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1. Re-Evaluating Rate, Time, and Placement of Urea and Other Nitrogen Sources in MinnesotaUrea is increasingly an important nitrogen (N) source in Minnesota. Approximately 43% of our farmers use urea as their major N source. In the southwestern, south-central and west-central areas approximately 45% of the N is applied in the fall, 50% is applied in the spring, and 5% is applied at sidedress. While most of those that use urea as the major N source apply it in the spring, approximately 4% do the major application with urea in the fall and there are others that apply some of their N... F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi, J. Vetsch, D. Kaiser |
2. A 2020 Vision on Nutrient Use DecisionsMany farmers this fall are facing significant financial stress due to several factors including low crop prices and weather-induced crop losses. Crop prices are currently much lower than they were in the first half of this decade but we have been here before … time tested principles continue to apply. Past studies of the characteristics of the most profitable farmers show that they tend to have higher yields, lower costs, and are more rapid adopters of technology than their less profit... P.E. Fixen |
3. Nitrogen benefits when interseeding red clover into continuous cornInformation pertaining to the benefits of intereseeding cover crops is lacking. Red clover is a leguminous cover crop that can grow in low radiation environments, is winter hardy for much of the northern USA, and is a low cost weed suppressant that has been shown to provide a nitrogen credit and improve corn yield. While it is clear that red clover is a cover crop that can provide immediate economic benefits in grain-based cropping systems, the potential N credit and the effect of interseedin... H. Francis, M. Ruark, C. Zegler, D. Smith, J. West |
4. Is There a Better Way to Fertilize Corn with Potassium?Potassium (K) is among the most abundantly needed plant nutrients. A 15.7 Mg ha-1 (250 bushel acre-1) corn (Zea mays L.) crop accumulates anywhere from 168-225 kg K2O ha-1 (150-200lbs K2O acre-1) over the course of a growing season, and according to the IPNI Soil Test Summary (2015), about 37% of Illinois’ soil tests are deemed as deficient for K. The objectives of this study were to investigate various methods o... S. Foxhoven, F. Below |
5. Does Maize Need Pre-Plant N if Sub-Drip Fertigation Can be Used To Provide Season Long N?Multiple nitrogen (N) applications are becoming more common as a way to assure adequate N availability for optimum growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.), while minimizing the potential for negative environmental consequences associated with N loss. Unclear, however, is how much N needs to be applied at planting in order to get the full value of in-season applications. Our objectives were to determine the amount of preplant N needed to maximize maize yield, when additional N is prov... B. Wiegmann, F. Below |
6. 4R Nutrient Management for Corn Production on Upper Midwest SoilsCorn (Zea mays L.) demand for nitrogen (N) is often met using inorganic fertilizer on Upper Midwest soils. While applying the right rate of fertilizer N normally has the greatest impact on yield and N use efficiency (NUE), selection of the right fertilizer source, placement, and application timing can fine-tune rate recommendations, improve NUE by matching soil N availability to corn demand, and minimize loss to the environment. Given the diversity of corn production environments, th... J. Spackman, F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi |
7. Winter Cereal Rye Nitrogen Response and Fertilization RequirementWinter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has been a common cover crop choice due to seed cost, winter hardiness, and rapid spring growth. It could also be an alternative grain crop to include in a corn-soybean rotation. Also, a rye crop would provide soil coverage during the springtime when corn and soybean do not. No known research has investigated the N fertilization requirement for winter cereal rye seed production in Iowa. The objectives of this study were to evaluate N response in ... C. Martins, J. Sawyer, J. Lundvall |
8. Can nitrogen application rate and timing management contribute to yield benefit in dryland winter wheat?Nitrogen (N) is a key component that affects grain yield and protein content in wheat. Optimizing fertilizer N application rate and time may contribute to an increased yield along with an adequate protein level. To evaluate the effects of different rates and application timing of N on grain yield and quality, a field study was carried out at four different locations across Nebraska (Mead, Grant, Sidney, and Scottsbluff) in 2018/19. At all locations, the experimental layout was split-plot rand... D. Ghimire, B. Maharjan |
