Proceedings
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1. 4R Phosphorus Management for Soybeans in the Northern Frontier: Rate and Placement Effects on Plant Stand, Biomass and Seed YieldVery little research has been conducted to determine the best rate, source, placement, and timing of P fertilizer for modern soybean cultivars grown in the Canadian Prairies. Preliminary results of the two years of field studies at 10 locations in Manitoba showed that typical agronomic rates of seed row P did not decrease plant stand and seed yield at any sites; nor was seed yield increased at any site, even with Olsen P concentrations as low as 3 ppm.... |
2. A Mechanistic Approach to Nitrogen Fertilizer RecommendationsIn efforts to improve Nitrogen (N) management, many new methodologies involving advanced technology such as optical sensors are being utilized. Although these new technologies have been proven to improve N management, their use in production agriculture is relatively low. The majority of farmers are still using mechanistic equations or simply pounds per bushel to determine their N rates due to low cost and ease of use. However, most of these N recommendation equations are becoming antiquated, an... |
3. Accuracy of Credits and Soil Indicies for Predicting Nitrogen Response in Corn Following AlfalfaCorn is the most frequent first- and second-year crop following alfalfa in the upper midwestern United States. In the majority of reported cases, there is little need for additional fertilizer N to optimize yield of first-year corn following alfalfa. For second-year corn following alfalfa, fertilizer N is needed in about one-half of cases and the economically optimum N rate (EONR) has varied greatly in responsive fields. The objective of this research was to use literature data to evaluate the ... |
4. Assessing the Benefits of Radish as a Cover CropOilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L) is a popular cover crop for no-till farmers in Wisconsin, especially among those that include winter wheat in rotation since radish can accumulate large amounts of nitrogen (N). However, previously presented research in Wisconsin has not shown a clear N credit for a subsequent corn crop. Additionally, there is a lack of information that quantifies other benefits of radish, including compaction reduction and nematode suppression. The objective of this project w... |
5. Basic Considerations of Soil Compaction, Tillage, and Crop ProblemsSoil compaction is one of the mosc challenging variables in crop production in the Midwest. It affects early crop growth and can lead to yield reductions. The most unusual aspect of soil compaction is the variety of crop symptoms that can develop. Few absolute answers are available on the topic of soil coapac- tion. Our research is lixited to the effects of different soil conditions on yields and some early synptoms that can be caused by soil compact ion. We have developed three principles th... G.C. Steinhardt |
6. Changes in P Uptake and Partitioning in Soybean Cultivars Released in the Last 90 YearsHistorical changes in nutrient uptake and partitioning of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were not studied. Field studies were conducted in 2011 and 2012 to investigate phosphorus (P) uptake changes and partitioning through the growing season in 25 maturity group (MG) II, and 26 MG III cultivars. Plant samples were taken and partitioned at V4 (four trifoliates), R2 (full bloom), R4 (full pod), R6 (full seed), and R8 (physiological maturity) growth stages. In-season samples were partitioned into... |
7. Comparison of Soil Properties under Long-Term Crop Rotation and TillageShifts in cropping systems from long-term rotations including forages to mostly annual crops has intensified tillage, but has also led to the development of conservation tillage practices such as no-till. There is a shortage of information about the interactive, long-term effects of rotation and tillage on soil quality. The objective of this study was to assess soil chemical and physical properties after 15 years of crop rotation and tillage treatments. Continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CCC), corn... |
8. Corn Nitrogen Rate Response and Crop Yield in a Rye Cover Crop SystemWater quality impairment related to N loss from crop production fields continues to be a concern in Iowa, including meeting the USEPA nitrate-N drinking water standard and reducing N export to the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, in-field production practices would be helpful to aid in reduction of nitrate leaching and movement to water systems. One practice identified in the science assessment for the Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy is use of a winter cereal rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crop, where ... |
