conditions in Eastern NebraskaStarter fertilizer application often results in increased corn and sorghum yield under no-till conditions, probably due to lower soil temperatures as compared to tilled soil. Five dryland and 5 irrigated corn trials. and 12 dryland grain sorghum trials were established after soybean in 2002 and 2003 on rolling land in eastern Nebraska with different soil types and topographic positions. Three placement positions were compared: in the seed furrow. over the row. and 2" to the side and 2" deep (2x2).... |
56. The Analysis of Nitrogen and Plant Population InteractionsNitrogen and plant population are significant factors for corn production. Accurate nitrogen fertilizer and seeding rate recommendations are essential for optimizing profitability for the fmer and minimizing nitrogen losses. Research and development of yield response curves provide important information that can be used to understand the relationships between these inputs (nitrogen fertilizer and corn seeds) and output (grain yield). Over the varying levels of inputs. yield response functions can... |
57. Using Historical Yield Patterns in Fields as a Management Tool to Variably Apply NitrgenIn whole field studies in southem Illinois a uniform rate of N application was compared with variably applied rates of N based upon historical crop yields for each field. The fields used were partitioned in "low". "medium", and "high" zones of productivity depending upon the normalized yield of the preceding 5 to 10 years of crops grown. Two formulas were used to variably apply nitrogen. One formula (VRN-One) calculated a N rate that favored more fertilizer in "high" productivity regions and less... |
58. Utilizing Inhibitor Technology to reduce Ammonia Volatilization Losses from Urea Sources Applied to Conservation TillageA severe limitation to urea fertilizers and the ureacomponent in livestock wastes is the high potential for volatile loss of nitrogen (N) as ammonia. Losses are especially severe when the urea-containing materials are surface applied with no or only limited subsequent incorporation. Extensive losses are also observed when urea is applied to warm soils that are moist and undergoing rapid drylng. Soil pH, the presence of an active microbial population, and soil texture are also known to impact volatilization... |
59. Corn Response to Anhydrous Ammonia rate, Timing, and Inhibitor use: A RevisitationField experiments were conducted from 2001 through 2003 at three southern Illinois locations to obtain more current data on the effects of anhydrous ammonia rates. application timing, and nitrapyrin (N-Serve) use on corn. Nitrogen rates of 0. 60, 120, and 180 lbs Nlac \\ere evaluated at three times of application (fall, spring pre-plant, and sidedress) with and without nitrapqrin. Corn yield results suggest that fall anhydrous ammonia application is inferior to spring application even if nitrapyrin... |
60. Near Seed Application of Fluid Fertilizer for Corn Soybean and Sugarbeet ProductionIn recent years, crop producers in Minnesota have shown increased interest in placing fertilizer near the seed at planting. The more traditional 2x2 "starter" band was not an option. Guidelines were needed for banded placement of fertilizer near the seed at the time of planting. This study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 in fields of cooperating crop producers. Three fluid . materials (10-34-0, 4-10-10, 3-18-18) were applied at two rates for corn, soybeans and sugarbeets. In 2004, the materials were... |
61. In-Season Nitrogen Recommendations for CornMaking fertilizer N recommendations involves a great deal of guess work and uncertainty because much, essentially all, of the fertilizer N is applied before the crop is planted and the amount is based on estimated crop use from historical data. In addition, producers, consultants, and fertilizer dealers try to anticipate how much N might be lost because of untimely or excess precipitation or how much additional N might be required if the weather conditions are favorable. Sidedress and in-season... |
62. Nutrient Uptake and Partioning by Soybeans in ManitobaSoybean plants were analysed for nutrient uptake and removal through the growing season. The 45 bufac crop took up some 200 lb Nlac and removed 88% in the grain, leaving little residual N for following crops in the surprisingly high C/N ratio leaf, stem and pod material. Typical rate of N, PzOj and K20 uptake during the growing season were 4, 1 and 4 lb/ac/day, respectively. Much K was lost from senescing leaves. Nutrient translocation from vegetative parts to seed was observed for N, P, K, S, Zn... |
63. Periodic Deep Tillage of No-till Corn and Soybean Systems in Southern IllinoisLow organic matter and low available moisture supplying soils in southern Illinois lend themselves to no-tillage crop production, but concern about compaction and rooting depth have led some to employ the use of periodic tillage. A field study was conducted at two locations in southern Illinois between 2000 and 2006 to evaluate the effects of periodic deep tillage (ripping 16-18 inches [40-45 cm] with minimum surface disturbance style shanks) prior to corn or soybean production. Deep tillage occurring... |
64. Short-Term Stability of Soil Test Phosphorus in Agricultural FieldsThe spatial and temporal stability of soil test values is important to the use of soil testing for nutrient management. A study was conducted to evaluate the spatial and temporal stability of soil test phosphorus (P). Five sites ranging in size fiom 9.1 to 10.8 acres were soil sampled in the same locations in a 60 X 60 ft. grid either three or four times over a two year period. Bray 1 -P values were similar or decreased over time while Olsen-P values at two of five sites decreased. One site showed... |
65. Cover Crop Management for Soybean Iron Deficiency ChlorosisIron Deficiency Chlorosis (IDC) has been a s oybean production in the Upper Midwest for many years. A study was conducted in 2006 and 2007 to determine the effect of cover crop management under increasing soil nitrate-N concentrations. The study was conducted at two locations each year with histor ies of IDC. The treatments incl ude nitrogen rates of 0, 100, and 200 pounds N per acre applied as Ur ea with and without an oat cover crop. The oat cover crop was planted at a rate of 1 bushe l per acre.... |
66. Soil pH and Manganese Effects on Roundup Ready SoybeansSoybean 'flas'h is a general yellowing of th e upper soybean canopy thought to be associated with high rates of glyphosate and reduced levels of manganese (Mn) with glyphosate-resistant soybeans. Several field sites varying in soil Mn levels and some with within field variable pH levels were evaluated between 2004 and 2006 for re sponsiveness of soybeans to glyphosate rate and Mn treatments. The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the effects of foliar applied Mn and soil applied Mn on yiel... |
67. Crop Residue Removal Effects on Soil PropertiesThree large challenges facing mankind are the n eed to feed a rapidly growing population, increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and reliance on fossil fuels. Expectations from agriculture include produ ction of food and fiber to meet demands, management of agricultural systems to sequester carbon and redu ce emission of other greenhouse gases, and provision of feedstock for a rapidly expanding biofuels industry. Some discussions involving use of crop residue for biofuel... |
68. Corn and Soybean Response to Phosphorus Placement under Minimum Tillage SystemProducers often question the need for better fertilizer placement methods in reduced tillage systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different placements and rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer for corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max). The study was conducted at 3 locations from 2005 to 2012 (8 years). This paper presents results from one irrigated location. Tillage system was strip till before planting corn; and soybean was planted without previous tillage. Fertilizer... |
69. Correlation and Calibration of the Mehlich 3 P Soil Test for Soybeans in KansasKansas currently uses the Mehlich 3 soil test for P, with a general P soil test (STP) critical level for all crops of 20 ppm (colorimetric). This critical level was established based on field research primarily with wheat in 2003. A review of the limited research data available from Kansas suggests that soybeans may not require as high a STP level as wheat for optimum yield. Therefore the objective of this study is to determine what the appropriate critical STP level is for optimum soybean production... |
70. Nitrogen Timing and Nitrification Inhibitors for Corn in KansasAnhydrous ammonia is a common Nitrogen (N) source used for corn production in Kansas. Two common mechanisms of N loss in corn production in Kansas soils are denitrification and leaching. By minimizing these losses, producers can maximize yield with lower input use and have less impact on the environment. Time of application, particularly fall vs. spring application can have significant impact on N loss, particularly in some soils. The use of nitrification inhibitors (NI) with anhydrous ammonia to... |