9. Nitrogen Application, Biological N Fixation, and N UptakePrevious collaborative research in the Midwest has shown that there is likely little to no need of N for soybean, except under certain conditions (such as when low soil moisture limits N fixation, or when low initial soil nitrate-N limits overall N availability). However, none of the site-years used in this synthesis analysis were on sandy soils. Because sandy soils supply little nitrate-N, the potential impact of N on crop yield is greater in sandy environments than on silt loam soils. Howev... A.M. Walters, M.D. Ruark, J.M. Gaska, C. Zegler, S.P. Conley |
10. Nitrogen Source and Application Timing to Improve Corn Yield and Reduce Nitrate in Tile-Drain WaterNitrogen (N) fertilizer is among the most important inputs for corn because of this crop’s large N requirements. When N fertilizer applications exceed crop needs, that N can be lost to the environment or be incorporated into the soil organic matter Many farmers in the US Midwest install subsurface drainage to remove excess water from the soil. The drained water leached from the farms contains nitrate-N (NO3), which poses risks to surface waters. Midwest agriculture ... S. Menegaz, F. Fernandez |
11. Efficacy of Variable-Rate Application Technology for Phosphorus, Potassium, and Lime ManagementVariable-rate (VR) application technology may improve P and K fertilizer and lime use efficiency, increase crop yield and the profitability of crop production, and reduce within-field soil-test variability. On-farm research assessed the potential of VR P or K fertilization and liming for corn and soybean in Iowa. Replicated strip-trials evaluated one to three cycles of the two-year rotation. Treatments for areas 10-30 acres in size were a non-fertilized or unlimed control, VR based on dense g... A.P. Mallarino |
12. Does Starter Fertilizer Benefit Late Planted Corn?Starter fertilizers are used by producers to help overcome wet and cool soils often encountered with early planted corn. Early planted corn in no-tilled fields and limited drainage typically have the greatest chance of response from starter fertilizers. Starter fertilizers can range from a mixture of UAN, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and other fertilizers to low salt (LS) formulations containing N, P, K and various micronutrients. Some that promote LS starter fertilizer products claim that U... E. Ritchey, H. York |
13. Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Corn Yield as Affected by Applied Sulfur and Nitrogen FertilizerOverall corn (Zea mays L.) yield response, as well as nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency, can be affected by multiple factors, including the supply of other nutrients such as sulfur. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen with added sulfur fertilizer on corn response parameters i) whole plant nitrogen uptake, ii) yield, and iii) nitrogen use efficiency when compared to nitrogen alone. Nitrogen Use Efficiencies evaluated in this study included i) A... T. Husa, D. Ruiz diaz |
14. Cereal Rye Cover Crops Mitigate Soil Phosphorus Stratification from Long-term No-tillageMinimal or no-tillage is a widely adopted soil conservation practice and has been documented to reduce soil erosion, increase soil organic matter, and even reduce nutrient losses. Without tillage cultivation, however, phosphorus (P) can become stratified in surface soil layers and this may limit availability to crops or even increase bioavailable-P losses. Our primary objective was to measure the long-term (12-year) effects of long-term no-tillage (NT), cereal rye cover crops (CC), and their ... R.W. Barker, M.J. Helmers, M.D. Mcdaniel |
15. Influence of Biological Seed Treatment on Soybean Grain Yield in the U.S.Biological seed treatment in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a growing market in the U.S., with multiple microbially active ingredients and several proposed benefits. Some of the claimed benefits include improving nitrogen fixation, stimulation of root growth, increasing phosphorus, sulfur, and other nutrient absorption, and control of diseases, with the aim to increase soybean grain yield. Farmers are often bombarded with marketing claims about biological seed treatments. In man... F. Colet, R.A. Vann, S.P. Conley, S.L. Naeve, E.G. Matcham, S. Mourtzinis, L.E. Lindsey |
16. Effects of Variable Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates on Corn Grain Yield, Profitability, and Nitrogen Losses in Southwestern MinnesotaGlobal crop production heavily relies on the application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, which unfortunately comes with environmental concerns. The primary pathways N is lost to the environment is through nitrate leaching into groundwater, ammonia volatilization, and nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere. This ongoing study started in 2021 at the University of Minnesota Southwest Research and Outreach Center in Lamberton, MN, to comprehensively assess the effects of varying N fertilizer rate... Z.J. Aanerud, F.G. Fernández, R.T. Venterea, P.H. Pagliari, A.M. Cates, J.L. Nieber |
