Proceedings
Year
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1. 4R Phosphorus Management for Soybeans in the Northern Frontier: Rate and Placement Effects on Plant Stand, Biomass and Seed YieldVery little research has been conducted to determine the best rate, source, placement, and timing of P fertilizer for modern soybean cultivars grown in the Canadian Prairies. Preliminary results of the two years of field studies at 10 locations in Manitoba showed that typical agronomic rates of seed row P did not decrease plant stand and seed yield at any sites; nor was seed yield increased at any site, even with Olsen P concentrations as low as 3 ppm.... |
2. A Mechanistic Approach to Nitrogen Fertilizer RecommendationsIn efforts to improve Nitrogen (N) management, many new methodologies involving advanced technology such as optical sensors are being utilized. Although these new technologies have been proven to improve N management, their use in production agriculture is relatively low. The majority of farmers are still using mechanistic equations or simply pounds per bushel to determine their N rates due to low cost and ease of use. However, most of these N recommendation equations are becoming antiquated, an... |
3. A Novel Use of Data Translation Allows 3D Prediction of Soil Fertility LandscapesSoil fertility managers need better estimates of the subsoil contribution to the nutrient pool. Thls need could be achieved through 3-D predictions of subsoil fertility using a novel method of soil- profile data translation in relation to a controlling genetic horizon. For this translation, the depth of a controlling pedogenic feature is used as the origin and the rest of the profile is linearly scaled to it. When applied to a group of soils, from across a local or regional landscape, with varyi... |
4. Accuracy of Credits and Soil Indicies for Predicting Nitrogen Response in Corn Following AlfalfaCorn is the most frequent first- and second-year crop following alfalfa in the upper midwestern United States. In the majority of reported cases, there is little need for additional fertilizer N to optimize yield of first-year corn following alfalfa. For second-year corn following alfalfa, fertilizer N is needed in about one-half of cases and the economically optimum N rate (EONR) has varied greatly in responsive fields. The objective of this research was to use literature data to evaluate the ... |
5. Aerial Photos Can Predict Corn Yield Loss Due to N DeficiencyFields that experience wet weather after N fertilizer is applied may lose N and consequently lose yield. Replacing N may be difficult or expensive after corn is too tall for tractor clearance. A tool to assess the degree of potential yield loss would help corn producers decide how much expense is justified in making late N applications. ... |
6. Agricultural Impact on Groundwater QurlityThere has been an increasing awareness within Iowa of the impact of agriculture on groundwater quality. The data of Iowa Geologic Survey scientists from studies in northeast Iowa have focused attention on the Big Spring Basin area. A project to intensively study groundwater in the Big Spring Basin is underway. The project includes the active cooperation and participation of the following agencies: ISU Agricultural Experiment Station, Clayton County Soil Conservancy District ISU Cooperative Exten... |
7. Application of the Ceres-maize Model to Maximum Yield ResearchMaximum yields are obtained when as much assimilate as possible is partitioned into the grains of corn. The amount partitioned into the grains depends on several major factors. Grains per unit area is probably the most important of these factors. Other important considerations for grain filling in- clude the duration of the grain filling period, the amount that can be repartitioned from stem storage to the grains, the photo- synthesis rate, and the temperature. Several factors influence the numb... |
8. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Dynamics Throughout Corn Growing SeasonPhosphorous is an essential plant nutrient and is the second most common fertilizer nutrient applied in crop production. The role of mycorrhizal fungi in phosphorous (P) nutrition of corn (Zea mays L.) in high fertility soils in unclear. A study was conducted to determine the effect of extractable P on myco~hizal biomass and to evaluate the temporal dynamics of mycorrhizal fungi during the growing season in two irrigated corn fields in Nebraska. The objectives were addressed by the installation ... |
9. Assessing the Benefits of Radish as a Cover CropOilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L) is a popular cover crop for no-till farmers in Wisconsin, especially among those that include winter wheat in rotation since radish can accumulate large amounts of nitrogen (N). However, previously presented research in Wisconsin has not shown a clear N credit for a subsequent corn crop. Additionally, there is a lack of information that quantifies other benefits of radish, including compaction reduction and nematode suppression. The objective of this project w... |
10. Assessment of Nitrogen Supply From Poultry Manure Applied to CornThe production of poultry in the state of Iowa is one of the largest in the nation and growth has continued the past few years. Currently Iowa is the number one egg producing state in the USA (USDA, 2005). This increase in production also implies an increase in manure production from poultry sources. The common end use of manure is application for crop production. Concerns exist- regarding application at rates higher than needed for crop use, with potential for contamination of water bodies due... |
11. Balancing Agronomy and Environment: N Recommendations in Ontario for the 21st CenturyThe goal of a fertilizer program may be to maximize yields from each ficld, or to maximize profit, or to minimize environmental impact. Recent instances of groundwater contamination with nitrate have focused attention on the need for source water protection, and agriculture has been implicated as one of the sources of nitrate contamination. This has lead to concerns that environmental rules could reduce the profitability of crop production, by limiting fertilizer use and hence, crop yields. Addi... |