9. Cover Crops Effects on Nutrient Cycling and Fertilizer Recommendations... |
10. Cover Crops Following Corn Silage and Winter WheatCover crops are widely used in Wisconsin following corn silage or winter wheat harvest to control erosion, but effects on subsequent corn yields and their optimum N rates have not been documented. Two separate studies were conducted to: (1) determine the effect of rye as a cover or silage crop on corn yields at varying N rates and (2) determine the effect of radish on corn yields and optimum N rates. In two of three years, a reduction in corn silage yield was determined following rye silage comp... |
11. Crop Potassium Uptake and UtilizationCropping systems currently face dual challenges of maximizing yields in a sustainable approach. The importance of a balanced nutrition is critical for increasing crop production. In the past decades, comprehensive studies were performed for nitrogen (N) in corn and for phosphorus (P) in soybean. From a physiological standpoint, a synthesis-analysis on potassium (K) content, utilization, interaction with other nutrients and final impact on yield is relevant and needed for properly understanding s... |
12. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Placement and Sources on No-till CornNo-tillage production of corn can lead to a number of savings for growers including costs of time, machinery, labor, and energy. However, savings of soil and water are perhaps the most important attributes of no-tillage production on the sloping, erosion-prone soils found in southern Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and Kentucky. Producer acceptance of no-tillage has not been overwhelming. Prob- lems in achieving acceptable stands, difficulties in adequately con- trolling pests of all types, especia... |
13. Effect of Residual Profile Nitrate on Corn Response to N Fertilization in WisconsinResearch in several Great Plains and Western states has shown that crop yield response to fertilizer N is closely related to the amounts of residual nitrate in soil profiles. Based on this work, nitrogen fertilizer recommendations in these low-rainfall areas are adjusted to reflect the contribution of residual nitrate to the total crop nitrogen requirement. Use of residual profile nitrate data in development of N fertilizer recommendations has received much less research attention in the higher ... |
14. Effect of Starter Fertilizer and Plant Date on Soybean Growth, Nodulation, and YieldEnvironmental conditions at the time of planting are a crucial determinant to soybean (Glycine max) yield potential. In recent years, it has become common in Ohio to begin planting earlier in the growing season, as soon as mid- or late-April in some cases. However, soil conditions are typically cooler and wetter at this time as opposed to later planting dates, and nutrient availability may be limited. When planting soybeans into cool and wet soil, the application of a starter fertilizer may be b... |
15. Effect of Tillage, Rotation (Maize and Soybean), and Nitrogen Rate in a Long Term Study on Solvita, Water Extract, H3A Extract ValuesA long term rainfed tillage/rotation/N rate study was established in 1985 on a mostly Coleridge silty clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Cumulic Haplustoll). The study is a factorial of plow, disk, and no-till under continuous corn (Zea mays) and corn following soybeans (Glycine Max) with five nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg ha -1). Soil samples were taken from all rotation/tillage combinations and three N rates in the fall of 2013 to 0.20 m (8 in). They were analyzed using ... |
16. Effects of Nitrogen Managemetn on Maize Yield and Nitrate Leachingon Irrigated Sandy SoilsIrrigated sands are some of the most productive and environmentally sensitive areas in Minnesota. Reducing nitrate leaching is critical for corn (Zea mays L.) production as ground water is a major source of drinking water in these soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate agricultural technologies that may improve nitrogen (N) management for profitable corn production and mitigate negative effects in groundwater. A randomized complete block design with four replications was established... |
17. Evaluating the Interaction between Chelated Fe Source and Placement on Phosphorus Availability in SoybeanIn agriculture, chelating agents are used to supplement micronutrients, such as iron (Fe). However, little research has been conducted on a field scale to evaluate chelating agent effects on phosphorus (P) uptake. The objectives of this study were to evaluate four commercially available chelated Fe sources on early soybean growth and nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) uptake. The study was conducted at two locations, and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicati... |
