Proceedings
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1. 1989 Agronomic Implications of the 1988 DroughtHistorical Perspective Grain marketing analysts have a rule of thumb that says, "A short crop has a long tail". From the agronomist's point of view, a similar statement could be made for the agronomic implications of the 1988 drought. And coming on the heals of several years of depressed prices, there are some psychological effects that must be considered in working out management plans for farmers for the 1989 growing season. Since the 1988 season broke all previous records for extent and durat... |
2. An Evaluation of Nitrogen Application Methods for Ridge-Planted CornRidge planting is a conservation tillage method receiving some attention in the Midwest at the present time. In this system the crop is planted atop a ridge which was formed by cultivation of the previous year's crop. There is generally no tillage performed between ridge building and the next year's planting. The system is similar to no-till in that large quantities of residue are often present on the soil surface in the spring, most being concentrated in the ridge furrows. Research initiated in... |
3. Credibility in Soil Testing- Analytical ResultsIn Illinois, soil testing to help farmers plan line and fertilizer programs are done by cumrnercial testing services. The Agronoiny Department, University of Illinois participates in the State Soil Testing Program in research and coordinating rules. Kecognizing that sources of error in the program may occur in FIELD SAMPLING, ANALYTICAL TESTING, INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS, or FORUMLATION OF RECOMMENDATIONS this paper focuses on ANALYTICAL TESTING. Two quality assurarlce programs in ANALYTlC... |
4. Credibility of soil Testing- Results os the Iowa Task ForceSeveral factors led to the convening of the Iowa Soil Testing Task Force: (1) The Iowa legislature passed the 1987 Groundwater Protection Act; (2) The Big Spring study in northeast Iowa in a Karst topography region revealed presence of pesticides and nitrates in groundwater; (3) Public awareness of contaminants in public water supplies was enhanced by influential newspapers and other publications; (4) Influential publications did major stories on the results of soil test comparison studies of se... |
5. Cropping System Effects on Phosphorus Response of CornToday's corn producer performs less tillage than in the past and predictions indicate that even less will be done in the future. Changes in management practices involving different tillage and residue incorporation practices alter the dynamics of organic matter turnover in soil and may influence the supply of plant nutrients. To maximize efficiency, it is critical that information be available to guide fertilizer management adjustments for specific tillage and rotation systems. A tremendous amou... |
6. Effect of Application N timing and Plant Growth Regulator use in WheatWinter wheat is an important cash crop grown in the Midwestern states. However, progress in yield advancement has been slow compared to advances in other major wheat producing regions, notably Euro~e. This has lead to a competitive disadvantage of USA-produced wheat on the world market. In an effort to enhance wheat productivity and profitability a series of experiments were established in the fall of 1985 to assess the impact of more intensified management practices including the use of multipl... |
7. Effect of Climatic Variability on Grain YieldsThere are three cycles in climate and weather that affect the north central part of the United States. They are (1) a long term cycle of global temperature changes; (2) an 18.5 year wet and dry cycle; and (3) the El Ni�o cycle. ... |
8. Effect of Nitrogen Rate and time of Application on Mefluidide Treated Smooth BromeLivestock producers who graze beef cattle or dairy animals usually have an abundance of pasture during spring when cool-season grasses grow rapidly. As hot, summer weather arrives, cool-season grasses cease vegetative growth and produce seed. Forage quality decreases as the grasses become dormant. Without alternative pastures or forages, cool season pastures become over-grazed and cattle performance is reduced. Using pastures composed of warm-season grasses that produce maximum dry matter during... |
9. Effect of Time of N fertilizer Application on Corn Grain Yield in IowaThe current concern about the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilizer use on the environment has caused a shift in the thinking about N management. Crop producers are interested in techniques (application methods) that will maximize the amount of N fertilizer harvested in the crop, and conversely minimize the amount remaining in the soil after harvest. Split applications or sidedress applications are common approaches currently being studied as a way to increase the efficiency of N fertilizer manageme... |
10. Effects of Chloride Rates and Sources on Winter Wheat in KansasOn wheat, and some other cereal grains, chloride has been reported to have an effect on plant diseases, either suppressing the disease organism or causing the plant to be able to withstand infection. It is hypothesized that yield increases are due to these effects. Researchers from several states have been able to show yield increases from chloride containing fertilizers. The most common source is potassium chloride, KC1. In many cases, soil test potassium levels are high, and most soil test re... |
11. Environmental Sulfur Sources as Inputs for Predicting Sulfur NeedsCrop responses to sulfur fertilization have been damstrated in mt states in the midwest, but the frequency of these responses is relatively lm. Sulfur deficiencies are usually confined to areas where one or mre of the follcrwing conditions exist: (1) Sandy or shallow soils; (2) Low soil organic matter content; (3) No recent manure applications; (4) Low atmospheric sulfur deposition; (5) High crop sulfur requirement. Although diagnostic tests to predict crop response to applied sulfur are an cbvi... |
12. High Yield Wheat Management StudiesInterest in high yield wheat management (i.e. intensive wheat management) has increased in Kentucky during the last few years. This interest has been created because of the improved yield potential of newer soft red winter wheat varieties, high yields obtained in inten- sive wheat management research in other states, and the high yields being obtained in Europe with their intensive management inputs. In several of the European countries, average winter wheat yields of 70 bu/acre or higher are co... |