12. Bandded Phosphorus Applications to Winter Wheat - 1985-86While many producers recognize the importance of a sound P fertilization program for profitable wheat production? there are many potentially responsive wheat acres not receiving any fertilizer P - resulting in reduced grain yields and farmer profitability. over the years there have been many research studies conducted by land grant Universities throughout the Great Plains indicating the importance of fertilizer P applications for wheat production on low P testing soils. In the mid to late 1970's... |
13. Changes in P Uptake and Partitioning in Soybean Cultivars Released in the Last 90 YearsHistorical changes in nutrient uptake and partitioning of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were not studied. Field studies were conducted in 2011 and 2012 to investigate phosphorus (P) uptake changes and partitioning through the growing season in 25 maturity group (MG) II, and 26 MG III cultivars. Plant samples were taken and partitioned at V4 (four trifoliates), R2 (full bloom), R4 (full pod), R6 (full seed), and R8 (physiological maturity) growth stages. In-season samples were partitioned into... |
14. Comparison of Soil Properties under Long-Term Crop Rotation and TillageShifts in cropping systems from long-term rotations including forages to mostly annual crops has intensified tillage, but has also led to the development of conservation tillage practices such as no-till. There is a shortage of information about the interactive, long-term effects of rotation and tillage on soil quality. The objective of this study was to assess soil chemical and physical properties after 15 years of crop rotation and tillage treatments. Continuous corn (Zea mays L.) (CCC), corn... |
15. Corn Nitrogen Rate Response and Crop Yield in a Rye Cover Crop SystemWater quality impairment related to N loss from crop production fields continues to be a concern in Iowa, including meeting the USEPA nitrate-N drinking water standard and reducing N export to the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, in-field production practices would be helpful to aid in reduction of nitrate leaching and movement to water systems. One practice identified in the science assessment for the Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy is use of a winter cereal rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crop, where ... |
16. Cover Crops Effects on Nutrient Cycling and Fertilizer Recommendations... |
17. Cover Crops Following Corn Silage and Winter WheatCover crops are widely used in Wisconsin following corn silage or winter wheat harvest to control erosion, but effects on subsequent corn yields and their optimum N rates have not been documented. Two separate studies were conducted to: (1) determine the effect of rye as a cover or silage crop on corn yields at varying N rates and (2) determine the effect of radish on corn yields and optimum N rates. In two of three years, a reduction in corn silage yield was determined following rye silage comp... |
18. Crop Potassium Uptake and UtilizationCropping systems currently face dual challenges of maximizing yields in a sustainable approach. The importance of a balanced nutrition is critical for increasing crop production. In the past decades, comprehensive studies were performed for nitrogen (N) in corn and for phosphorus (P) in soybean. From a physiological standpoint, a synthesis-analysis on potassium (K) content, utilization, interaction with other nutrients and final impact on yield is relevant and needed for properly understanding s... |
19. Determining Economic Optimum Nitrogen Rates with the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test and Soil Organic Nitrogen FractionsDevelopment of a diagnostic test to estimate soil N supplying capability is a continuing research need. The Illinois soil nitrogen test (ISNT) has been proposed as a method for adjusting corn (Zea Mays L.) N recommendations for to account for soil organic N contributions. We evaluated the ISNT as a tool for predicting corn N response in Wisconsin by comparing ISNT values and corn N response data from-81 experiments conducted between 1984 and 2004 with a range of crop rotations, management histo... |
20. Educational Applications of Digitized Soil SurveysThe North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Soil Survey of McHenry County Organized Irrigation Districts is approaching publication and represents a first for soil survey in North Dakota. The decision was made to digitize the soil maps to facilitate acreage tabulations and improve methods of generating soil interpretations. While the digitization procedure is costly in terms of start-up labor (programming) and data entry, the benefits allow more flexibility than conventional soil surveys. T... |
21. Effect of Starter Fertilizer and Plant Date on Soybean Growth, Nodulation, and YieldEnvironmental conditions at the time of planting are a crucial determinant to soybean (Glycine max) yield potential. In recent years, it has become common in Ohio to begin planting earlier in the growing season, as soon as mid- or late-April in some cases. However, soil conditions are typically cooler and wetter at this time as opposed to later planting dates, and nutrient availability may be limited. When planting soybeans into cool and wet soil, the application of a starter fertilizer may be b... |
22. Effect of Tillage, Rotation (Maize and Soybean), and Nitrogen Rate in a Long Term Study on Solvita, Water Extract, H3A Extract ValuesA long term rainfed tillage/rotation/N rate study was established in 1985 on a mostly Coleridge silty clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Cumulic Haplustoll). The study is a factorial of plow, disk, and no-till under continuous corn (Zea mays) and corn following soybeans (Glycine Max) with five nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg ha -1). Soil samples were taken from all rotation/tillage combinations and three N rates in the fall of 2013 to 0.20 m (8 in). They were analyzed using ... |
