Proceedings
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1. 2009 - The Summer of Plant Analysis: What Did We Learn?There was a significant increase in the number of samples submitted for plant analysis to the UW Soil and Plant Analysis Laborat ory during the 2009 growing seas on. The objective of this study was to analyze the data from plant samples submitted to the UW Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory over the past five years to determine if any relevant plant nutrition trends appear. ... |
2. 4R Nutrient Management for Corn Production on Upper Midwest SoilsCorn (Zea mays L.) demand for nitrogen (N) is often met using inorganic fertilizer on Upper Midwest soils. While applying the right rate of fertilizer N normally has the greatest impact on yield and N use efficiency (NUE), selection of the right fertilizer source, placement, and application timing can fine-tune rate recommendations, improve NUE by matching soil N availability to corn demand, and minimize loss to the environment. Given the diversity of corn production environments, th... J. Spackman, F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi |
3. A 2020 Vision on Nutrient Use DecisionsMany farmers this fall are facing significant financial stress due to several factors including low crop prices and weather-induced crop losses. Crop prices are currently much lower than they were in the first half of this decade but we have been here before … time tested principles continue to apply. Past studies of the characteristics of the most profitable farmers show that they tend to have higher yields, lower costs, and are more rapid adopters of technology than their less profit... P.E. Fixen |
4. A Nitrogen Rate of Return Calculator for Wheat, Barley, and Canola in ManitobaNitrogen (N) general guidelines in Manitoba ar e reviewed by a panel of government, industry and university experts on an annu al basis and revisions as well as additions and corrections are reflected in the Soil Fertility Guide that is published (as well as posted on the web-site) by Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives. However, a comprehensive review of the N databases for barley, wheat and canola has not been undertaken since September 1990. Post 1988 database of experiments cond... |
5. A Nitrogen Soil Test for CornIn the past decade, many states have started including a soil test when making N recommendations. In order for a soil N test to be useful, it must provide information that is not known or incorporated when making N recommendations without a test. If a test does not provide explainable, qunlltifiable infarmation. the tcs: !cses its usefghess. In Minnesota, a falllspring preplant N test has been used in the western tier of counties, which have lower rainfall than the rest of the state, for many ye... |
6. Ag Economy and Policy Outlook for 2024We will explore the factors currently shaping the ag economy and the various sectors that drive economic growth in the sector. We will investigate the connections among feed, fuel, and export markets and examine potential changes to federal agricultural policy (i.e., the Farm Bill). We will discuss the potential for agricultural profitability over the next few years and outline the challenges to reaching robust economic gains. ... C. Hart |
7. Alfalfa Responses to PotassiumThe potassium requirement of alfalfa is greater than that for any other nutrient. Potassium influences several systems within alfalfa plants including enzyme activity, carbohydrate production and transport, stornatal activity, photosynthesis through chlorophyll content and C02 exchange rate, and nitrogen fixation. Excellent reviews on the role of K in physiological processes are provided in the most recent potassium monograph (Munson, 1985). Potassium also markedly influences alfalfa agronomical... |
8. Ammonium Thiosulfate as a Urease Inhibitor- A suggested MechanismA great deal of interest, ard sca~ controversy, has been generaw by my observations (Goos, 1985a; Goos, 1985b; Fairlie and Goos, 1986) that ammonium thiosulfate (ATS, 12-0-0-265) can inhibit soil urease activity when mixed with fertilizers such as urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) . Preliminary field research (Gascho and Burton, 1987; Fox and Piekielek, 1987; Lamond et al. 1986) has shown some increase in crop yields or N uptah by adding ATS to surface-applied UAN. However, the use of ATS as a urease ... |