18. Evaluation of Adapt-N in the Corn BeltNitrogen is the plant nutrient required in the largest quantity, the most likely to be deficient, and the most impactful on corn yield as well as grower profit. Providing N to a corn crop in the right amount while minimizing loss is difficult because of complex biological and chemical reactions that result in the loss of N from the crop root zone via deep percolation to ground water, lateral flow, runoff and erosion to surface waters, and volatile losses to the atmosphere as ammonia, nitrogen g... |
19. Evaluation of Secondary and Micronutrient for Soybean Production in KansasSecondary and micronutrients are being increasingly studied for their potential to contribute to yield increase. The objective of this study was to evaluate soybean response to secondary and micronutrient fertilizer application to maximize yields. A randomized complete block design was employed with four replications, at five locations during 2013 and five locations in 2014. Treatments consisted of micronutrient fertilizer as individual nutrient for B, Cu, Mn, S and Zn, in addition to a mix of t... |
20. Evaluation of Weed Management Strategies on Grain Sorghum Nitrogen Status and Grain Yield Using Optical SensorsInformation on weed management options and relation to nutrient status is very limited for grain sorghum production. The objectives of this study were: (i) determine the effects of different weed management strategies on grain sorghum yield; and (ii) evaluate the impact on nitrogen (N) status and development of the crop. This study was established at two locations in 2014 (Smith and Reno Co in Kansas). The study used a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Two main factors evalua... |
21. Fertilizer Placement and Tillage Interaction in Corn and Soybean ProductionDifferent tillage systems can affect the availability of phosphorus (P) in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects and interaction of fertilizer placement, tillage, and varieties/hybrids for corn and soybean. The experiment was established at two locations in Kansas in 2014. The experimental design was a factorial in a randomized complete block with four replications. Three fertilizer treatments were combined with two tillage systems and two varieties/hybrids of soybean... |
22. Field Correlation of Tissue Testing for Phosphorus and Potassium in Corn and SoybeanInterest in tissue testing as a method of guiding fertilization and detecting nutrient deficiencies in corn and soybean in the upper Midwest is increasing. Tissue testing may be a helpful diagnostic tool for assessing in-season crop nutrients deficiencies. No current yield-response based interpretations for tissue test results are available in Iowa, although previous reports based on limited data collected during the 1990s and 2000s suggested that the value of tissue testing for phosphorus (P) a... |
23. FS Green Plan Lender's Review- Introducing Local Lenders to FS Green Plan Crop ProductionGeneral 1. Increase communications between local lending agency Objectives: personnel and member company staff. 2. Introduce the FS GREEN PLAN crop production program to lenders. Familarize them with what FS has to offer their farmer cl ients. 3. Show lenders how FS GREEN PLAN programs recommend optimum production inputs to maximize crop profits for farmers. 4. Emphasize the availability of economic and net income projections to the farmer and his banker through use of the GREEN PLAN program. 5.... |
24. Groundwater Quality and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Nebraska's Central Platte River ValleyIn response to increasing levels of nitrate-N in groundwater in the Central Platte River Valley of Nebraska, intensive education and then regulatory efforts were implemented starting in the 1980s, to encourage adoption of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation management practices which can reduce nitrate leaching to groundwater. Since 1988, there have been steady declines in average NO 3-N concentrations in groundwater in the Central Platte River Valley, resulting from adoption of recommended pract... |
25. High Yield Corn ResearchThe objective of this study was to evaluate four corn hybrids at 15 and 30 inch row spacing and at plant densities of 28,000 and 34,000 plants per acre. The irrigated study was conducted at East Lansing on a Metea loamy sand soil. The 15 inch row spacing was obtained by back-planting in between 30 inch rows. Other cultural and management inputs are described at the bottom of Table 1. The first obviously noticeable difference in 1984 was the uneven stand in the 15 inch row spacing particularly fo... |