71. Overview of Manure Handling on Steroid Movement in Agricultural Fields from Beef Cattle SystemsManure generated from concentrated animal feeding operations may serve as a source of steroids in surface water and potentially in groundwater. The objectives of this research were to determine the amount of steroids and metabolites in runoff from beef cattle production pens, and from runoff and leaching from crop production fields. Cattle were fed a synthetic progestagen, MGA or melengestrol acetate and treated with zeranol, trenbolone acetate, and estradiol implants, while a second group was not... |
72. Nitrogen Management of Temporary Waterlogged Soil to Improve Corn Production and Reduce Environmental N LossDuring the 2011 growing season excessive soil moisture in the Unites States accounted for at least 30% of the total crop loss to environmental stresses resulting in more than $3 billion dollars in insurance indemnities paid to farmers. The objectives of this study were to: (i) assess grain yield and N silage uptake for both rescue and non-rescue treatments of different enhanced efficiency products, (ii) determine soil N content among treatments throughout the growing season, and (iii) evaluate PCU... |
73. Comparison of Canopy Sensing Technologies for Corn Nitrogen Management in MinnesotaVarious crop canopy sensing tools are being used to manage nitrogen, but their utility to predict N needs in Minnesota remains unclear. The objectives of this study are to compare the effectiveness of different canopy sensing technologies at predicting corn (Zea mays L.) yield at different development stages, and compare their capability to determine in season N deficiency. Six to seven N rates at 35 to 45 kg N ha -1 increments were pre-plant applied in six fields throughout Minnesota and a rate... |
74. Do Soil Nitrogen Tests Relate to Nitrogen Mineralization in First-year Corn Following Alfalfa?Corn (Zea mays L.) is the most frequent first-year crop grown following alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the Upper Midwest. In the majority of cases, first-year corn does not respond to fertilizer N, but sometimes large amounts are needed to optimize yield. The pre-sidedress and Illinois soil N tests (PSNT and ISNT, respectively) are early-season tests used to predict corn yield response to fertilizer N. These tests measure specific fractions of soil N and define a critical concentration to separate... |
75. A Mechanistic Approach to Nitrogen Fertilizer RecommendationsIn efforts to improve Nitrogen (N) management, many new methodologies involving advanced technology such as optical sensors are being utilized. Although these new technologies have been proven to improve N management, their use in production agriculture is relatively low. The majority of farmers are still using mechanistic equations or simply pounds per bushel to determine their N rates due to low cost and ease of use. However, most of these N recommendation equations are becoming antiquated, and... |
76. 4R Phosphorus Management for Soybeans in the Northern Frontier: Rate and Placement Effects on Plant Stand, Biomass and Seed YieldVery little research has been conducted to determine the best rate, source, placement, and timing of P fertilizer for modern soybean cultivars grown in the Canadian Prairies. Preliminary results of the two years of field studies at 10 locations in Manitoba showed that typical agronomic rates of seed row P did not decrease plant stand and seed yield at any sites; nor was seed yield increased at any site, even with Olsen P concentrations as low as 3 ppm.... |
77. Evaluating the Interaction between Chelated Fe Source and Placement on Phosphorus Availability in SoybeanIn agriculture, chelating agents are used to supplement micronutrients, such as iron (Fe). However, little research has been conducted on a field scale to evaluate chelating agent effects on phosphorus (P) uptake. The objectives of this study were to evaluate four commercially available chelated Fe sources on early soybean growth and nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) uptake. The study was conducted at two locations, and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications... |
78. Soybean Whole Plant, and Trifoliate Phosphorus Concentration Relationships to Yield and Phosphorus Removal RatesPlant tissue analysis is becoming a more popular tool to diagnosis nutrient deficiencies. Whole plant samples may be taken early ( corrections. Leaf samples taken just before grain fill may be used to diagnose problem spots in a field. Benton Jones Jr. et al. (1991) reports that the phosphorus (P) sufficiency range for upper most developed trifoliates is between 0.26 and 0.50 percent P. There is no published data on whole plant P sufficiency ranges from V4 to V6. Nutrient grain analysis is valuable... |
79. Evaluation of Secondary and Micronutrient for Soybean Production in KansasSecondary and micronutrients are being increasingly studied for their potential to contribute to yield increase. The objective of this study was to evaluate soybean response to secondary and micronutrient fertilizer application to maximize yields. A randomized complete block design was employed with four replications, at five locations during 2013 and five locations in 2014. Treatments consisted of micronutrient fertilizer as individual nutrient for B, Cu, Mn, S and Zn, in addition to a mix of these... |
80. Phosphorus Dynamics of Land-Applied Compost Bedded Pack Dairy Barn Product in Low and High Soil Test Phosphorus EnvironmentsCharacterizing and understanding the nutrient dynamics of land applied compost bedded pack dairy barn (CBP) products is necessary because this waste management system and its fertility use are increasingly common. An aerobic mineralization study was conducted to observe the phosphorus (P) dynamics of land-applied CBP product in low and high soil test P (STP) environments. An innovative phosphorus fractionation strategy employing UV-assisted organic P decomposition helped quantify fractions corresponding... |
81. Minnesota Long-Term Phosphorus Management Trials: Phase I, The Build PeriodPhosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations are usually made using one of two philosophies, Build and Maintain or Sufficiency. In recent years, the Sufficiency approach has been questioned because of concerns of reducing soil test levels and yield sustainability and whether it has the same yield potential as the Build and Maintain approach. Trials were initiated in 2010 at six locations across Minnesota to develop various soil test P Interpretation Classes in replicated experiments. The initial phase... |
82. Fertilizer Placement and Tillage Interaction in Corn and Soybean ProductionDifferent tillage systems can affect the availability of phosphorus (P) in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects and interaction of fertilizer placement, tillage, and varieties/hybrids for corn and soybean. The experiment was established at two locations in Kansas in 2014. The experimental design was a factorial in a randomized complete block with four replications. Three fertilizer treatments were combined with two tillage systems and two varieties/hybrids of soybean... |
83. Effects of Nitrogen Managemetn on Maize Yield and Nitrate Leachingon Irrigated Sandy SoilsIrrigated sands are some of the most productive and environmentally sensitive areas in Minnesota. Reducing nitrate leaching is critical for corn (Zea mays L.) production as ground water is a major source of drinking water in these soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate agricultural technologies that may improve nitrogen (N) management for profitable corn production and mitigate negative effects in groundwater. A randomized complete block design with four replications was established... |
84. Accuracy of Credits and Soil Indicies for Predicting Nitrogen Response in Corn Following AlfalfaCorn is the most frequent first- and second-year crop following alfalfa in the upper midwestern United States. In the majority of reported cases, there is little need for additional fertilizer N to optimize yield of first-year corn following alfalfa. For second-year corn following alfalfa, fertilizer N is needed in about one-half of cases and the economically optimum N rate (EONR) has varied greatly in responsive fields. The objective of this research was to use literature data to evaluate the accuracy... |
85. Enhanced Efficiency Phosphorus Application for a Corn-Soybean RotationPhosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient that is taken up by plants as inorganic ions (H 2PO4- and HPO 4 -2) found in soil solution. With higher fer tilizer costs, farmers are evaluating application rates and considering enhanced effi ciency phosphorus applications or treatments. AVAIL®(Specialty Fertilizer Products, Leawood, KS), NutriLife Max® (Advanced Microbial Solutions, Pilot Point, TX), and P ₂O ₅ Max (Rosen's Inc., Fairmont, MN) are three products that are intended to enhance the... |
