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1. A Case for the use of Limestone in North DakotaFarmers in North Dakota have long believed that nearly all of the cultivated land in the state was alkaline in pH. A recent survey of the state revealed that between 27% and 50% of the fields tested below pH 7, depending on landscape position, with about 17% of the state with pH less than 6.5. In site-specific studies in fields with dominant pH above 7, nearly all fields contained at least one area with pH below 7. Herbicide carryover studies have shown that areas of even slightly acid pH can re... |
2. A Crop-Based Approach for In-Season N Management of CornOver-application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on corn has resulted in elevated levels of N in ground and surface waters. A major factor contributing to decreased N use efficiency and environmental contamination for traditional corn N management schemes is routine pre-season application of large doses of N before the crop can effectively utilize this N. Our long-term research goal is to reduce these over-applications by using remote sensing to direct fertilizer only to areas needing N at times when... |
3. Changes in Crop Production Efficiency with High Yield ProductionIncreases in crop yields are due to changes in the genetic efficiency in the use of inputs. However, there are constraints on efficient use of resources, e-g., water, nitrogen, solar radiation, that limit consistent high yield response. The interactions of water, nitrogen, and light form a basis for understanding how crop production efficiency can be improved. Carbon dioxide is an input to crop production that has been overlooked and understanding this environmental component will help identify... |
4. Corn and Soybean Response to Sulfur Applications on Iowa SoilsHistorically sulfur (S) application has not been recommended on Iowa soils for corn and soybean production. Prior research has not determined a consistent need for S fertilization in Iowa, with field research indicating no corn or soybean yield response to applied S at virtually every site studied (Thorup and Leitch, 1975; Webb, 1978; Alesii, 1982; Killom, 1984; Sexton et al., 1998; Mallarino et al., 2000). The soil supply, in combination with sources such as manure and atmospheric deposition ha... |
5. Delivering Continuing Education to Ag Professionals- The Crop Adviser InstituteContinuing education is essential for agricultural professionals, whether required by a certifjmg organization or completed voluntarily as a supplemental educational opportunity. Agricultural continuing education has traditionally been delivered on-site, but temporal, geographical, and other constraints often prevent individuals from attending these courses. The Crop Adviser Institute (CAI) has been established to provide an alternative method of delivering continuing education. Implementation o... |
6. Developing a Natural Resource Web Site as a Training Tool for Students and AgronomistsSouth Dakota State University. Brookings SD Introduction South Dakota agronomists, agricultural workers, and students often require visual aids to demonstrate a field procedure or understand the interaction among natural resources that contribute to agricultural production. Suitable commercial products are available to serve this purpose, but they may be neither readily accessible to the public, nor particular to the state. An Internet site accessible to the public is required to display aspects... |
7. Energy and Nutrient SuppliesA study by the Potash and Phosphate Institute on 2.5 million North American soil samples has determined that soil nutrients have been withdraw without adequate replacement for several years. Soil fertility levels have dropped below optimum. At the same time, energy prices have skyrocketed, increasing fertilizer production costs. The presentation explains natural gas supplyfdemand, and how it affects both the price for natural gas and the production costs for fertilizers. The impact of this price... |
8. Enhancing Alfalfa Production Through Improved Phosphorus and Potassium ManagementAddition of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer is vital to maintain alfalfa productivity. The objective of this study was to examine how P and K fertilizer application increases alfalfa yield. nutrient use, and plant persistence. Replicate plots of P (0, 50, 100, 150 1bs P205/acre) and K (0. 100, 200, 300, 400 Ibs K20/acre) treatments were arranged in a factorial design. Forage harvests occurred four times annually for 5 years and yield, mass per shoot, shoots per area, and herbage nut... |