26. Improving Alfalfa Production in Wisconsin with Sulfur and Potassium FertilizerThe longevity and quality of an alfalfa stand is an essential component for Wisconsin�s dairy rotations. A study was developed to determine the effects of sulfur and potassium applications on the growth and development of alfalfa stands. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of i) S fertilizer rate, timing and form on alfalfa yield, ii) recommended or no K fertilizer application on alfalfa yield on soils testing optimum or low for K, and iii) S and K application on soil tes... |
27. Improving Corn Yield Potential with Banded Phosphorus FertilizerHigh fertilizer costs and concerns about water quality issues have caused many Midwest corn producers to take a greater interest in improving the efficiency of phosphorus (P) fertilizer applications. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of P source, rate and placement on P use efficiency in high-yield corn production systems. The experiment was conducted in 2013 at two locations in Illinois. Two P fertilizer sources (mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP, 11-52-0) or an enhanced MA... |
28. Influence of Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization on Alfalfa Yields Under Intensive HarvestIn the northern part of the North Central (NC) states cutting management schedule and adequate fertilizer are important factors in maintaining alfalfa stands. Recent work in Minnesota by Sheaffer indicates that fall cutting poses some risks to lon-term stand persistance but should be considered as a management alternative to allow greater harvest flexibility. He further states that stand loss can be greatly reduced by high levels of fertilizer (particularly potassium). The study I am reporting o... |
29. Managing UAN Solutions in No-tillage CornStudies in many states over the past several years have indicated some type of inefficiency associated with broacasting N (nitrogen) as UAN (urea-anmnium nitrate) solution in no-tillage corn production situa- tions. Broadcasting UAN has often given lower yields when ccmpared to injected anhydrous amnonia or broadcast amnonium nitrate. Several theories have been proposed to account for this inefficiency, including volatilization of the urea canponent of the UAN, inmobilization of N during breakdo... |
30. Minnesota Long-Term Phosphorus Management Trials: Phase I, The Build PeriodPhosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations are usually made using one of two philosophies, Build and Maintain or Sufficiency. In recent years, the Sufficiency approach has been questioned because of concerns of reducing soil test levels and yield sustainability and whether it has the same yield potential as the Build and Maintain approach. Trials were initiated in 2010 at six locations across Minnesota to develop various soil test P Interpretation Classes in replicated experiments. The initial ph... |
31. Nitrogen Management of Bioenergy Miscanthus on Claypan Soil LandscapesBioenergy crop Miscanthus x giganteus has been well studied for its yield in Europe and certain parts of the US Midwest but little has been done to investigate Miscanthus production in settings economically marginal for grain production. This study was conducted to determine nitrogen (N) requirements and yield potentials of M. x giganteus in degraded claypan soils. The effects of N fertilizer rates were investigated at four different locations in central Missouri on a Mexico series soil (fine, s... |
32. Nitrogen Timing, Loss, and Replacement... |
33. North Dakota Corn Recommendations for Preplant and Sensor Directed Sidedress NNitrogen rates for preplant N application in North Dakota have been drastically revised. The former yield-based strategy may have served when N costs were stable and relatively low and high yields in North Dakota were rarely higher than 100 bushels per acre. Due to improved germplasm developed at North Dakota State University and other northern Land-Grant Universities with favorable adaptation to North Dakota climate and soil conditions corn has become one of the most planted crops in the state.... |
34. P and K Fertilizer on Bottomland SoilsP and K Fertility on Bottomland Soils 1 William 0. Thom 2 Most of the bottomland soils of western Kentucky are important areas for corn and soybean production. They consist of the Belknap, Karnak, Melvin, Sadler, Stendal and Waverly soil series that are somewhat poorl y to poorl y drained. A phosphorus and potassium study was initiated on the Belknap soil in Webster County. Soybeans and corn were alternated during the 4 year study. The P study consisted of 5 rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 Ibs P ... |
35. Phosphorus and Water Quality Issues in Lake ErieWhat are harmful algae blooms? Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are so named because they can produce toxins (or poisons) that can cause illness or irritation sometimes even death in pets, livestock, and humans. The term algae is somewhat misleading since HABs are actually cyanobacteria, which are commonly referred to as blue-green algae, and are not true algae. These organisms act like many other plant and use photosynthesis to capture sunlight but unlike most plants and algae some can fix their own... |