86. Mitigating Phosphorus Movement from Agricultural FieldsAgriculture is often cited as the primary factor for the high P loads polluting Lake Erie and Ohio�۪s watersheds, but the contributions of agriculture as a system, a combination of tillage, best management practice (BMP) and fertilizer source rather than an industry is unknown. This study supplied either commercial fertilizer or poultry litter to tilled or no-till production systems with their corresponding BMPs of incorporation and cover crops, respectively, to determine the P lost via surface... |
87. Nutrient Deficiency Diagnostic Training with Field and Hydroponically Grown CropsThe Manitoba Crop Diagnostic School was initiated in 1995 and annually provides training for 350 - 400 field agronomists over a two week period in mid July. Symptons of nutrient deficiencies, other than Nitrogen (N), have proven difficult to demonstrate on the fertile high organic matter loam texturd soiles of the Carman Researh Station. The following techniques have been developed to demonstrate many of the macro and micronutient deficiencies which may occur in prairie crops.... |
88. Validating Potassium Fertilizer Guidelines in Alfalfa-corn RotationsIn 2008 to 2010, on-farm research was conducted on 10 fields with medium soil test K (STK) to validate Minnesota K fertilizer guidelines by determining the effect of K fertilizer applications on alfalfa yield and quality in its last production year, and estimating the carryover of excess fertilizer K to first-year corn. We were surprised to find that no K fertilizer was needed to maximize alfalfa yield or overall forage feed value and quality. Luxury consumption of K occurred because as K application... |
89. Field Evaluations of Nitrogen Ramp Calibration Strips in ManitobaNitrogen Rate Calibration Strips (NRCS) were dem onstrated in some 30 farm fields of cereals, corn and canola. Mid-season assessments of crop yield sufficiency were useful in estimating the adequacy of nitrogen (N) supply. For cereals, rela tive plant height provided a simple and quick indicator of N sufficiency. This NRCS techniqu e has been used to demonstrate the provincial N rate calculator in extension and has been adapted for P de monstrations in alfalfa. ... |
90. Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Claypan Soils Due to Fertilizer Source and Tillage/Fertilizer PlacementNitrogen fertilization for agricu ltural production is a major contri butor to increased soil nitrous oxide emissions. These emissi ons may contribute to global warming and ozone depletion. Nitrogen fertilizer source and placeme nt can influence soil nitrous oxide (N 2O) emissions by affecting the concentration of ammonium and nitrat e available for nitrification and denitrification throughout the growing season. The objectives of this research were to quantify the effect of tillage / fertilizer... |
91. A Smorgasbord of Preliminary Results from Field Trials in OntarioField scale trials may be established to support lo cal needs, but the results seldom reach a wider audience. This paper summarizes two recent fiel d studies by staff of the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) on fertilizer use in soybeans and corn. A study of starter fertilizer response in soybeans found that yield responses to fertilizer tended to be relatively small, and seldom large enough to cove r the cost of the added fertilizer. A second study of ammonia volatilization... |
92. Utilizing Fertilizer Technologies to Reduce Nitrate Leaching in the Central Sands Region of WisconsinLeaching of nitrate into the groundwater has been a continuing and extensively researched problem in the sandy soils of Wisconsin. However, no proven solution to this problem has been identified as yet. Research results from our studies in 2009 showed that several products had potential in reducing nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3-N) leaching. Although not always statistically significant, one slow-release fertilizer, Environmentally Smart Nitrogen (ESN), produced greater yields than conventional fertilizer.... |
93. Evaluation of Nitrate Leaching Potential from Slow and Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Application to Irrigated CornThe use of slow and controlled release nitrogen (N) fertilizers as a practice to reduce nitrate leaching from irrigated corn was evaluated on coar se-textured soils in the Central Platte River Valley of Nebraska in 2007 & 2008. Slow-releas e methylene urea (MU) and polymer-coated urea (PCU) were compared to a standard fertil izer of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution. Flooding in 2007 severely impacted the study site, and results are not reported here. Saturated soils were common at the site in... |
94. A Nitrogen Rate of Return Calculator for Wheat, Barley, and Canola in ManitobaNitrogen (N) general guidelines in Manitoba ar e reviewed by a panel of government, industry and university experts on an annu al basis and revisions as well as additions and corrections are reflected in the Soil Fertility Guide that is published (as well as posted on the web-site) by Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives. However, a comprehensive review of the N databases for barley, wheat and canola has not been undertaken since September 1990. Post 1988 database of experiments conducted... |
95. Soil pH and Lime Management for Corn and Soybean: An Ongoing On-farm ProjectSoil acidity can affect plant growth directly and indirectly by affecting the plant-availability of nutrients, levels of phytotoxic el ements, microbial activity, and ot her soil properties. Soils may become acidic in the long term as a result of several natural processes. In the short term, however, soil acidity develops mainly due to application of N fertilizers or manure, primarily those having high concentrations of ammonium or urea because nitrification releases hydrogen (H) ions. Soil pH decreases... |
96. Early Season Nutrient Uptake from Combinations of N itrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Applies in Starter Fertilizer in Two Corn HybridsConventional small plot field trials were establ ished to study the effect nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) applied as starter ferti lizer on early season growth and nutrient uptake of two corn hybrids with a nd without the Bt-rootworm gene. Ei ght locations were studied over two years comparing a non-starter check, N only, K only, NP, NPK, and NK starter fertilizer combinations on early season growth and nutrient uptake. Sites tested High initially in both P and K. One or more starter... |
97. Dealing with Sulfur Deficincies in Crop Production: The Iowa ExperienceResearch conducted for more than forty years (pri or to approximately 2005) in Iowa rarely noted improved crop yield with sulfur (S) fertilization. Studies during that time period with corn and soybean found yield increase from S fertilizer application only three times out of approximately 200 trials. Research in the early 1980's had also documented sufficient plant available S in the soil profile for crop production on most Iowa soil associations. Results of recent studies (2000- 2005) in corn and... |
98. Effects of Glyphosate Application and Manganese Fertiization on Leaf Manganese Concentration and Yield of Glyphosate-Resistant SoybeanGlyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean is widely accep ted in the United States. Recent research in Indiana and elsewhere has observe d that post-emergence foliar applications of glyphosate may cause or exacerbate manganese (Mn) deficiency and then limit yield of GR soybeans on low Mn availability soils. The objectives of this study were to 1) better understand how glyphosate application(s) might reduce the up take and translocation of Mn in GR soybean plants, and 2) determine the effectiveness of starter-banded... |
99. Effect of Nutrient Combinations and Nitrapyrin in Starters on CornExperiments were conducted from 1994 to 1996 at the Belleville Research Center of Southern Illinois Univerity and the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center of the University of Illinois to evaluate the effect of starter fertilizers. nitrapyrin (N-Serve) amendment of the starters, and tillage on conn. The soil at the Belleville site was an Iva silt loam, a low organic matter soil with relatively high P and K soil test levels. At Dixon Springs a Bonnie silt loam (bottomland) soil was used and the soil... |