9. Estimating Second- and Third Year Nitrogen Availability from Dairy manure: It is common practice to repeatedly apply dairy manure to the same fields. To accurately assess the total plant availability of rnanure nutrients, it is necessary to account for the nutrients remaining in soil fiom previous years applications. A corn (Zea mays) field experiment has continued since 1998 on a Plano silt loam. Residual manure N availability was estimated for two and three years after a single rnanure application fiom differences in whole-plant N uptake using 1) fertilizer N equiv... |
10. Fertilizer and Manure Management Comparisons for Corn-Soybean Rotataions in MinnesotaA study was designed to evaluate the impact of P sources (fertilizer and manure), nutrient application methods (broadcast and subsurface bands), P rates (crop removal and twice crop removal), and tillage systems (no-till and conventional) on corn-soybean response. Results to date show higher yields using manure as compared to fertilizer as the P source. This could be attributed to a higher rate of P being applied using the manure. No-till systems measured greater yields in 1999 and 2000, primari... |
11. Iowa Soil-Test Field Calibration Research Update- Potassium and the Mehlich-3 ICP Phosphorus TestIowa soil-test interpretations and fertilizer recommendations for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were last updated in 1999. The only change from previous recommendations (Voss et al., 1996; Voss and Mallarino, 1996) was to add interpretations for the Mehlich-3 (M3) P and K tests to existing interpretations for the Bray-1 P, Olsen P, and ammonium-acetate K tests (Voss et al., 1999). The interpretations for the ammonium-acetate and M3 K tests are similar because comparisons of amounts of K extra... |
12. Nitrate Leaching Characteristics for Various Nitrogen Management Strategies on Irrigated CornEfficient use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer for corn production is important for maximizing economic return to the producer and minimizing NO3 leaching to groundwater. This is especially important on irrigated, sandy soils due to the high infiltration and saturated conductivity and potential risk to the local water supplies. This study is being conducted to quantifL the NO3 leaching potential in the irrigated sands along Kansas' waterways under current and alternative N and water management strateg... |
13. Phosphorus Runoff From Incorporated and Surface-Applied Fertilizer and ManureContinued inputs of fertiher and manure in excess of crop requirements have led to a build-up of soil phosphorus (I?) levels, creating an environmental rather than agronomic concern (Sharpley et al., 1994). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil test P level, source of P amendments, tillage, and manure application method on P runoff from agricultural soils. The treatments consisted of swine manure surface applied and injected at rates of 29 and 59 Ib acre-' of P, and tri... |
14. Phosphorus Stratification- is it Relevent to P uptake by SoybeanStratification of nutrients, observed in soils under continuous no-till management, remains an issue. Two experiments were conducted during 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the effect of stratification on P nutrition of soybean (Glycine nzax (L.) Merr.). At the fist site there were five blocks with stratified and unstratified main plots and five levels of soil test P as subplots. In the second trial there were four blocks with two stratification treatments as main plots, the absence and presence of in... |
15. Relationship Between Soil P and P in Surface Runoff and Subsurface Drainage- An Overview of Ongoing ResearchNonpoint source pollution fiom agricultural fields has the potential to accelerate eutrophication of fieshwater ecosystems. In a report of water quality in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency sited agriculture as the primary source of pollution in 60% of impaired river miles, 30% of the impaired lake acres and 15% of estuarine square miles @PA, 1998). Phosphorus, in particular, has received much attention due to its role as limiting nutrient in many fieshwater ecosystems (Cor... |
16. Remote Sensing of Corn Canopy Dynamics and Biophysical Variables Estimation in MichiganThis study was initiated to evaluate sensor-based nitrogen and water application for corn (Zea mays L.) in Michigan. The specific objectives of this study were: 1) to identi@ wavelengths that are more sensitive to N deficiency in corn, 2) to determine when to predict corn grain yield fiom spectral remote sensing data, and 3) to estimate biophysical variables ofcorn such as leafareaindex (LAI) and fractional cover (Fc) fiom spectral vegetation indices (SVI) obtained fiom radiometric measurements ... |