23. Effect of Timing of Broadcast Potassium (K) on Soybean Yield and Seed K ContentIn Indiana, the common practice is for K fertilizer to be applied in advance of the corn crop for both crops in the rotation, relegating soybean to feed on the application residual. Producers are concerned that current University guidelines and common practices for K management in corn- soybean rotations do not fully recognize the particular K needs of the soybean crop as differentiated from the corn crop. A four-location, six-year field study was conducted to investigate the effects of rate and... |
24. Effects of Nitrogen Managemetn on Maize Yield and Nitrate Leachingon Irrigated Sandy SoilsIrrigated sands are some of the most productive and environmentally sensitive areas in Minnesota. Reducing nitrate leaching is critical for corn (Zea mays L.) production as ground water is a major source of drinking water in these soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate agricultural technologies that may improve nitrogen (N) management for profitable corn production and mitigate negative effects in groundwater. A randomized complete block design with four replications was established... |
25. Evaluating the Interaction between Chelated Fe Source and Placement on Phosphorus Availability in SoybeanIn agriculture, chelating agents are used to supplement micronutrients, such as iron (Fe). However, little research has been conducted on a field scale to evaluate chelating agent effects on phosphorus (P) uptake. The objectives of this study were to evaluate four commercially available chelated Fe sources on early soybean growth and nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) uptake. The study was conducted at two locations, and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicati... |
26. Evaluation of Adapt-N in the Corn BeltNitrogen is the plant nutrient required in the largest quantity, the most likely to be deficient, and the most impactful on corn yield as well as grower profit. Providing N to a corn crop in the right amount while minimizing loss is difficult because of complex biological and chemical reactions that result in the loss of N from the crop root zone via deep percolation to ground water, lateral flow, runoff and erosion to surface waters, and volatile losses to the atmosphere as ammonia, nitrogen g... |
27. Evaluation of Secondary and Micronutrient for Soybean Production in KansasSecondary and micronutrients are being increasingly studied for their potential to contribute to yield increase. The objective of this study was to evaluate soybean response to secondary and micronutrient fertilizer application to maximize yields. A randomized complete block design was employed with four replications, at five locations during 2013 and five locations in 2014. Treatments consisted of micronutrient fertilizer as individual nutrient for B, Cu, Mn, S and Zn, in addition to a mix of t... |
28. Evaluation of Slow Release Nitrogen Materials in Corn ProductionStudies were conducted over a two year period to evaluate two slow release urea nitrogen carriers with regular urea for the production of corn on iirigated Spinks loamy sand. Because nitrogen availability in the soil is quite transient fiom one season to the next, annual addition of nitrogen is important for maximu~n corn yields. Many corn producers prefer to apply most of the nitrogen prior to planting corn. Once incorporated into the soil, nitrogen containing materials, such as urea, are conve... |
29. Evaluation of Weed Management Strategies on Grain Sorghum Nitrogen Status and Grain Yield Using Optical SensorsInformation on weed management options and relation to nutrient status is very limited for grain sorghum production. The objectives of this study were: (i) determine the effects of different weed management strategies on grain sorghum yield; and (ii) evaluate the impact on nitrogen (N) status and development of the crop. This study was established at two locations in 2014 (Smith and Reno Co in Kansas). The study used a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Two main factors evalua... |
30. Fertilizer Nitrogen Source and Management Impacts on Greenhouse Gas EmissionsAgricultural soil management accounts for nearly 6.3% of all greenhouse gas emission in the U.S. Although fertilizer nitrogen is an essential coinponent of nearly all agricultural systems, the addition of reactive N to soils and the emission of nitrous oxide (N20) via soil microbiological processes (nitrification and denitrification) makes U.S. agriculture the largest source (62%) of total U.S. N20 emissions. Because N20 is a potent greenhouse gas with a forcing potential more than 300 times gre... |
31. Fertilizer Placement and Tillage Interaction in Corn and Soybean ProductionDifferent tillage systems can affect the availability of phosphorus (P) in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects and interaction of fertilizer placement, tillage, and varieties/hybrids for corn and soybean. The experiment was established at two locations in Kansas in 2014. The experimental design was a factorial in a randomized complete block with four replications. Three fertilizer treatments were combined with two tillage systems and two varieties/hybrids of soybean... |
32. Fertilizer Use Vs. Crop ProfitsGrowing crops in farming is a complex that large investments in land and equipment, as well as considerable borrowing of money for capital. With these costs and low commodity most keenly of continuing difficulty in rnaintaining in operations. Usually farmers do not have much control over their fixed costs i n crop production. Variable costs. however-, can sometimes be adjusted. some of adjustments can reduce if the has not based his cost on wise judgement, backed with technical expertise. If one... |