100. Response of Minimum-till Corn to Starter Fertilizer and ACAStarter fertilizer containing N and P often increases grain yield under no-till management. but yield responses to starter have riot been consistently observed under conventional tillage. Experiments were established in 1996 and 1997 at six sites varying in latitude, soil type. fertility, and crop rotation to evaluate the effect of starter fertilizers on corn grown under high-residue minimum-till systems. In one experiment, a factorial combination of 3 N. 2 P, and 2 K rates placed in a 2x2 band was... |
101. Impact of Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization on Corn and Soybean Productivity and Soil Nutrient LevelsA common production practice in the Eastern Corn Belt is to supply enough phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the fall prior to corn planting to satisfy the nutrient needs of both corn and soybeans in a rotation. This practice is most likely a viavle option for fields with more than adequate soil nutrient levels, but on marginal fields this practice may be limiting production (specifically with regard to K). Two field experiements were estabished to evauate the impact of P and K fertilization... K.A. Dietrick, R.W. Mullen, C.E. Dygert |
102. Re-Evaluating Rate, Time, and Placement of Urea and Other Nitrogen Sources in MinnesotaUrea is increasingly an important nitrogen (N) source in Minnesota. Approximately 43% of our farmers use urea as their major N source. In the southwestern, south-central and west-central areas approximately 45% of the N is applied in the fall, 50% is applied in the spring, and 5% is applied at sidedress. While most of those that use urea as the major N source apply it in the spring, approximately 4% do the major application with urea in the fall and there are others that apply some of their N... F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi, J. Vetsch, D. Kaiser |
103. 4R Nutrient Management for Corn Production on Upper Midwest SoilsCorn (Zea mays L.) demand for nitrogen (N) is often met using inorganic fertilizer on Upper Midwest soils. While applying the right rate of fertilizer N normally has the greatest impact on yield and N use efficiency (NUE), selection of the right fertilizer source, placement, and application timing can fine-tune rate recommendations, improve NUE by matching soil N availability to corn demand, and minimize loss to the environment. Given the diversity of corn production environments, the... J. Spackman, F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi |
104. Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nutrient Cycling in a Multi-Location Study in South DakotaSoil without living roots potentially loses mobile nutrients and retains excess water. Unprotected soil degradation and erosion enable the loss of carbon and nutrient rich top soil. Cover crops provide armor for the soil protecting from carbon and nutrient loss. Cover crop blends may influence soil health parameters and nutrient cycling. This multi-locational study depicts the influence of cover crop species blends with varying grass and broadleaf concentrations on established soil-health indicators... D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, D. Karki, J. Clark, A. Bly |
105. Does cover crop composition improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Crop and livestock producers in South Dakota are showing greater interest in cover crops for the multidimensional benefits it can provide towards enhanced nutrient availability to the cash crops and livestock nutrition. Growers use different blends of grasses and broad leaves, mostly legumes and brassicas, as cover crops. We hypothesized that carbon and nitrogen ratio and fiber composition in those cover crop residues regulate the nutrient release, thus influence the processes regarding nutrient... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Clark, J. Wolthuizen, A. Bly |
106. Do cover crops improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Bare soils are prone to erosion and lose soluble nutrients. Cover crops provide protection to the soil against erosion and nutrient loss. We hypothesized that the cover crops should uptake available nutrients from the soils in the fall when there is no cash crop, assimilate the nutrients in their tissues, and in the following spring, should release the nutrients back to the soil during the next cash crop growing season. In our study, we are quantifying the nutrients taken up by the cover crops... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Wolthuizen, J. Clark, A. Bly |
107. No-till and Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nitrogen Rate and Timing Recommendations: Early ResultsThe idea of improving soil health has become increasingly more talked about by researchers, agronomists, and farmers in the past five years. Management practices such as no- or reduced-tillage and planting cover crops are recommended to improve soil health because of their potential to improve organic matter and soil structure leading to a greater capacity to hold water and nutrients needed for plant growth. Research in South Dakota has been occurring these past two years to determine the influence... J.D. Clark, A. Bly, D. Karki, D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, P. Kovacs |
108. Impact of sulfur and its interaction with N rates on wheat and barley in North Dakota and Western MinnesotaEffects of S, N, and their interactions were assessed on grain yields and protein of spring wheat and barley, across eight site years in Western Minnesota (MN), and ten site years (hereafter, sites) in North Dakota (ND) from 2015 to 2019. The studies were to determine if S improves yields and protein in wheat, and if the effects were dependent on N rates. Treatments included all combinations of five N rates of N (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lbs/ac) and three rates of S (0, 10, 20 lbs/ac) in MN. In... J.M. Teboh, S. Yuja, B.G. Schatz, G. Pradhan |
109. Understanding Spatial Variability in Cover Crop Growth and DecompositionIn many agricultural landscapes, topographic variability leads to downslope movement of soil, water, and nutrients, causing heterogeneity in both crop yield and soil fertility throughout production fields. Cover crops can slow these processes, but the impact of topography on cover crop growth and residue persistence is uncertain. We measured the growth, mixture biomass composition, and decomposition of a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop, and cereal rye /crimson clover (Trifolium... S.J. Leuthold, M. Salmeron, O. Wendroth, E. Haramoto, H. Poffenbarger |
110. Optimizing Nitrogen Rate to Maximize Winter Malting Barley Grain Yield While Meeting ProteinWinter malting barley (Hordeum vulgare) acreage is increasing across Ohio due to demand from the local craft brewing industry; however, grain used for this market must pass specific quality requirements. The objective of this study was to identify optimum spring nitrogen rates for winter malting barley that maximize yield while meeting protein requirements. Small plot trials were conducted at three locations in Ohio: Northwest Agriculture Research Station (NWARS) in Custar, Western Agriculture... G. Mcglinch, L. Lindsey, R. Shrestha, M. Hankinson |
111. Nitrogen Source and Timing Effects on CornThe 4R’s of nutrient management call for the right source, applied at right time, at the right rate at the right placement. Producers in South Dakota ask when the correct time to apply nitrogen fertilizers. Mean annual precipitation in the major South Dakota corn growing areas ranges from 16 to 26 inches. This is a relatively dry climate compared to other major corn growing regions and the effect of nitrogen timing might not be as important. Therefore, a research question that challenges... A. Bly, S. Berg, D. Karki |
112. Soybean Response to Potassium Fertility and Fertilizer in ManitobaSoybean acres have increased greatly in Manitoba in recent years, now occupying more than 25% of the province’s annual crop land. Potassium removal by soybean is greater than any other crop grown in Manitoba (1.1 – 1.4 lb K2O/bu). This large removal, accompanied by the large and rapid expansion in soybean acres, has contributed to an increase in province-wide potassium removal rates and likely explains the increase in incidence of potassium deficiency symptoms reported in recent years.... M. Bourns, D. Flaten, J. Heard, G. Bartley |
113. Can an Estimate of Mineralizable Nitrogen Improve Nitrogen Sufficiency Indexes?Combining the anaerobic potentially mineralizable N (PMNan) test with the pre-plant (PPNT) and pre-sidedress (PSNT) nitrate tests may improve N fertilizer guidelines for corn (Zea mays L.). Forty-nine corn N response experiments were conducted across eight states in the US Midwest (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Wisconsin) from 2014-2016. These studies were used to evaluate the effect of combining PMNan values from different soil sampling timings... J. Clark |