9. An Overview of the Thompson/Baker Farming Systems StudyThere is a general lack of quantitative information, collected from field-scale studies, that can be used to assess long-term effects of alternative farming systems. The objective of an on-going study in central Iowa is to quantitatively evaluate several chemical, physical, biological, and economic parameters on the Richard Thompson (alternative) and Eugene Baker (conventional) farms. This project was initiated in 1989 on adjacent 32-ha tracts of land, that have Clarion loam, Nicollet loam, Cani... |
10. Assessing Sulfur Response, Utilization Efficiency, and Diagnostic Tools for Corn in KansasEfficient sulfur (S) utilization is crucial for crops' productivity and the sustainability of agricultural systems. This study aims to evaluate the effect of sulfur application on corn production across various Kansas sites and determine how sulfur fertilization affects different growth parameters and diagnostic tools for corn. The study was conducted over the 2021-2022 growing seasons, with a comprehensive field experiment carried out across 26 sites in Kansas. A randomized complete bloc... G. Roa , D. Ruiz diaz |
11. Assessing the Source of Groundwater Nitrates- And You Thought Good Wine Took TimeControversy continues with elevated groundwater nitrate concentrations being attributed to N fertilizer use. Current research defining best management practices in farming system K management seldom addresses the influence these practices have on groundwater. Why? The results of this Missouri research show that the influence of management on groundwater nitrates may last for decades. The study provides support for time requirements when assessing farming system impact on groundwater quality. ... |
12. Assessing the Variability of Corn Response to NitrogenBecause results of experiments designed to test the response of corn to N rate tend to vary considerably with the environment. repetitions of such studies over time are essential. It is not clear, however, what number of repetitions are needed in order to deduce sound recommendations for application of N fertilizer to succeeding crops. We used the results from 16 years of a crop rotation x N rate study conducted at Monmouth, Illinois to assess the effect of duration of such an experiment on the ... |
13. Calcium Chloride Effects on Nitrogen Uptake by Small GrainsApplying calcium chloride (CaC12) with urea stimulated nitrogen uptake by small grains in six greenhouse studies. The effect was most dramatic for a sandy soil, moderate for a loam soil, and not observed for a clay soil. Allowing the urea to nitrify before plant uptake negated the CaC12 effect. In field studies, these effects were generally not observed, probably because the nitrification of the applied N was too rapid. However, this concept deserves further investigation, for example, when esta... |
14. Can nitrogen application rate and timing management contribute to yield benefit in dryland winter wheat?Nitrogen (N) is a key component that affects grain yield and protein content in wheat. Optimizing fertilizer N application rate and time may contribute to an increased yield along with an adequate protein level. To evaluate the effects of different rates and application timing of N on grain yield and quality, a field study was carried out at four different locations across Nebraska (Mead, Grant, Sidney, and Scottsbluff) in 2018/19. At all locations, the experimental layout was split-plot rand... D. Ghimire, B. Maharjan |
15. Can we Afford Not to Ridge Till?A typical farmer response to ridge till is that it is just another method of tillage. My contention is that it is much, much more than that. In my career in this I have had three cbjectives. One is to attapt to create as much balance between famkq ad the enviroment as possible. ?he second is to rrake farming profitable. The third is to make farming easier and fun. I believe with the proper approaches in regards to fertility, chemicals and water management along with the ridge till technique the... |
16. Carryover Effects of Sulfur Fertilization from One Cropping Season to the NextCorn and soybean grain yield increases with S fertilization are not uncommon in Indiana. Low rates of S fertilizer (<15-20 lb S/acre) are needed to maximize grain yield response. We found that sulfate-S fertilizer applied to silt loam or heavier textured soils in one cropping season provided S to the crop grown the next season more often than not. At some S responsive locations, S applied the prior season at 15 to 20 lb S/acre produced yields of the second crop equivalent to crop yields wi... J. Camberato, R. Nielsen |