17. Soil Phosphorus Spatial Distribution in Pastures Receiving Poultry Litter ApplicationsEnvironmentally-based P management strategies could be improved by debeating management zones incorporating the effects of landscape position on soil morphology, hydrology, and soil P distribution. Three farm pasture sites in SW Missouri receiving long-term poultry litter applications were sampled by landscape position (summit, shoulder, upper backslope. middle backslope, lower backslope, footslope, drain) for soil P (Bray 1 P, CaCl2 P, total P) at two depths (0-5 cm, 5- 15 cm). Low landscape po... |
18. Soybean Response to Nitrogen ApplicationsSoybean yield increases due to N fertilizer have been reported recently, particularly for N applications during the reproductive stages. It is also known that nitrate inhibits nodulat ion and nodule activity and could potentially reduce yield. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of N fertilizer on soybean yield. Forty-six experiments were conducted with N fertilizer applied at times ranging fiom planting to late reproductive stages. Some experiments had significant positive or negative resp... |
19. Starter Fertilizer Application Effect on Reduced and No-tillage Grain Sorghum ProductionThis experiment was conducted at the North Central Kansas Experiment Field, located near Belleville, on a Crete silt loam soil. Soil test P was in the high@ range. Treatments consisted oftillage systems and starter fertilizer placement and composition. Tillage systems were no-tillage and minimum tillage (spring disc and harrow treatment). Methods of starter fertilizer application included placement 2 inches to the side and 2 inches below the seed at planting (2x2) and dribbled in a band on the s... |
20. Starter, Nitrogen Management and Nitrogen Calibration- Localizing Management PracticesWhen I first started consulting with some of the fertilizer dealerships in my area, they hired me to make them different from the dealership down the road. The best way to do this was to become a local expert on scientifically-based best management practices for growing corn and soybeans in my territory. This included knowing how best to manage nutrients to grow productive and profitable crops. University and soil test laboratory recommendations provided a good starting point. However, these dat... |
21. Strip till Nitrogen Placement, and Starter Fertilizer Effects on Corn Growth and YieldStrip tillage, a system where residue is removed and small ridges are formed in the fall in the position of next year's rows, has become an increasingly popular alternative to 0-till for corn in Illinois. Over three years and eight environments in Central and Northern Illinois, tillage had no effect on grain yield: conventional tillage, strip tillage, and 0-till produced 1 1.67, 11.67, 1 1.57 Mg/ha, respectively. There were also no differences in yield due to N timing, N placement, or starter fe... |
22. Sulfur Influence on Corn and Soybean Yields in Eastern South DakotaClean air legislation, the increasing use of conservation tillage, and the manufacture of phosphorus fertilizers without sulfur have all contributed to lowering soil sulfur (S) availability to crops. Soil S availability has been affected to some extent by all three issues in eastern South Dakota. Hilltop erosion has exposed subsoil in which the pH is higher and organic matter content is lower than at lower landscape positions. In some eroded shoulder positions of the landscape in no-till fields.... |
23. Sulfur Responses and the Wisoconsin Alfalfa Sulfur SurveyFor more than 30 years, agronomists, soil scientists, consultants and farmers have recognized the potential for significant responses to applied sulfur fertilizer in northern and western Wisconsin on lighter textured, low organic matter soils that had not recently received manure (Rand et al., 1969; Hoefi and Walsh, 1975; Schulte, 1976; Peters and Kelling, 1987). More recently, crop consultants and others have reported seeing sulhr responses on soils or in locations where they typically were no... |
24. The Effect of Tillage and P Fertilizer Placement on P Runoff from Sugar Beet Production SystemsThe objective of this study was to determine the differences in the amount of phosphorus (P) in runoff fiom land under sugar beet production caused by different management practices and phosphorus fertilizer placement. The study was set up as a split plot experimental design, replicated three times. The whole plot treatments were: 1 ) codsoybean rotation, with moldboard plow as primary tillage before soybean; 2) corntsoybean rotation, with chisel plow as primary tillage before corn; 3) sugar bee... |