33. Field Correlation of Tissue Testing for Phosphorus and Potassium in Corn and SoybeanInterest in tissue testing as a method of guiding fertilization and detecting nutrient deficiencies in corn and soybean in the upper Midwest is increasing. Tissue testing may be a helpful diagnostic tool for assessing in-season crop nutrients deficiencies. No current yield-response based interpretations for tissue test results are available in Iowa, although previous reports based on limited data collected during the 1990s and 2000s suggested that the value of tissue testing for phosphorus (P) a... |
34. Field Estimation of Ammonia Volatilization from Surface-applied UreaAccurate estimation of the potenial for NH3 volatilization from urea-based fertilizers is an important step in optimizing Nuse efficiency from these fertilizers. Published estimates of volatilization from surface-applied urea vary widely. Citations listing losses from 2% on up to 80% from various systems can be found. Consequently, many growers, to protect themselves, will apply urea at higher than recommended rates, assuming some arbitrary level of loss will occur. The objectives of the researc... |
35. Groundwater Quality and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Nebraska's Central Platte River ValleyIn response to increasing levels of nitrate-N in groundwater in the Central Platte River Valley of Nebraska, intensive education and then regulatory efforts were implemented starting in the 1980s, to encourage adoption of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation management practices which can reduce nitrate leaching to groundwater. Since 1988, there have been steady declines in average NO 3-N concentrations in groundwater in the Central Platte River Valley, resulting from adoption of recommended pract... |
36. How Fertilizer Dealers Use Research InformationThere i s not a great deal o f resource information t o draw from i n reference t o the t i t l e so most o f my comments are based on observations made and personal opinions formed during some 26 years of experience in the fertilizer industry, covering a majority of the principal agricultural states. Fertilizer dealers as a whole tend t o translate research information into dollars. They use it as a business tool. It provides support t o the sale of existing products and services and identifies... |
37. Hybrid Maize A Simulation Model for Improving Corn ManagementHybrid-Maize (www.hybridmaize.unl.edu) is a computer program that simulates the growth and yield of a corn crop under non-limiting or water-limited (rainfed or irrigated) conditions. The model can be used to (1) assess the overall site yield potential and its variability based on historical weather data, (2) evaluate changes in attainable yield using different combinations of planting date, hybrid maturity and plant density, (3) analyze yield in relation to silking and maturity in a specific yea... |
38. Impact of Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilization on Wheat Yield and QualitySulfur (S) contributed by rainfall has decreased by 50% over the last twenty-seven years and may increase the need for S supplementation by fertilization. Nitrogen (N) application is typically split applied in Ohio with some applied in the fall and remainder applied in the spring near first green-up. The objective of this study was to compare N application source and timing with and without S fertilization. Two experimental locations were established in the fall of 2004. Urea and urea-ammonium n... |
39. Impact of Stratified Potassium and Water Content of No-Till Soils on Soybean Growth and YieldLow potassium (K) concentrations in subsurface soil and reduced water content in the K- enriched surface soil are thought to cause K-related yield reductions in rain-fed soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Our objectives were to examine root-to-shoot ratios through ontogeny and yield components in relation to stratified soil water and K. Soil and plant samples were collected at V6, R2, R4, and R6 from a 2-year field study. Additionally, a greenhouse split-root ot study in P a complete factorial des... |
40. Improving Alfalfa Production in Wisconsin with Sulfur and Potassium FertilizerThe longevity and quality of an alfalfa stand is an essential component for Wisconsin�s dairy rotations. A study was developed to determine the effects of sulfur and potassium applications on the growth and development of alfalfa stands. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of i) S fertilizer rate, timing and form on alfalfa yield, ii) recommended or no K fertilizer application on alfalfa yield on soils testing optimum or low for K, and iii) S and K application on soil tes... |
41. Improving Corn Yield Potential with Banded Phosphorus FertilizerHigh fertilizer costs and concerns about water quality issues have caused many Midwest corn producers to take a greater interest in improving the efficiency of phosphorus (P) fertilizer applications. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of P source, rate and placement on P use efficiency in high-yield corn production systems. The experiment was conducted in 2013 at two locations in Illinois. Two P fertilizer sources (mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP, 11-52-0) or an enhanced MA... |
42. Improving the Fermentation Characteristics of Corn Through Optimum Fertilization and Hybrid SelectionEthanol processors could increase production efficiency if they had access to corn grain better- suited for fermentation. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of hybrids and N fertility rates on fermentable starch content that will be used for dry-mill ethanol production. Six hybrids were grown under four N fertility levels at two locations in eastern SD. Ethanol yields increased as N fertility levels increased. Higher ethanol yields were achieved by hybrids that produced b... |
43. In Season RecommendationsWe are testing a prototype high-clearance tractor configured with active crop canopy sensors, drop nozzles with electronic valves, and a variable rate controller as means to deliver in-season variable rates of liquid N fertilizer based on crop needs as an alterative to preplant uniform applications of N. The active sensor we're evaluating is the model ACS-210 Crop Circle made by Holland Scientific. It generates it's own source of modulated light in the amber and near infrared (NIR) bands and the... |