17. Cereal Rye Cover Crops Mitigate Soil Phosphorus Stratification from Long-term No-tillageMinimal or no-tillage is a widely adopted soil conservation practice and has been documented to reduce soil erosion, increase soil organic matter, and even reduce nutrient losses. Without tillage cultivation, however, phosphorus (P) can become stratified in surface soil layers and this may limit availability to crops or even increase bioavailable-P losses. Our primary objective was to measure the long-term (12-year) effects of long-term no-tillage (NT), cereal rye cover crops (CC), and their ... R.W. Barker, M.J. Helmers, M.D. Mcdaniel |
18. Certified Crop Adviser (CCA) ProgramThe Certified Crop Adviser (CCA) Program is being developed under the auspices of the American Society of Agronomy (ASA). The ad hoc steering committee is comprised of industry and university agronomists, state dealer associations, independent crop consultants, several organizations (including T.F.1, P.P.I., ARA, TVA) and ASA staff. This is a broad group representing wide geographic parts of the U.S., and has also included USDA officials, representing SCS and Extension. The purpose of the CCA pr... |
19. Challenges for making intensive soil sampling and VRT Pay. Ongoing Iowa Studies with PhosphorusSoil fertility evaluation and management can be greatly improved with the use of precision agriculture technologies. Differential global positioning systems @GPS), yield monitors, various forms of remote sensing, geographical information system (GIs) computer software, and variable rate technologies are available for use to producers. Intensive soil sampling, crop scouting, and other practices complete the new technological package. Soil testing is a diagnostic tool especially adapted for site-s... |
20. Chemical and Biological Changes Resulting from Soil SubmergenceFlooding of a soil for rice production results in significant short and long term physical, chemical and biological changes in soil properties. These changes may have significant impact of the availability of nutrients for plant growth both for aquatic plants growing in the flooded soil and upland plants on the soil when not under flooded conditions. Chief among these nutritional effects are accelerated nitrogen (N) losses, conversion of phosphorus (P) to more available forms during flooding the... |
21. Compaction - K Fertility Interactions in Corn ProductionSoil compaction is recognized as a significant factor affecting yield in crop production today. The pressure to produce crops profitably has often led gruwers to farm greater acreages, with larger equipment under soil conditions which favor compaction. Effects of compaction are not limited to the surface lay- of a soil but often may be apparent cut much of the root zone. With the interest in soil compaction and its effects on crop growth, a research project was initiated to accomplish the fol lo... |
22. Comparing the Effectiveness of Calcium Products in Neutralizing Soil AcidityProper pH management is the foundation of a good soil fertility program. Soil pH influences nutrient availability, root growth and function. Acid soils are neutralized by the addition of carbonates, oxides, and hydroxides present in limestone products. However, there is a common perception that calcium is responsible for the neutralization of acid soils rather than the carbonates associated with calcium in the limestone. The effectiveness of three calcium products in raising soil pH were comp... E.L. Ritchey, J.H. Grove, C. Teutsch |
23. Comparing Yield Goal and Maximum Return to N Based Methods in Predicting Corn Economic Optimal Nitrogen RatesThere are two main N rate recommendation systems used in the U.S.–Yield goal and maximum return to N (MRTN). The current yield-goal based system for calculating corn N rate recommendations in SD has not been evaluated for accuracy since 2013. Therefore, the objective of this project was to 1) evaluate the accuracy of the current yield goal-based equation and 2) create a database of N response trials and evaluate the accuracy of using the MRTN approach for predicting N rate requirements.... J. Clark, P. Kovacs, A. Bly, C. Graham |
24. Comparison of Wheat and Barley to Rye as a Cover Crop for CornWinter cereal cover crops have become an essential management practice for sustainable corn production. Rye is the most popular winter cereal for cover crop, but wheat and barley may provide a comparable value due to their similar fibrous root systems. Winter cereals provide organic matter, scavenge residual nutrients, and protect the soil from erosion. Winter cereals can immobilize nutrients for the corn crop and can reduce corn stands in some situations, reducing corn yield. The primary obj... R. Nalley, C. Lee, H. Poffenbarger |
25. Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan from a USDA PerspectiveLivestock manure has emerged over the past few years as a major political, as well as an environmental issue. As the Congressional Research Service described the situation in a May 1998 report: "Social and political pressure to address the environmental impacts of livestock production has grown to the point that many policy-makers today are asking what to do, not whether to do something." It added: "The bulk of current policy debate on animal waste issues, both legislative and regulatory, is occ... |
26. Conservation Practices Lower Soil Test Phosphorus Requirements and Optimize Crop YieldSustainable P management in cropping systems is a challenge in modern agriculture. The implementation of conservation practices of no-till, retaining high levels of residue in the field, and diverse crop rotations may create a more suitable environment for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to accumulate. A greater AMF population may subsequently increase the P available to crops, lowering the soil test P amount needed to optimize crop yield. At the Dakota Lakes Research Farm in Pierre, South... C. Winter, J. Clark, M. Lehman, S. Xu, S. Ireland |
27. Corn Nitrogen Rate Response Trials in Northwest and Westcentral Minnesota, 2007=-2009With the growing number of corn producers and increased acres of corn in NW and WC Minnesota along with the revisions in the Univer sity of Minnesota Corn Nitrogen Guidelines (2006) many northern corn growers were asking a bout the validity of the new nitrogen guidelines for corn production in the region. Prior to 2007, University of Minnesota calibration and correlation data included in the new guidelines did not include any research sites north of Interstate 94. A request for funding from the ... |
28. Corn Nitrogen Requirement in Winter Cereal Cover Crop Trials in Southern IllinoisWinter cereal cover crops, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) are recommended as the best in-field management strategy by the Illinois Nutrient Loss Reduction Strategy (INLRS) to minimize nitrate-N leaching to the Mississippi River Basin and the Gulf of Mexico. We evaluated the effect of wheat and winter rye on corn grain yield, and nitrogen (N) requirement. Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replic... A. Sadeghpour, O. Adeyemi, O. Guzel, C. Kula, J. Mcgrath, G. Sener guzel |
29. Corn Response to Nitrogen Fixation Technology in Upstate MissouriNitrogen is one of the most expensive corn input costs and is critical for grain production. Nitrogen (N) fixing bacteria convert atmospheric N into organic forms that can be utilized by the plant are common with legumes. The symbiosis between Rhizobia and legumes is a critical plant–microbe mutualism that is essential for high yielding soybean. Recently, an emphasis on developing technology to supply corn with additional N through biological processes has been a focus of several agribu... D.J. Steinkamp, K.A. Nelson, G. Singh, G. Kaur, H. Kaur |
30. Corn Stem Nitrate N Content-Grain Yield Relationships and Their use as a Basis for Sidedress N Rate RecommendationsThe objectives of this study were to confirm the relationship between nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) content of basal corn steras and grain yield in Iowa, to establish crltical levels of stem NO3-N content for dtaining various levels of mximum yield, and to perform preliminary calibration of yield responses to sidedressed nitrogen (N) at various levels of st-Rm NO3-N content. Six sites across Iowa with a wide range of physical and environmental conditions were selected. N fertilizer was applied prepla... |
31. Cover Crop Impacts on Corn and Soybean Nitrogen Accumulation and YieldThe need to retain soil N between economic crops has renewed interest in cover crops for the eastern cornbelt but their management remains a barrier to widespread adoption. We conducted a 3 site-yr study to determine effects of cover species (wheat or rye) and biomass management (burndown 40 d, 20 d, or 2 d preplant) on corn and soybean yields. Sites included a very poorly drained (wland wlo tile drainage) and a well drained silt loam. With adequate drainage, cover biomass 40 d preplant averaged... |
32. Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nutrient Cycling in a Multi-Location Study in South DakotaSoil without living roots potentially loses mobile nutrients and retains excess water. Unprotected soil degradation and erosion enable the loss of carbon and nutrient rich top soil. Cover crops provide armor for the soil protecting from carbon and nutrient loss. Cover crop blends may influence soil health parameters and nutrient cycling. This multi-locational study depicts the influence of cover crop species blends with varying grass and broadleaf concentrations on established soil-health ind... D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, D. Karki, J. Clark, A. Bly |