36. Phosphorus Dynamics of Land-Applied Compost Bedded Pack Dairy Barn Product in Low and High Soil Test Phosphorus EnvironmentsCharacterizing and understanding the nutrient dynamics of land applied compost bedded pack dairy barn (CBP) products is necessary because this waste management system and its fertility use are increasingly common. An aerobic mineralization study was conducted to observe the phosphorus (P) dynamics of land-applied CBP product in low and high soil test P (STP) environments. An innovative phosphorus fractionation strategy employing UV-assisted organic P decomposition helped quantify fractions corre... |
37. Phosphorus Sorption Behavior of Kentucky Soils with Varying Indigenous Phosphorus ContentThe risk of phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural lands through surface transport to waterways increases with increasing levels of soil P. Agricultural soils in the Inner and Outer Bluegrass of Kentucky have high indigenous P content. This study investistigates the phsophorus sorption characteristics that influence the soils potential for P loss to water bodies. Four soils from the Inner Bluegrass and four soils from the Outer Bluegrass were identified as eing agriculturally significant soils ... |
38. Planting Date, Nitrogen Rate, and Nitrogen Timing Interactions to Optimize Winter Wheat ProductionWinter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planting date is a large contributing factor for high yield production systems located within the central Great Lakes Basin, and nitrogen (N) rate and timing strategies offer the opportunity to improve both the production and efficiency of winter wheat when considered in combination with planting date. A field study was initiated in East Lansing, MI to determine the effects of planting date, N application timing, and total N application rate on winter wheat y... |
39. Potassium Management, Soil Testing and Crop ResponseNew field research is conducted in Iowa as issues or questions arise to assure that nutrient management guidelines are up to date and to address new issues. This article briefly summarizes two major projects with potassium (K) whose results are useful to improve the efficacy of nutrient management and crop production. One project focused on correlating soil-test K methods with response of corn and soybean to fertilization and on obtaining better estimates of the concentration of K in corn and so... |
40. Profile Distribution of Available Potassium in Des Moines Lobe SoilsPlant potassium (K) concentrations and soil fertility evaluations to predict available K have received renewed attention during the past few years due to increasing interest in harvesting crop residues as feedstock for production of bioenergy and other bio-products [e.g., button mushroom (Agaricus Bisiporus) compost]. Interest in K crop nutrition has also increased as more producers adopt reduced or no-tillage production practices. This latter situation is not new, because the potential for K de... |
41. Quantifying the Effects of Nutrient Management and Cover Crops on Soil Microbial Communities and Soybean ProductionAgricultural productivity relies upon microbial communities to cycle nutrients from soil to plant yet little information is available concerning how nutrient management and cover cropping practices influence microbial activity and crop production. Lack of consistent soybean (Glycine max L.) yield response to applied fertilizer has resulted in a need to further investigate management practices focused upon enhancing soil biological activity which in turn may feed the crop. A field study was init... |
42. Small Grain Response to Potassium and Chloride AdditionsStudies have been conducted over a three-year period to determine the frequency and the cause of small grain response to KC1 additions on high K soils. During the first two years responsiveness of hard red spring wheat, spring barley, and oats were compared at six locations in eastern South Dakota. Broadcast applications of 167 lbs/A of KC1 caused grain yield increases significant at the 0.05 probability level at four sites for wheat and two sites for barley while no oat yield increases were mea... |
43. Soil Mineralogy and Potassium AvailabilityIn this talk, I will try to answer four questions. The outline below gives the overall framework for the presentation. 1. What are the mineral sources of potassium? Primary minerals crystallize from the magma. Those that contain K are: Feldspars (microcline and orthoclase) Micas (biotite and muscovite) Primary minerals weather decompose by several mechanisms. Chemical bonds are destabilized by acid attack. Al ions are complexed by orga... M.L. Thompson |