44. Influence of Tillage Systems on Corn Yields and Soil Test ValuesA long term tillage study was initiated at the Greenley Memorial Research Center (Novelty, MO) in 1976 to look at the effects of 4 tillage systemsoncornproduction. Thestudywasinitiatedandconductedby researchers in the Agricultural Engineering Department. Agronomy has become involved in the study beginning in 1985 to assess the effects of tillage systems on soil chemical and physical properties. The upland soils at this site are poorly drained and are generally refered to as "claypan" soils. The ... |
45. Introgressing Unique Sources of Germplasm to Improve N Use in Temperate MaizeThe vast majority of maize breeding efforts have been conducted under high N environments that primarily select for only one component of NUE, N uptake. Furthermore, these studies have employed US. and European genotypes, which have been selected for performance at high N. Historically, maize was grown in numerous low N tropical environments, suggesting that evaluation of adapted maize lines containing tropical germplasm may harbor useful genetic variation and novel alleles for improving NUE. Th... |
46. Long Term Outlook On Nitrogen and Potassium SupplyThe North American fertilizer industry is operating in world market today. Worldwide fertilizer demand, competition for transportation, and natural gas prices are all putting pressure on North American fertilizer prices. The themc of this mornings' session is on strategies the supply industry and fanners may adopt to manage these pressures. This talk is about the near future outlook nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. Fertilizer sales figures indicate that nitrogen, phosphorus. and potassium fer... |
47. Making Urea Work in No TillNo-till and reduced tillage production systen~s are widely used today in the United States as well as around the world due to their capacity for reducing soil erosion and topsoil loss, reducing phosphorus movement to surface water, and reducing labor, fuel, and equipment requirements. In no-till systems, an average of 25% of the N applied as broadcast urea can be lost via ammonia volatilization. Therefore, N losses due to ammonia volatilization will decrease corn and wheat yields. independently ... |
48. Managing Continuous Corn for High YieldsMany "contest-winning" corn yields have historically been produced in fields where corn is grown continuously, often with extensive tillage, hgh soil test values of P and K, high N rates, and high plant populations. We are conducting a series of research trials at four sites in Illinois, in whlch we are varying tillage, fertilizer rates, and plant population in a factorial experiment at several Illinois locations. Over ten site-years to date, tillage deeper than normal increased yield at two sit... |
49. Minnesota Long-Term Phosphorus Management Trials: Phase I, The Build PeriodPhosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations are usually made using one of two philosophies, Build and Maintain or Sufficiency. In recent years, the Sufficiency approach has been questioned because of concerns of reducing soil test levels and yield sustainability and whether it has the same yield potential as the Build and Maintain approach. Trials were initiated in 2010 at six locations across Minnesota to develop various soil test P Interpretation Classes in replicated experiments. The initial ph... |
50. Near Seed Application of Fluid Fertilizer for Corn Soybean and Sugarbeet ProductionIn recent years, crop producers in Minnesota have shown increased interest in placing fertilizer near the seed at planting. The more traditional 2x2 "starter" band was not an option. Guidelines were needed for banded placement of fertilizer near the seed at the time of planting. This study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 in fields of cooperating crop producers. Three fluid . materials (10-34-0, 4-10-10, 3-18-18) were applied at two rates for corn, soybeans and sugarbeets. In 2004, the materials w... |
51. New Techniques and Methods of Disseminating Information in View of Budgetary Constraints by the University of IllinoisThe Cooperative Extension Service a t the University faces increased demands for educational services. This increaase is in an environment marked by increasing costs, and stable to decreased financial support--especially from the Federal partner. The situation we face in Illinois is similar to that faced by many other State Cooperative Extension Services. We are better o f f than some states--worse o f f than others. What of the future? Will we be able to deliver viable programs to farmers and a... |
52. Nitrogen Management of Bioenergy Miscanthus on Claypan Soil LandscapesBioenergy crop Miscanthus x giganteus has been well studied for its yield in Europe and certain parts of the US Midwest but little has been done to investigate Miscanthus production in settings economically marginal for grain production. This study was conducted to determine nitrogen (N) requirements and yield potentials of M. x giganteus in degraded claypan soils. The effects of N fertilizer rates were investigated at four different locations in central Missouri on a Mexico series soil (fine, s... |
53. Nitrogen Timing, Loss, and Replacement... |
54. North Dakota Corn Recommendations for Preplant and Sensor Directed Sidedress NNitrogen rates for preplant N application in North Dakota have been drastically revised. The former yield-based strategy may have served when N costs were stable and relatively low and high yields in North Dakota were rarely higher than 100 bushels per acre. Due to improved germplasm developed at North Dakota State University and other northern Land-Grant Universities with favorable adaptation to North Dakota climate and soil conditions corn has become one of the most planted crops in the state.... |