25. Update on the Illinois N TestEstimation of plant-available N is complicated enormously by the dynamic nature of soil N, owing largely to the effects of temperature and moisture supply on N-cycle processes. Numerous biological and chemical methods have been proposed as an index of soil N availability (Brernner, 1965; Keeney, 1982; Stanford, 1982; Bundy and Meisinger, 1994), but none has been adopted widely for soil testing. Biological methods are necessarily time-consuming because of the need for incubation, and the results ... |
26. Use of Chlorophyll Flourescence Techniques to Detect Stresses in CornIncreased efficiencies in the use of water and fertilizer will require better methods of monitoring crop stress. This study was conducted to determine whether chlorophyll fluorescence was more sensitive to detecting water and nitrogen stress than chlorophyll meters in corn (Zea mays). The experiment was carried out near Shelton, NE in 2000, 200 1, and 2002. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of 12 corn hybrids (1 1 Pioneer Hi-Bred internationali and B73 x M017), two water levels (de... |
27. Use of Fly Ash as as Alternative Liming Source for Irrigated Corn ProductionFly ash from the Gerald Gentleman Power Station in west central Nebraska can potentially serve as an alternative liming source without reducing corn grain yields. A study was conducted to assess the use of fly ash as an alternative liming source on three acid sandy soils of west central Nebraska where conventional limmg sources can be uneconomical due to transportation costs. Corn grain yield, and soil pH change over time were assessed. Lime sources failed to raise the soil pH in the upper 8 in... |
28. Variable Nitrogen Rate ManagementIt is now more or less acknowledged that lime and N are potentially more profitable than P and K variable rate management. There is a lot of variability in optimal N rates within fields so that there is a need for variable N management. The benefits related to variable N management are generally ranked as: o Less N fertilizer used per unit yield. Savings of 15 USDIac on average for small grains. up to 41 USDIac. o Greater uniformity in crop stand, yield, grain humidity, specific weight and prot... |
29. Variable Rate Nitrogen Fertilizer for Corn Grown in KentuckyIn Kentucky, nitrogen recommendations for corn have historically been based on soil type. soil drainage class, and previous crop rather than on an anticipated yield or yield potential. Because of the growing popularity of yield monitors and GPS technology, corn producers are now accurately mapping yield variations within fields. A three year study was conducted in the karst region of western Kentucky to determine if past yield history (collected with a yield monitor using GPS) could be used as a... |
30. Variable Seeding Rates in Twin Row Planting and Micro Management of NutrientsA large scale study to determine if twin row planting, utilizing particular fertility concepts and conservational practices, out produces conventional methods of planting and fertilizing. The primary goal of the study was to increase fmer profitability and promote methods of conservational tillage. ... |
31. Varying Nitrogen and Seeding Rates of Corn Across Productivity Regions in FieldsA field study was conducted fiom 1999 to 2001 to determine the effects of variable seeding rates and variable nitrogen rates on corn (Zeu muys L.) in southern Ihois. In whole field experiments, variable seeding rates ranging fiom 18,000 to 38,000 seeds ac-' in 4.000 seed increments were planted in randomized strips (in a randomized complete block design) across the field that had soils with varying productivity based upon historical yield maps. From the yield data it was determined that the opti... |
32. Visual Correlation of Aerial Imagery with Topography and Crop YieldA study is currently being conducted on several farms to evaluate the usefulness of aerial imagery of soil and of a growing crop to delineate within-field management zones for the purposes of site-specific management. Presented is information for one site in Kent county Ontario for which correlations between aerial images taken of the soil and of the growing crop with the spatial patterns of measured topography, soil texture, and corn yield were examined. Visual interpretation indicated a very g... |
33. Zinc Deficiency Response of Sorghum, Wheat, and CornZinc (Zn) deficiency in corn (Zea mays L.) is more common than in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) or wheat (Triticum sp.). The ability of wheat to withstand low soil Zn conditions is related to increased release of phytosiderophore, a natural chelate, fiom its roots. The reasons for sorghum's ability to utilize low levels of soil Zn have not been adequately explored. The objective of this research was to: 1) ascertain if Zn deficiency can be induced with sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in a... |