114. Soil Phosphorus Fractions and Legacy after Long-term Fertilizer Placement in a Corn-Soybean RotationPhosphorus (P) fertilizer placement can affect plant P uptake during the growing season, however, the long-term interaction of placement and plant root P uptake can also affect soil P pools. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of long-term P fertilizer placement on soil P pools (labile, moderately labile and non-labile) and legacy soil P accumulation under a corn (Zea mays) -soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation. A field study was conducted for ten years from 2006-... M. Coelho, D. Ruiz diaz, G. Hettiarachchi, F. Hansel |
115. Assessment of Plant Nitrogen Uptake with Late Fertilizer Applications in CornPrevious research in Kansas and other regions has shown that split applications of N fertilizer with early side-dress can increase yield compared to applications at planting in some site years. Split applications are typically done using the traditional side dress at the V6-V8 growth stage. However, late N applications (late-vegetative or early reproductive stage) is generating interest as one alternative to improve nitrogen use efficiency and possibly increase yields,... D. Diaz, A. Stammer, F. Hansel |
116. Nitrogen Non-Cycling from Cover Crops Grown Before Corn and Spring Wheat-Unexpected Early Project ResultsNitrogen credits in North Dakota State University fertilization recommendations include those anticipated from the previous year annual legume crops (field pea, lentil, soybean, chickpea) and from terminated alfalfa. In addition, it was established in the region that sugarbeet tops returned to the soil may have an N credit potential of up to 80 pounds of N per acre (Crohain and Rixhon, 1967; Moraghan and Smith, 1994a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995a; Moraghan and Smith, 1995b; Franzen et al.,... D. Franzen, A. Wick, H. Bu, L. Ressler, J. Bell, M. Berti, C. Gasch |
117. Performance of Grain Oats at Different Nitrogen Regimes when Grown with and without Plant Growth Regulator (PGR)Among small grains grown in the South Dakota (SD), oat is considered the most susceptible to lodging which can result to significant yield loss due to harvest difficulty. Although current South Dakota State University (updated 2005) recommends 1.3 pounds nitrate N per bushel of oats (minus soil test N and legume credit), producers have been using lesser than the SD recommended rate to avoid lodging. This study was initiated in 2016- i) to evaluate the response of oat grain yield at various nitrogen... D. Karki, A. Bly |
118. A Combination of Soil Incubation and Chemical Extraction Tests Best Predicts Corn Yield Response to Fertilizer NitrogenSoil tests in general have served a critical role in the field of soil fertility for over half a century, and have helped to increase crop productivity and promote more efficient use of fertilizers on farms. However, N soil tests have limitations and chemical extraction tests have not predicted well the potentially mineralizable N supplied to corn over a growing season. Thus, these tests often do not accurately predict a corn’s yield response to fertilizer N. We explored 30 soil tests for... M. Mcdaniel, D. Walters, L. Bundy, C. Laboski, P. Scharf, R. Drijber, W. Horwath, J. Sawyer, J. Sawyer, M. Castellano |
119. Effects of Sampling Time and Extraction Method on Soil-Test and Nonexchangeable Potassium in Iowa SoilsMore research is needed to better understand K cycling and high short-term temporal soil-test K (STK) variation. The objective of this research was to study soil-test K and nonexchangeable K pools across Iowa soils managed with corn-soybean rotations as affected by K application rates, soil properties, parent materials, and time of sampling. Three-year field trials that included a control and several broadcast K fertilizer rates were conducted at 35 Iowa sites. Soil samples (6-inch depth) were... R. Oltmans, A. Mallarino |
120. Correlation Between Mehlich-3 and Haney Extractable Phosphorus and Potassium, and Their Relationship to Soybean (Glycine Max) Yield ResponseNumerous soil tests have been developed for estimating the plant-availability of soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Understanding the relationship between these test’s results and crop response to fertilizer application is essential for developing and improving fertilizer recommendations. Field trials have been initiated at six sites located across the state of Kansas to investigate the response of soybean to broadcast P and K fertilizer application. Plots are... E. Rutter, D. Ruiz diaz, F. Hansel |
121. Soil Nitrogen Management is Impacted by Soil Texture and WeatherNitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for corn production that is often supplied as inorganic fertilizer, but its use can also lead to environmental degradation. The 4R (right rate, source, time, and placement) approach has been suggested as a framework for N management to improve crop yield and nutrient use efficiency while minimizing environmental contamination. There is not a universal 4R best management strategy, nor should there be because many variables impact N... J. Spackman |
122. Can Nitrapyrin and Cover Crop Improve Fall Dairy Slurry N Availability to Corn?Fall applications of manure have the potential for high nitrogen (N) losses. Cereal/grass cover crops have been shown to take up fall applied N. Similarly, using nitrapyrin (Instinct®) has been shown to prevent loss of fall applied N. No studies have been conducted to evaluate combining these tools to prevent N loss. This experiment was performed in 2016 and 2017 on a well-drained and somewhat poorly drained silt loam soils. This study was conducted to determine if using Instinct® and... A. Teeter, T. Andraski, C. Laboski |
123. How Late Can Nitrogen Be Applied to Corn?Delaying some of the N supplied to the corn crop is considered a way to increase N uptake and yield and to limit N losses, but the length of the delay may increase the risk of yield loss. We conducted a 3-year experiment at Urbana, Illinois in which half of the N (112 kg N/ha) was injected as UAN at planting and the other half or all (224 kg N/ha) of the N was dribbled UAN next to the row, at each of eight stages ranging from V3 to R3. In corn following soybean, when half of the N was applied... B. Yoder |
124. Fertilizer management and cover crop effects on phosphorus use efficiency, environmental efficiency and crop yieldPhosphorus loss from agricultural production is a significant contributor to the degradation and contamination of surface and ground waters. To help protect these waters, it is vital to maximize agronomic and environmental efficiency of phosphorus in the cropping system. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of cover crops and different phosphorus fertilizer management practices on nutrient use efficiency, environmental efficiency and yield in a no-tillage corn-soybean rotation.... R. Carver, N. Nelson, G. Kluitenberg, K. Roozeboom, P. Tomlinson |
125. The Importance of Soil Health and the Efforts of NRCSSince its inception in 1932, USDA-NRCS has worked with agricultural producers and landowners to address natural resource concerns, and improve long-term productivity on the nation’s private working lands. The mission of the agency is accomplished primarily through local field staff who provide technical assistance, and work with interested farmers and ranchers to develop conservation plans that improve identified resource concerns. In addition to site-specific technical recommendations,... D. Chessman |
126. Do Split-Nitrogen Applications in the Midwest Affect Corn Nitrogen Uptake and Grain Yield?It is hypothesized that split-nitrogen (N) relative to single near-planting applications improve corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield and nitrogen recovery efficiency, which can lessen environmental impacts of fertilization. However, these hypotheses have not been fully tested. A 49-site-year study across eight US Midwestern states over three years was conducted to compare near-planting (Single) and split-N (Split) applications. Three N application timings were evaluated [Single near planting, 40... J. Clark, F. Fernandez, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
127. Integrating Management Zones and Canopy Sensing for Improved Nitrogen Recommendation AlgorithmsActive crop canopy sensors have been studied as a tool to direct spatially variable nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications in maize, with the goal of increasing the synchrony between N supply and crop demand and thus improving N use efficiency (NUE). However, N recommendation algorithms have often proven inaccurate in certain subfield regions due to local spatial variability. Modifying these algorithms by integrating soil-based management zones (MZ) may improve their accuracy... J. Crowther, J. Parrish, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, K. Glewen, T. Shaver, D. Krull, L. Thompson, N. Mueller, B. Krienke, T. Mieno, T. Ingram |