55. Opportunities and Limitations of Automatic Steering TechnologiesIn the short span of 10 years we have gone from using the Global Positioning System (GPS) to locate ourselves in a farm field, to automatically steering a machine working in the field. This application requires about 15 conlponents with each component evolving at a rapid pace. A number of conlpanies have formed to provide automatic steering packages as aftermarket retrofits. At a slightly slower pace, the main equipment manufactures are engineering machines that will be factor ready or factory e... |
56. Phosphorus and Potassium Place in Corn-Soybean Systems in the Midwest: Possibilities with Automatic Guidance TechnologyGlobal positioning system teclmology available to the public has become more accurate in recent years. Current Real Time Kinematic (RTK) techniques allow relative positions of equipment to be recorded with 3/8 - 2 in. precision (Dana, 1991). Being able to return to the same location in the field year after year with high precision may have implications for corn-soybean systems where banded applications of phosphorus (P) and/or potassium (K) are made at a time other than at planting. The importan... |
57. Phosphorus and Water Quality Issues in Lake ErieWhat are harmful algae blooms? Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are so named because they can produce toxins (or poisons) that can cause illness or irritation sometimes even death in pets, livestock, and humans. The term algae is somewhat misleading since HABs are actually cyanobacteria, which are commonly referred to as blue-green algae, and are not true algae. These organisms act like many other plant and use photosynthesis to capture sunlight but unlike most plants and algae some can fix their own... |
58. Phosphorus Dynamics of Land-Applied Compost Bedded Pack Dairy Barn Product in Low and High Soil Test Phosphorus EnvironmentsCharacterizing and understanding the nutrient dynamics of land applied compost bedded pack dairy barn (CBP) products is necessary because this waste management system and its fertility use are increasingly common. An aerobic mineralization study was conducted to observe the phosphorus (P) dynamics of land-applied CBP product in low and high soil test P (STP) environments. An innovative phosphorus fractionation strategy employing UV-assisted organic P decomposition helped quantify fractions corre... |
59. Phosphorus Sorption Behavior of Kentucky Soils with Varying Indigenous Phosphorus ContentThe risk of phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural lands through surface transport to waterways increases with increasing levels of soil P. Agricultural soils in the Inner and Outer Bluegrass of Kentucky have high indigenous P content. This study investistigates the phsophorus sorption characteristics that influence the soils potential for P loss to water bodies. Four soils from the Inner Bluegrass and four soils from the Outer Bluegrass were identified as eing agriculturally significant soils ... |
60. Planting Date, Nitrogen Rate, and Nitrogen Timing Interactions to Optimize Winter Wheat ProductionWinter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planting date is a large contributing factor for high yield production systems located within the central Great Lakes Basin, and nitrogen (N) rate and timing strategies offer the opportunity to improve both the production and efficiency of winter wheat when considered in combination with planting date. A field study was initiated in East Lansing, MI to determine the effects of planting date, N application timing, and total N application rate on winter wheat y... |
61. Potassium Management, Soil Testing and Crop ResponseNew field research is conducted in Iowa as issues or questions arise to assure that nutrient management guidelines are up to date and to address new issues. This article briefly summarizes two major projects with potassium (K) whose results are useful to improve the efficacy of nutrient management and crop production. One project focused on correlating soil-test K methods with response of corn and soybean to fertilization and on obtaining better estimates of the concentration of K in corn and so... |
62. Potassuim Chloride Fertilization and Common Root Rot of BarleyCommon root rot (CRR, incited by Cochliobulus sativus) is one of the most widespread diseases of wheat and barley in the Great Plains and Prairie Provinces. Average yield losses, based on extensive surveys in the Prairie Provinces, average around 5% for wheat and 10% for barley, althoughinindividualfieldslossescanbemuchhigher. Potassium chloride fertilization has been effective in reducing CRR of barley in North Dakota, and I believe we are close to understanding why CRR is reduced by KC1 fertil... |
63. Presenting Key Issues in a Rational Manner to the Non-Ag CommunityA quick scan of the program for your workshop might lead one to believe my subject is out of place here. In terms of agricultural credentials, I could certainly be consideredoutofplace: Iconsidermyselfajournalist gone straight; I was educated as a journalist and was a reporter for The Kansas City Star before entering public relations work and then joining Monsanto nearly 20 years ago. But I don't believe either the subject or the speaker is out of place for this gathering. And I think perhaps mo... |
64. Profile Distribution of Available Potassium in Des Moines Lobe SoilsPlant potassium (K) concentrations and soil fertility evaluations to predict available K have received renewed attention during the past few years due to increasing interest in harvesting crop residues as feedstock for production of bioenergy and other bio-products [e.g., button mushroom (Agaricus Bisiporus) compost]. Interest in K crop nutrition has also increased as more producers adopt reduced or no-tillage production practices. This latter situation is not new, because the potential for K de... |