13. Influence of Tillage and Placement on the Location of Phosphorus in the Root ZoneIn recent years, the ridge-till planting operation and the use of the chisel plow have developed into the most widely accepted planting systems for conservation tillage in Minnesota. While there is opportunity to incorporate plant nutrients in the chisel plow system, previous studies have shown that this incorporation is shallow when compared to the moldboard plow system. The ridge-till system, on the other hand, offers only limited possibilities for fertilizer incorporation. Typical broadcast a... |
14. Intensive Wheat Managent in the Corn BeltIntensive wheat management (ICX) is based on European cropping systems including narrow row spacing, precise seeding rates, multiple nitrogen (N) fertilizer application, fungicide application for disease control, and plant growth regulator (PGR) application for lodging control. Components of this cropping system were compared to current recommended management (CRM) practices with 12 varieties during 1986-87. The purpose for the experiment was to determine the responsiveness of soft winter wheat ... |
15. Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements for No-till cornConservation tillage is associated with higher surface crop residue levels, larger more stable soil aggregates, and generally higher surface soil water contents compared to conventional tillage. The changes in residue management and overall soil water regime under conservation tillage may result in different spatial distributions (laterally and with depth) of nutrients. In general, nitrogen fertilizer applied as broadcast urea is not recommended for no-till systems because of the possibility of ... |
16. Perspective on Sustainable Agriculture- Sustaining Agribusiness in a Changing Rural EnvironmentAgriculture is an evolving industry -- it responds to market forces, tc improvements in technology, to government programs. LlJe also see changes as 3 result of new technologies, improved information about how to efficiently raise crops and livestock, and more integration with other sectors of society. In agriculture, as in arty business, to stand still is to fall behind the rest of the industry. !!le nnoed to be ready to adapt to change, to face ned rl-zli- ties, and even to initiate cnange in ... |
17. Probability of Success for Practices to Minimize Water Quality ProblemsI would like to spend my time this morning reviewing with you some of the practices and appraoches research has suggested as being useful in controlling quality of both surface water and groundwater. Given the limited time available, I will highlight only a few of the study findings, and confine my remarks primarily to the problems of nitrogen pollution of groundwater and phosphorus contamination of surface waters. This limited review is prompted more by what I perceive to be the major interests... |
18. Quantitative Risk AssessmentThank you for giving me the opportunity to speak to you today about carcinogens in drinking water and water quality standards. In the United States today, many if not most public water supplies contain chemicals that cause cancer in animals when, in laboratory tests, the animals are exposed to high levels of the chemical. Elost of these chemicals are man-made, but there are exceptions, such as the chlorinated methanes and, probably, related compounds. These chemicals are the byproducts of chlori... |
19. Soil Nitrate Testing- A Guide for Adjusting Michigan Nitrogen Recommendations for CornPrevious attempts to use soil nitrate tests in Michigan for adjusting N fertilizer recommendations for corn have been less than satisfactory. Soil tests were typically performed on fall or spring samples taken weeks or months prior to planting. The use of residual nitrate to adjust N fertilizer recommendations in the semi humid regions of the U. S. has never been considered very re1 iable because of the large fluctuation in soil nitrate from the time of sampling to the time of maximum uptake. So... |
20. Soybean Response to Potassium Rates and PlacementSoils of northeast Missouri in heavy soybean producing counties have generally become depleted of available potassium. Reason for depletion can largely be pointed to soybean production and a general perception that soybeans do not respond to direct fertilizer application. With a significant portion of the soybean acres in east and northeast Missouri being tenant farmed, efficiency and utilization of direct fertilizer application by the current crop is even more important to the grower. Band appl... |
21. Sustainable Agriculture- A PerspectiveThere is little evidence tos uggest that agriculture as practices in a variety of ways is not sustainable. We think of sustainable agriculture as a management system that uses inputs ... both those available as natural resources on the farm and those purchases externally ... in the most eficient manner possible to obain productivity and profitabilty from a farming operations, while minizing advers effects on the environment. Several groups have published materials suggesting techniques that shou... |
22. The Components of Sustainable AgricultureSustainable agriculture has become a rallying phrase for many concerned about agricultural profitability and environmental quality in the rural sector. Advocates of sustainable agriculture seem to be convinced that the policies and structure of the agricultural industry are responsible for increasing environmental problems, low farm profitability, declining farm numbers, and reduced quality of life in rural America. The agricultural popular press has published numerous stories about those concer... |
23. Use of Near infrared-NIR- Reflecctance for Improving Nitrogen Management in Spring WheatAdvancements in agricultural technology are providing both producers and researchers with improved tools for farm management d ec is ion making . Reduced profit margins are requiring farm managers to use these advanced tools to optimize input management in order to improve prof it levels. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) is a major input foi spring wheat in the Great Plains. Each year, many farmers fertilize spring wheat with nitrogen to improve seedling vigor and plant developmenl. Nitrogen is a major n... |
24. Yield and N Concentraions of Corn with Different N Sources Applied at Different timesA number of recent investigations have produced evidence that the ionic form of N taken up by roots affects the growth of plants. While soil- grown plants generally take up most of their N as nitrate, there is evidence that increasing the relative proportion of ammonium in the culture (or soil) solution can enhance growth and yield. Owing to difficulties in preventing the rapid microbial conversion of ammonium to nitrate in soil, this response has not been well demonstrated in a field situation... |