128. Basic Concepts of Soil Acidity and LimingWith today’s cropping systems utilizing high rates of N fertilizers, most Midwestern soils require periodic applications of aglime or other liming materials for optimum crop production. Liming has several beneficial effects: 1) it reducesaluminum or manganese toxicity, harmful or potentially toxic conditions which can develop in acid soils; 2) it increases the availability of some of the essential nutrients; 3) it replaces the supply of calcium and magnesium essential for plant growth... D. Mengel |
129. Comparison of Ground-Based Active Crop Canopy Sensor and Aerial Passive Crop Canopy Sensor for In-Season Nitrogen ManagementCrop canopy sensors represent one tool available to help calculate a reactive in-season nitrogen (N) application rate in corn. When utilizing such systems, corn growers must decide between using active versus passive crop canopy sensors. The objectives of this study was to 1) determine the correlation between N management by remote sensing using a passive sensor and N management using proximal sensing with an active sensors. Treatments were arranged as field length strips in a randomized complete... J. Parrish, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, K. Glewen, L. Thompson, B. Krienke, N. Mueller, T. Ingram, D. Krull, J. Crowther, T. Shaver, T. Mieno |
130. Post-Harvest Soil Nitrate Following Corn Production in Eight Midwestern StatesApplying nitrogen (N) at economically optimal rates (EONR) and at times of rapid crop uptake are practices that are thought to minimize the amount of residual soil nitrate (RSN) in the profile that may be susceptible to loss. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rate (0 to 280 lb N/a in 40 lb increments) and timing (pre-plant (PP) or PP plus V9 sidedress (PP+SD)) of N application on corn grain yield and RSN in the top 3 feet of soil relative to the calculated EONR. Thirty-two... C. Bandura, C. Laboski, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, F. Fernandez, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
131. Tillage, Crop Rotation, and Cover Crop Impact on Corn Nitrogen Requirements in Southeastern South DakotaNitrogen is the lifeline of corn production. There is uncertainty whether nitrogen (N) requirements are the same for corn raised under long term no-till versus conventional till production systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate N fertilizer requirements for long term no-till soils in southeastern South Dakota, while considering effects from cover crops and crop rotation. This was a two year study at the SDSU Southeast Research Farm near Beresford, SD on long term no-till plots established... S. Berg, P. Sexton, R. Gelderman, A. Bly, C. Derdall |
132. The Anaerobic Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen Test as a Tool for Nitrogen Management in the MidwestThe anaerobic potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMNan) test is a tool that can improve estimations of mineralizable nitrogen (N) and enhance nitrogen use efficiency. This tool may also help improve predictions of N uptake, grain yield, and the economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) of corn (Zea mays L.). A 32 site-year study across eight US Midwestern states was conducted to 1) compare the effect of incubation length (7-, 14-, 28-d), soil sampling timing, N fertilizer rate, and their... J. Clark, K. Sloan veum, F. Fernandez, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
133. Response of Continuous Corn to Varying Rates and Placements of Starter FertilizerPrevious research has shown that starter fertilizer, a small amount of fertilizer placed with or near the seed at planting, often accelerates early season growth and increases biomass production, but does not always increase grain yield in corn (Zea mays L.). Our objective was to evaluate the effects of starter fertilizer on crop growth and development, as well as grain yield and moisture in continuous corn cropping systems. Treatments consisted of no fertilizer applied at planting (Control),... C. Hornaday, J. Camberato, R. Nielsen |
134. Effects of Applied Soil Micronutrients on Corn and Soybean Yields in Eastern South Dakota EnvironmentsMicronutrients although taken up by plants in small quantities, their deficiencies can have significant detrimental effects on grain yield. As growers aim for maximum corn and soybean yields, availability of micronutrients in agricultural market both as individual source or combined with other secondary nutrients have also increased. However, effects of micronutrients on corn and soybean grain yields are not well documented for South Dakota (SD) soils, and growers seem to be concerned if application... D. Karki, A. Bly, S. Berg |
135. Project Sense: Sensors for the Efficient Use of Nitrogen and Stewardship of the Environment. An On-Farm Research Effort to Increase Adoption of Sensor Based N ManagementLow nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has been attributed to several factors including asynchrony between nitrogen (N) fertilizer application, crop demand, and spatial variability (Shanahan et al., 2008). Sidedress applied N synchronizes crop uptake demand for N, but does not address the spatial and temporal variability that exists in a field year to year. Active crop canopy sensors provide an ability to monitor and respond to spatial and temporal N variability for a given field. A three-year project,... B. Krienke, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, L. Thompson, J. Parrish, N. Mueller, T. Mieno, J. Crowther, T. Shaver, T. Ingram, D. Krull, K. Glewen |
136. Starter Fertilizer Slows the Movement of Corn Roots Across the RowApplications of starter fertilizer may alter the root morphology of young developing plants by causing lateral roots to proliferate when the root system enters the highly concentrated fertilizer band. This may affect the timing of root movement across the row when starter fertilizer is used. The timing of root movement across the row was determined by placing 20 12-inch-long perforated cylinders vertically in the soil at the V2 leaf stage. The cylinders were placed approximately every 15”... J. Lee, J. Camberato, R. Nielsen |
137. Residual Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Soil Nitrogen Pools and Corn GrowthNitrogen (N) fertilization of corn (Zea mays L.) may increase, decrease, or not affect the N supplying capacity of the soil. Six field-scale corn N rate trials were established in corn-soybean rotations in diverse soil types across Indiana. Six N rates ranging from about 25 to 270 lb N ac-1 were replicated 4 to 6 times at each site and re-applied to the same plots for each of four corn crops. In the fifth corn season, 2015, half of the replications at each location were supplied... M. Moser, R. Nielsen, J. Camberato |
138. Variation in Internal N Efficiency of Corn and Impact on Yield-Goal Based N RecommendationsInternal N efficiency (IE) is defined as bushels per acre (GY) produced per pound of N per acre (PMN) in the plant at physiological maturity (R6). Internal N efficiency defines the required amount of plant N content at R6 in a yield-goal based N rate recommendations (currently used in 30 U.S. states) and several commercial N recommendation models. Commonly IE is assumed to be constant at an approximate value of 0.8 bu lb-N-1 in yield-goal based recommendations. Our research objective was... M. Shafer, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, F. Fernandez, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, R. Nielsen, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
139. In-Season Soil Nitrogen as a Predictor of Corn Grain YieldCorn (Zea mays L.) grain yield is closely linked to plant available soil nitrogen (N). Our objectives were to (i) examine the influence of N rate, source, and time of application on N use efficiency with relation to grain yield and total plant N uptake, and (ii) evaluate in-season soil N testing as a tool to determine N rate needs and predict grain yield. During the 2014-2015 growing seasons, 12 fields across Minnesota varying in soil and climate conditions received 1) pre-plant urea (0 to 204... J. Spackman, F. Fernandez |
140. South Dakota Producers Use of Soil Testing to Make Soil Fertility DecisionsSoil fertility guidelines in South Dakota are primarily based on soil testing results. There are several possible soil sampling procedures regarding timing, frequency, and type of soil sampling that can be followed by producers. Survey information collected from South Dakota producers can inform us what soil sampling procedures they are commonly using. We distributed a survey to 3,000 South Dakota producers based on crop reporting district, crops grown, and farm size. We reminded producers three... |
141. Relationship of in-season soil nitrogen concentration with corn yield and potential nitrogen lossesModeled or measured soil mineral N (SMN) levels during the corn growing season have been used to set sidedress N rates, but there has been little research linking SMN levels at different growth stages to yield to help guide this process. The degree to which SMN level influences the risk of N losses is also not known. Data from 32 site-years of field experiments in Illinois (2015–2018) that included 12 combinations of N fertilizer rate, timing, and source, were used to evaluate... G. Preza-fontes, E. Nafziger, L. Christianson, C. Pittelkow |