17. Effects of Fertilizer Nitrogen Management on Biomass, Oil, and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Peppermint in Nebraska PanhandlePeppermint (Mentha pipperita) is an aromatic perennial herb that contains aromatic oil, primarily menthol. Irrigated peppermint production requires large nitrogen (N) input, which is often higher than for irrigated corn. Therefore, if not managed properly, mint production has a high potential for N loss, including emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). Nitrous oxide is a major greenhouse gas and also the single most important ozone-depleting emission. Increasing N2O ... S. De silva, B. Maharjan |
18. Conservation Practices Lower Soil Test Phosphorus Requirements and Optimize Crop YieldSustainable P management in cropping systems is a challenge in modern agriculture. The implementation of conservation practices of no-till, retaining high levels of residue in the field, and diverse crop rotations may create a more suitable environment for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to accumulate. A greater AMF population may subsequently increase the P available to crops, lowering the soil test P amount needed to optimize crop yield. At the Dakota Lakes Research Farm in Pierre, South... C. Winter, J. Clark, M. Lehman, S. Xu, S. Ireland |
19. Does Sensor-based Nitrogen Management Maintain Crop Production and Decrease Nitrate-N Leaching?To improve water quality, nitrogen (N) management in corn production systems should shift from current N decision support system [maximum return to N (MRTN)] which suggests a single rate N addition to sensor-based (GreenSeeker) active N management (variable N rate approach). Single rate N recommendations often result in under- and over-N addition and either increase environmental N losses or cause corn yield penalty. Our objectives were to evaluate corn optimum nitrogen N requirement (EORN) i... A. Sadeghpour, M. Guzel, J. Mcgrath, O. Adeyemi, B. Arnall, O. Guzel |
20. The Alfalfa Yield Plateau: is Soil Fertility the Cause?Alfalfa is a perennial forage legume known for its ability to produce high quality hay, earning it the title the “Queen of Forages.” It is produced across the United States as feed for the beef, dairy, and equine industries. During the 1950s, alfalfa yields rose exponentially due to advances in technologies such as improved varieties, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides. However, yields plateaued at approximately 3.3 tons per acre in the 1980s for reasons not fully understood an... W. Fleming, E. Ritchey, C. Teutsch, J. Grove |
21. Effect of Long-Term Tillage and Crop Rotation on Mineral Associated Organic Matter Distribution Along the Soil ProfileSoil carbon (C) stability in soil organic matter (SOM) is critical for mitigating climate change as well as for providing food security. SOM associated with mineral Mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) has a longer residence time than the light, sand-sized particulate organic matter (POM). Therefore, it is important to study the effect of conservation practices like no tillage and crop rotation on MAOM distribution to better understand carbon stability and persistence. The objective of th... A. Gautam, T. Vyn, S. Armstrong |
22. Corn Response to Nitrogen Fixation Technology in Upstate MissouriNitrogen is one of the most expensive corn input costs and is critical for grain production. Nitrogen (N) fixing bacteria convert atmospheric N into organic forms that can be utilized by the plant are common with legumes. The symbiosis between Rhizobia and legumes is a critical plant–microbe mutualism that is essential for high yielding soybean. Recently, an emphasis on developing technology to supply corn with additional N through biological processes has been a focus of several agribu... D.J. Steinkamp, K.A. Nelson, G. Singh, G. Kaur, H. Kaur |
23. Employing Statistical Models to Determine the Soil Tests and/or Soil Characteristics That Improved EONR Prediction in CornIn corn production, nitrogen (N) fertilization is crucial for increasing yield. However, in the last few years, there has been a push to use less N due to environmental concerns and production costs. There has been an interest in using soil health tests to predict N mineralization potential and further understand soil N availability to adjust N recommendation rates. Different statistical models like regression or decision tree analysis have been used to determine how the Economic Optimum N Ra... D. Orjuela diaz, C.A. Laboski, F. Arriaga |
24. Water Use Efficiency and Soil Changes After Long-term Crop Rotation Under Limited IrrigationLong-term crop rotation intensity and diversity can affect key soil properties. In semi-arid regions, the combined factors of rotation and soil properties may also affect the overall water use efficiency from either limited irrigation or rainfall. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in soil properties, and water use efficiency of corn grown under different rotation intensity and diversity and limited/supplemental irrigation. A field experiment was conducted over seven years in... P. Garcia, D. Ruiz diaz, B. Olson, A. Tonon rosa, K. Roozeboom |