44. Some Effects of Soil Compaction on Root GrowthRoot growth and nutrient uptake are obviously related, and yet not well unders tood under field conditions . An oversimplified premise is that plant roots must grow to the site in the soil where the nutrients are retained, or that the nutrient must move to the absorbing root sur-face (or both). Relationships developed under well controlled uniform laboratory conditions of ten do not extrapolate to field conditions. In this respect, progress is often hindered by the fact that root growth measurem... |
45. Soybean Chlorosis Management ProgramChlorosis in soybeans is a problem wherever soybeans are grown on high pH soils. In Nebraska, most of the soybeans are grown in the southeastern half of the state. Here the upland soils are neutral to moderately acid; however, many of the river valley soils are alkaline. Thus, chlorosis is a problem in the Platte and Elkhorn River Valleys and to a lesser extent, in the Republican and Loup River Valleys. Not all soils in the river valleys are prone to chlorosis OF soybeans even though many are al... |
46. Soybean Whole Plant, and Trifoliate Phosphorus Concentration Relationships to Yield and Phosphorus Removal RatesPlant tissue analysis is becoming a more popular tool to diagnosis nutrient deficiencies. Whole plant samples may be taken early ( corrections. Leaf samples taken just before grain fill may be used to diagnose problem spots in a field. Benton Jones Jr. et al. (1991) reports that the phosphorus (P) sufficiency range for upper most developed trifoliates is between 0.26 and 0.50 percent P. There is no published data on whole plant P sufficiency ranges from V4 to V6. Nutrient grain analysis is valua... |
47. Stand Age Affects Fertilizer Nitrogen Response in First-Year Corn Following AlfalfaThrough a symbiotic relationship with soil bacteria, alfalfa can acquire nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere, use the N for its own growth, and contribute large amounts of N to subsequent crops. To estimate this N contribution, most land-grant universities use book-value N credits based on alfalfa stand density at termination. However, a recent literature analysis indicated that alfalfa stand density is not a reliable predictor of grain yield response to fertilizer N in first-year corn. That analys... |
48. Sulfur Fertility for Kentucky AgricultureSulfur (S) fertility concerns are becoming more common in Kentucky due to the reduction in atmospheric deposition resulting from more stringent air quality concerns. The most likely crops where S deficiency would first occur are winter wheat and alfalfa, due to mineralization rates or high removal rates. Currently few, if any, fields in Kentucky show consistent S deficiency problems. Tissue surveys were conducted in alfalfa fields during 2013 and 2014 to assess S status in alfalfa. Twenty-one pe... |
49. Switchgrass Rhizobacterial Community Structure as a Function of Cultivar and Nitrogen Fertility at Two Sites in MinnesotaBiofuel production using native perennial grasses such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has potential to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil and curtail greenhouse gas emissions. Switchgrass can also provide significant ecosystem services, such as nutrient loss reduction and carbon sequestration. Best management practices (BMPs) for switchgrass fertility are being established on a regional basis, yet little work has been done to examine the intersection of soil fertility with soil biology in ... |
50. Tolerance to Low pH- Soluable Aluminum by Winter Wheat Grown in KansasThe majority of Kansas soils are relatively young ic terms of geologic development. Low pHs and the need for liming are not common in other than the eastern third of Kansas. In South Central Kansas, isolated very low pK's have been reported in fields predo~inantly cropped to continuous wheat since the late 1970s. However, in the past three to four years, an increasing number of low pH soils have been reported. A summary of the soil test results from the KSU Soil Testing Lab by year shows a dram... |
51. Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources to Enhance Tolerance and Recovery of New Corn Hybrids from Early Season Soil WaterloggingCorn (Zea mays L.) production losses due to temporarily flooded or saturated soils resulting from excessive precipitation are a persistent problem in Missouri and the Midwest Region of the United States. In 2011 alone, monetary losses for corn and soybean (Glycine max) production due to excessive flooding in the Midwest were calculated to be more than $1.6 billion. Application of different sources of nitrogen (N) fertilizer may promote increased flood tolerance and recovery in interaction with d... |