142. Cover crops nutrients uptake did not cause yield loss in cornBare soils are susceptible to erosion and nutrient loss. Cover crops and residues provide physical protection against erosion and nutrient loss, and improve nutrient cycling as well as biodiversity. We hypothesized that cover crops store available nutrients from the soil in the fall and release them the next spring for the next cash crop, minimizing potential nutrients loss with no adverse effect on cash crop yield. A four site-year study throughout South Dakota was conducted to compare... |
143. Can Cover Crops Help to Improve Soil Health While Having a Positive Effect on Corn Grain Yield?Cover crops have recently gained attention in the U.S. Mid-west because of their potential to increase soil organic matter and improve overall soil health. There is some concern however, that cover crops may negatively impact corn grain yield. This study was conducted to determine the effects that different cover crop mixtures have on soil health measurements and corn grain yield at increasing nitrogen rates. Cover crops were planted in the fall as a dominantly grass mixture, dominantly... |
144. Can Kura Clover and Winter Rye Covers Mitigate Nitrate Leaching In Irrigated Sands?Cover crops are gaining more popularity as a mitigation tool to prevent nitrate (NO3--N) leaching from the corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) merr.] fields of Minnesota. Leaching of NO3--N is not only a monetary loss for growers, but also results in groundwater contamination. Winter rye (Secale cereale), a commonly grown cover crop in Minnesota and kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum), a less... |
145. Potassium Fertilizer Rate and Timing in Strip-till Systems: Recent Indiana Research with an Alternative K SourceIncreased adoption of conservation tillage systems and alternative potassium (K) sources (e.g., Aspire™, 0-0-58(K2O)-0.5(B)) has prompted new questions about optimal K fertilization practices in maize. The primary goal of this study was to address farmer questions related to strip-till timing, banding Aspire™ with strip-till versus other tillage/placements (e.g., broadcast in no-till (NT) and fall chisel (FC)), and whether reduced K fertilizer rates can maintain maize yields... L.E. Schwarck, T.J. Vyn |
146. No-till corn nitrogen recommendation using precision soil management practicesIn long-term no-till fields, South Dakota (SD) farmers reported a reduced fertilizer-nitrogen (N) requirement compared to conventional tillage to obtain optimum corn yield. Reduced fertilizer recommendation may be due to improved soil health resulting from increasing soil organic matter, higher soil microbial activities, and improved water and nutrient use efficiency over the years the no-till system is used. However, the impact of soil health measurements on fertilizer-N requirement has not been... D. Bhattarai, J. Clark, D. Clay |
147. Soil and Soybean Responses to Planting into Terminated Prairie StripsPrairie strips are a new conservation practice that are currently implemented in 14 Midwest US states. Prairie strips have been shown to reduce runoff, increase soil health, retain sediment and nutrients, increase biodiversity and have no effect on surrounding crop yield. Due to the comprehensive improvements to soil health under prairie strips, researchers and growers are interested in rotating them on 10-15 year cycles. We have little-to-no knowledge on the effects of planting crops in... C. Dutter, M. St cyr, M. Mcdaniel, C. Carley, A. Singh |
148. Implications of Clay Mineral Analysis for Improved Calibration of Corn Potassium Fertilizer RecommendationsEastern South Dakota has seen an increase in soil potassium (K) deficiencies. To correct those deficiencies and avoid yield reductions, corn producers rely on accurate K fertilizer recommendations (KFRs). Among the various parameters used to estimate a KFR, clay mineralogy has significant potential to increase KFR accuracy. The study has two objectives: first, to determine the relationships among clay mineralogy, K uptake by corn, and KFRs, and second, to calibrate KFRs in South Dakota to incorporate... A. Ahlersmeyer, J. Clark, D. Clay, K. Osterloh |
149. Can ProveN Reduce Corn Nitrogen Requirement in Minnesota?ProveN is a microbial product applied in-furrow with the goal of reducing the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer needed for corn (Zea mays L.). Six field trials were established over three growing seasons in Minnesota to evaluate corn response to nitrogen with and without ProveN applied at planting on the seed. Nitrogen was applied as urea prior to planting at five locations and split applied with 1/3 of the total rates of nitrogen applied at -planting, at V4, and V8 growth stages. ProveN... D. Kaiser, J. Vetsch, M. Currie |
150. Winter Wheat Grain and Straw Impacts from Autumn Starter and Spring Nitrogen Fertilizer StrategiesThe overwintering success of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can be a determining yield factor in Michigan. Autumn-applied starter fertilizer may affect establishment, nutrient uptake, tiller production, and grain and straw yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate soft red winter wheat (SRWW) grain and straw yield in response to autumn applied starter fertilizer, spring nitrogen (N), and varietal stature. A two-year randomized complete block split-plot design with... K. Steinke, L. Thomas |
151. Comparative Effects of Herbicide, Nitrogen Inhibitors and Nitrogen Source on Nitrification and Corn YieldNitrogen management in crops can be challenging due to nitrogen transformations and losses in soil, such as nitrification and denitrification. Nitrification is the conversion of ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-) by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. Nitrates can be lost through leaching during heavy precipitation. Nitrification inhibitor products are used to temporarily slow the nitrification process by... W. Neels, A. Jhala, B. Maharjan, R. Little, J. Iqbal |
152. Soil Fertility Research in ManitobaA listing of current soil fertility research being conducted by the University or Manitoba, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) and provincial extension (Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development). Crops under study include corn, soybeans,, field peas, dry beans, spring wheat and canola. ... J. Heard |
153. The MRTN Approach: Past, Present, and FutureThe method of using crop N response data assimilation, now called the “MRTN approach”, was conceived at a September, 2004 meeting in Bettendorf, Iowa of scientists from several Corn Belt states. This meeting was prompted by findings in field trials that showed substantially lower optimum N rates than those based on using corn yield goal to predict crop N needs; most also showed no correlation between EONR and yield at EONR across trials. The MRTN method is straightforward: yield data... E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer |
154. Promoting Adoption of Precision Nitrogen Management Technologies Through On-farm ResearchThe Nebraska On-Farm Research Network helps farmers evaluate products and practices that impact the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of their operations. There are many technologies that have potential to increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) on corn and winter wheat but typically these technologies have low adoption. At the same time, farmers have technologies such as GPS, yield monitors, and variable-rate application equipment on their farmers that enables them to easily conduct... L. Thompson, L. Puntel, T. Mieno, J. Iqbal, B. Maharjan, J. Luck, S. Norquest, J. Guilherme cesario pereira pinto, C. Uwineza |
155. What Soil Measurements Relate Best to Corn Economic Optimal N Rate?The use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical for optimizing corn (Zea mays L.) yield. However, improper applications can reduce fertilizer efficiency, create environmental issues, and reduce grower profits. The N cycle is largely affected by biological processes. Therefore, the inclusion of biological soil tests alone or in combination with other soil chemical and physical properties may enable us to improve the accuracy of corn N fertilizer needs to optimize yield. From 2018-2021,... J. Clark, P. Kovacs, A. Bly, A. Ahlersmeyer |
156. Agronomic Management of Nitrogen to Reduce N2O Emissions in ManitobaNitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil accounts for about 20% of Manitoba’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Numerous and recent field research has evaluated these emissions as influenced by nitrogen (N) management practices – such as use of enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs), fertilizer placement and timing, use of legume and cover crops and organic farming. Several practices result in considerable decreases in N2O emissions, across a wide... J. Heard, M. Tenuta |