65. Quantifying the Effects of Nutrient Management and Cover Crops on Soil Microbial Communities and Soybean ProductionAgricultural productivity relies upon microbial communities to cycle nutrients from soil to plant yet little information is available concerning how nutrient management and cover cropping practices influence microbial activity and crop production. Lack of consistent soybean (Glycine max L.) yield response to applied fertilizer has resulted in a need to further investigate management practices focused upon enhancing soil biological activity which in turn may feed the crop. A field study was init... |
66. Regional Approach to Making Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate Decisions for CornNitrogen fertilizer is one of the largest input costs for growing corn. Across the Corn Belt, N is typically the most yield-limiting nutrient. Facing record high N fertilizer prices and potential supply problems, producers are concellled about N fertilization rates. Soil fertility researchers and extension specialists froin seven states across the Corn Belt (see list in acknowledgements section) have been discussing corn N fertilization needs and evaluating N rate recommendation systems for appr... |
67. Residual Effects of P Fertiliration Lessons for the EightiesSeveral states in the North Central Region have established long-term phosphorus studies. These experiments were designed to evaluate the residual effects of P fertilizer and also generate P soil test calibration data in a situation where a range of soil test levels exist on one soil. These data are extremely useful for evaluating year-to-year fluctuations in crop response to soil test P and establishing response probabilities at a given soil test level. Valuable lessons can also be learned from... |
68. Rye Cover Crops in No-till Corn ProductionField studies have been conducted for several years in Ohio to determine the effects of including a ry.e cover crop in no-till production situations. These studies were conducted at two locations, on a moderately well drained Canfield silt loam at Wooster, and a very poorly drained, but tiled, Hoytville silty clay at Hoytville. At Wooster, no-till corn was planted into corn or soybean residue, with or without a fall-seeded rye cover crop (2 bu/A seeding rate). Individual plots received 200 lb N/... |
69. Scale of Measurement Effects on Phosphorus Runoff Losses from CroplandAs phosphorus (P)-based nutrient management planning becomes necessary for some farms in Wisconsin, it will be critical to have reliable, research-based planning tools. The Wisconsin P- hdex provides one method for preparing P-based nutrient management plans. The P-Index was developed largely from small plot-scale data showing the relationships between various site and management variables and runoff P losses. Thls study was conducted to compare runoff composition measurements at the subwatershe... |
70. Slow Release Nitrogen Fertilizer and Dynamics in Soil Systems Part I Incubation StudyA lab study was conducted at Southern Illinois University soil fertility research facility to investigate the effects of soil type on the nitrogen (N) release dynamics. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of soil type on the release rate of N from slow release nitrogen (SRN) fertilizers under controlled conditions (moisture and temperature). Two contrasting soils from Iowa and Georgia (pH and mineralogy) were combined with 500 mg kg-, of SRN or urea and kept for 90 days under ... |
71. Soil Mineralogy and Potassium AvailabilityIn this talk, I will try to answer four questions. The outline below gives the overall framework for the presentation. 1. What are the mineral sources of potassium? Primary minerals crystallize from the magma. Those that contain K are: Feldspars (microcline and orthoclase) Micas (biotite and muscovite) Primary minerals weather decompose by several mechanisms. Chemical bonds are destabilized by acid attack. Al ions are complexed by orga... M.L. Thompson |
72. Soybean Whole Plant, and Trifoliate Phosphorus Concentration Relationships to Yield and Phosphorus Removal RatesPlant tissue analysis is becoming a more popular tool to diagnosis nutrient deficiencies. Whole plant samples may be taken early ( corrections. Leaf samples taken just before grain fill may be used to diagnose problem spots in a field. Benton Jones Jr. et al. (1991) reports that the phosphorus (P) sufficiency range for upper most developed trifoliates is between 0.26 and 0.50 percent P. There is no published data on whole plant P sufficiency ranges from V4 to V6. Nutrient grain analysis is valua... |
73. Stand Age Affects Fertilizer Nitrogen Response in First-Year Corn Following AlfalfaThrough a symbiotic relationship with soil bacteria, alfalfa can acquire nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere, use the N for its own growth, and contribute large amounts of N to subsequent crops. To estimate this N contribution, most land-grant universities use book-value N credits based on alfalfa stand density at termination. However, a recent literature analysis indicated that alfalfa stand density is not a reliable predictor of grain yield response to fertilizer N in first-year corn. That analys... |
74. Strip Tillage and No Tillage Fertilization Systems Evaluated for Eastern Kansas Rain Fed CornRow-crop agriculture in East-Central and Southeast Kansas is facing increasing pressure to reduce sediment and nutrient losses via runoff. Edge-of-field measurements show that no-tillage with fertilizers placed below the surface of the soil has significantly less sediment and total P losses in runoff compared to conventional tillage (Janssen et al., 2000). However, for rain-fed corn, no-tillage in these regions can provide serious challenges some years because of frequent spring rains and an abu... |
75. Study on Phosphorus and Nitrogen Concentration of Corn Adapted in South DakotaThough nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are vital in several physiological and developmental processes in plants and animals, they pose several environmental, nutritional and health problems, if present in excess amounts. Reduction in the excess input of these nutrients into the soil, thereby reducing environmental problem and consequently nutritional and health problem, can be achieved by balancing their concentration in animal feed. Therefore, this research aims to quantify the nitrogen and pho... |