157. Consideration of Clay Mineralogy for Enhanced Prediction of Optimal Corn Potassium Fertilizer RatesProperly calibrated potassium (K) fertilizer recommendations (KFRs) are critical for improving crop yields and maintaining environmental stewardship. Recent innovations in soil and crop management suggest that certain soil factors, including clay mineralogy, can be used to predict optimal K requirements in corn. The objectives of this study include 1) correlate soil K levels to corn yield, 2) calibrate KFRs with clay mineralogy data, and 3) determine the relationships among clay mineralogy, K... A. Ahlersmeyer, J. Clark, K. Osterloh, D. Clay |
158. Comparing Yield Goal and Maximum Return to N Based Methods in Predicting Corn Economic Optimal Nitrogen RatesThere are two main N rate recommendation systems used in the U.S.–Yield goal and maximum return to N (MRTN). The current yield-goal based system for calculating corn N rate recommendations in SD has not been evaluated for accuracy since 2013. Therefore, the objective of this project was to 1) evaluate the accuracy of the current yield goal-based equation and 2) create a database of N response trials and evaluate the accuracy of using the MRTN approach for predicting N rate requirements.... J. Clark, P. Kovacs, A. Bly, C. Graham |
159. Influence of Biological Seed Treatment on Soybean Grain Yield in the U.S.Biological seed treatment in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a growing market in the U.S., with multiple microbially active ingredients and several proposed benefits. Some of the claimed benefits include improving nitrogen fixation, stimulation of root growth, increasing phosphorus, sulfur, and other nutrient absorption, and control of diseases, with the aim to increase soybean grain yield. Farmers are often bombarded with marketing claims about biological seed treatments. In many... F. Colet, R.A. Vann, S.P. Conley, S.L. Naeve, E.G. Matcham, S. Mourtzinis, L.E. Lindsey |
160. Exploring the Impact of Temporal Variability in Emergence on Corn Grain Yield and Development PatternsConcerns have raised among farmers in the Midwest regarding the impacts of uneven emergence of corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Research has showed that even a minor delay in emergence of a few hours could have a substantial influence on plant performance and ear weight; and one of the contributing factors to uneven seedling emergence in corn is the application of starter fertilizer. Placing fertilizers in the seed furrow increases the salt concentration surrounding the seed and as a result, delays... L. Dorissant, P. Kovács, J. Clark |
161. Conservation Practices Lower Soil Test Phosphorus Requirements and Optimize Crop YieldSustainable P management in cropping systems is a challenge in modern agriculture. The implementation of conservation practices of no-till, retaining high levels of residue in the field, and diverse crop rotations may create a more suitable environment for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to accumulate. A greater AMF population may subsequently increase the P available to crops, lowering the soil test P amount needed to optimize crop yield. At the Dakota Lakes Research Farm in Pierre, South... C. Winter, J. Clark, M. Lehman, S. Xu, S. Ireland |
162. Revamping Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendations for MissouriMultiple nitrogen fertilizer rate decision tools have been developed over the years for recommending nitrogen to growers. These tools are based on mass balance equations with expected yield and yield goal, economically optimum nitrogen rate, preplant soil nitrate test, pre-sidedress and late spring soil nitrate test, plant tissue nitrogen, crop growth models, and canopy reflectance sensing. These tools rarely include biological nitrogen in the rate recommendations. Advances in soil health assessment... G. Singh , J.A. Lory, K.A. Nelson, M. Davis, L. Abendroth, G. Kaur, J. Calhoun, J. Chlapecka |
163. Long-Term (16-year) Comparison of Phosphorus Fertilization Strategies: Targeted Soil Test Values Vs. Crop Removal in Corn ProductionDeveloping effective phosphorus (P) fertilization strategies to optimize corn (Zea mays L.) yields across varying environmental conditions is essential. This 16-year study, conducted on Nora silt loam soil in Concord, NE (initial Bray-1 P of 16±3 mg kg⁻¹), evaluated different P fertilization strategies under dry, normal, and wet years. The treatments included: no P or N (NPNN), no P (NP), phosphorus applied at crop removal (CRP), and maintaining soil P at 15 (B15), 30 (B30), and... S. Patel, C. Shapiro, J. Iqbal |
164. Evaluating the Effects of Nitrogen Source, Placement, and Timing on Corn Yield and Nitrogen Losses in the Sandy Soils of Northeast NebraskaThe impact of nitrogen sources, placement, enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs), and application timing on improving groundwater quality in groundwater management areas remains unclear. This study assessed the effects of various N fertilizer sources, EEFs, application timing, and placement on corn yield and nitrogen losses via nitrate (NO3- ) leaching and ammonia (NH3) volatilization. The experiment was conducted in 2023, a notably dry year, at a farmer’s... A. Singh, C. Misar, J. Iqbal |
165. Evaluation of Dicyandiamide and Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers on Corn Production in Upstate MissouriNitrogen fertilizer is the most yield-responsive nutrient in corn production. In-field variability of soil properties such as organic matter content, drainage class, and microbial activity causes challenges in managing this nutrient which causes reduced yield potential and N-use efficiency. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) could reduce some of this variability by keeping N available to the plant longer. This research evaluated a non-treated control (NTC, 0 lbs N ac-1, dicyandiamide (DCD)... D. Steinkamp, K. Nelson, G. Singh , M. Davis |
166. Corn Grain Yield Response to Nitrogen Rate Timing, Source, and Nitrification Inhibitor in MissouriNitrogen response depends on several factors including weather conditions, soil N supply capacity, previous crop in rotation, plant population, and fertilizer management practices. Fertilizer management practices include fertilizer rate, source, application timing, placement, and use of nitrogen stabilizer. In Missouri, the nitrogen fertilizer rate recommendations for corn are based on the yield goal equation. This equation includes the target plant population, pounds of nitrogen removed per thousand... G. Singh , K. Nelson, G. Kaur , J. Lory, M. Davis, L. Abendroth, H. Naumann, J. Calhoun, J. Chlapecka, W. Bradley, C.J. Ransom, R. Carson, P. Pal |
167. Cover Crop Composition: Implications for Crop Yields, Nitrogen Use, and Soil Health in Corn-Soybean RotationsCover crops can improve agricultural sustainability by influencing nitrogen (N) use, enhancing soil health, and optimizing crop yields. However, their effects can vary based on species composition. This study evaluated how different cover crop compositions impact crop yields, N requirements, and soil health in corn-soybean rotations. Field experiments were conducted at Brookings and Beresford, South Dakota. Three cover crops (none, single grass, and multi-species) were interseeded... S. Kodali, J. Clark |
168. Nitrogen Rate and Harvesting Time Based on Growing Degree Days Influenced Winter Cereal Rye Morphological Traits, Forage Yield, Quality, and Farm Profit in Poorly Drained AlfisolsWinter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) (WCR) is often double cropped with maize for silage (Zea mays L.) to increase farm forage supply and profit. Spring nitrogen (N) fertilization to WCR could influence its production and quality at different harvesting times. Therefore, two on-farm trials were conducted in the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing seasons to evaluate the effect of harvesting time (late-March to end-of-April considering the growth stage) and spring N fertilization... G. Burkett, K. Vaughn, O. Adeyemi, O. Zandvakili, M. Battaglia, S. Babaei, J. Nair, S. Still, A. Sadeghpour |
169. Management Practices to Minimize Edge-of-Field Phosphorus LossManaging agricultural phosphorus (P) loss at the edge-of-field is critically important to inhibit the development of algal blooms in freshwater bodies. This is particularly important in the Northern Central region which has an abundance of freshwater lakes, agricultural lands, and harmful algal blooms. Edge-of-field monitoring data allows us to take a broad look at how management affects P export from cropland. Looking across a region over several decades also allows us to evaluate the non-management... L. Pease |