76. Sulfur Fertility for Kentucky AgricultureSulfur (S) fertility concerns are becoming more common in Kentucky due to the reduction in atmospheric deposition resulting from more stringent air quality concerns. The most likely crops where S deficiency would first occur are winter wheat and alfalfa, due to mineralization rates or high removal rates. Currently few, if any, fields in Kentucky show consistent S deficiency problems. Tissue surveys were conducted in alfalfa fields during 2013 and 2014 to assess S status in alfalfa. Twenty-one pe... |
77. Swine Manure Phosphorus Use for Crop Production in IowaImproving manure phosphorus (P) management guidelines should result in a more efficient use of thls resource for crop production and in lower risk of P loss to surface water resources. Phosphorus fertilizers are widely used in crop production, there is a great deal of information about their use, and farmers have little doubt about their value to improve crop yield in low- testing soils. However, there is a great deal of uncertainty concerning the value of manure nutrients for crops and about co... |
78. Switchgrass Rhizobacterial Community Structure as a Function of Cultivar and Nitrogen Fertility at Two Sites in MinnesotaBiofuel production using native perennial grasses such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has potential to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil and curtail greenhouse gas emissions. Switchgrass can also provide significant ecosystem services, such as nutrient loss reduction and carbon sequestration. Best management practices (BMPs) for switchgrass fertility are being established on a regional basis, yet little work has been done to examine the intersection of soil fertility with soil biology in ... |
79. The Effect of Sulfur Fertilization of Yield and Quality of Corn and AlfalfaThe importance of sulfur (S) fertilizers for crop production in Minnesota has been recognized for several years. Inpast research, the use of S had increased crop production only on the sandy soils. Since the soil organic matter is a major reservoir of S for plant use, there is always some question about the need for S in a fertilizer program where soils are not sandy but, yet, have a low organic matter content. It is well known that S is an important component of some amino acids in wlants and t... |
80. The Effects of Rate and Timing of Nitrogen Applications on the Yield and Nitrogen Recovery of Irrigated CornHigh crop yields require that adequate amounts o f N be present and available to the root at the times it i s needed to support growth. However, for a production system to be efficient in the use of the nitrogen and to minimize any potential adverse environmental effects, care must be used to minimize loss during the growing season and minimize amounts of residual N remaining in the soil at the end of the cropping season. This requires that proper N rates be applied and that the N be applied in ... |
81. The Influence of Nitrogen Rate and Foliar Fetilization on Yield and Nitrosamine Levels in Burley TobaccoMany burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabactm~ L.) producers believe that additions of nitrogen (N) rates greater than those recommended by university extension senices will result in increased yield and income. In addition to high rates of N, many producers feel that additional foliar fertilizer will further increase yield and quality of burley tobacco and result in greater revenue. Concerns with excessive N additions include improper curing, elevated levels of tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA's), ... |
82. Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources to Enhance Tolerance and Recovery of New Corn Hybrids from Early Season Soil WaterloggingCorn (Zea mays L.) production losses due to temporarily flooded or saturated soils resulting from excessive precipitation are a persistent problem in Missouri and the Midwest Region of the United States. In 2011 alone, monetary losses for corn and soybean (Glycine max) production due to excessive flooding in the Midwest were calculated to be more than $1.6 billion. Application of different sources of nitrogen (N) fertilizer may promote increased flood tolerance and recovery in interaction with d... |
83. Using Sufficiency and Recommendation Information to Calculate Fertilizer Response Curve and Profitability Estimates.The importance of sound fertility programs in efficient, profitable farming operations is well known - especially in times of low crop prices. Likewise, the importance of a sound soil testing program - and recommendation guidelines that relate these soil test values to credible, long-term research results - is recognized as the best way of obtaining maximum economic returns from fertilizer dollars. Unfortunatly, there are few tools available for evaluating the profitabi1it.y of a specific fertil... |
84. Validating the Wisconsin P Index with Measured Runoff P Losses From Agricultural FieldsPhosphorus (P) indices have been developed by most states in the USA for use as planning tools to assess the risk of P loss and identify appropriate management alternatives to control these losses where needed. Little information is available on the relationshp between P index values and actual P runoff losses in the field. We compared annual P losses in runoff measured at 2 1 field or sub-watershed locations with Wisconsin P index values calculated for the same areas. The research sites include... |
85. Zone Delineation for Nitrogen ManagementManaging nitrogen through zone soil sampling has been shown effective in revealing residual soil nitrate patterns in North Dakota. Zone delineation has been constructed using several types of data, including yield maps, remote imagery, topography and soil EC sensor data. A study was conducted in North Dakota, Montana and Minnesota to evaluate zone delineation methods. Across the region, yield frequency maps, topography, remote inlagery and soil EC data were effective in helping to construct zon... |