33. Current Perceptions on Soil Fertility Recommendations and Status of Soil Fertility in IllinoisWhile most soils in Illinois are generally recognized for their high productivity, regular application of phosphorus (P), pot assium (K), and limestone are necessary to maintain their productivity. Determination of soil P, K, and pH levels through soil analysis is necessary to guide application of these nutrients and limestone. Due to recent high fertilizer prices there has been interest from producers to temporarily reduce or eliminate P and K applications without reducing crop yield. In an ef... |
34. Dealing with Sulfur Deficincies in Crop Production: The Iowa ExperienceResearch conducted for more than forty years (pri or to approximately 2005) in Iowa rarely noted improved crop yield with sulfur (S) fertilization. Studies during that time period with corn and soybean found yield increase from S fertilizer application only three times out of approximately 200 trials. Research in the early 1980's had also documented sufficient plant available S in the soil profile for crop production on most Iowa soil associations. Results of recent studies (2000- 2005) in corn ... |
35. Developing a Sustainable Sufficiency ParadigmSustainable conservation practices must align agronomic productivity and environmental protection goals to facilitate widespread and consistent adoption on-farm. Agricultural phosphorus (P) management is a critical control point for detrimental environmental consequences of P loss in surface runoff from agricultural fields. Reduced P fertilizer inputs are recognized as an effective and necessary control measure to limit P loss; however, current P fertilizer recommendation systems do not suppo... M.A. Bourns, N.O. Nelson, D. Ruiz diaz, G. Roa |
36. Do cover crops improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Bare soils are prone to erosion and lose soluble nutrients. Cover crops provide protection to the soil against erosion and nutrient loss. We hypothesized that the cover crops should uptake available nutrients from the soils in the fall when there is no cash crop, assimilate the nutrients in their tissues, and in the following spring, should release the nutrients back to the soil during the next cash crop growing season. In our study, we are quantifying the nutrients taken up by the cover crop... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Wolthuizen, J. Clark, A. Bly |
37. Do Hybrids Differ in Response to Differential Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer?In the absence of other limiting factors, maize yield increases with nitrogen fertilizer application to very high levels. In fact, researchers attempting to maximize maize production have reported a yield -rise at levels of N greater than 300 lbs/acre. Because there are many limiting factors in addition to nitrogen, nitrogen fertilizer must be mged to minimize costs and maximize response. In addition to mging the crup's proctuctivity, recent concerns about high levels of nitrates and other farm... |
38. Does cover crop composition improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Crop and livestock producers in South Dakota are showing greater interest in cover crops for the multidimensional benefits it can provide towards enhanced nutrient availability to the cash crops and livestock nutrition. Growers use different blends of grasses and broad leaves, mostly legumes and brassicas, as cover crops. We hypothesized that carbon and nitrogen ratio and fiber composition in those cover crop residues regulate the nutrient release, thus influence the processes regarding nutri... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Clark, J. Wolthuizen, A. Bly |
39. Does Maize Need Pre-Plant N if Sub-Drip Fertigation Can be Used To Provide Season Long N?Multiple nitrogen (N) applications are becoming more common as a way to assure adequate N availability for optimum growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.), while minimizing the potential for negative environmental consequences associated with N loss. Unclear, however, is how much N needs to be applied at planting in order to get the full value of in-season applications. Our objectives were to determine the amount of preplant N needed to maximize maize yield, when additional N is prov... B. Wiegmann, F. Below |
40. Does Nitrogen Fertilization with Manure Injection Versus Surface Application Influence Corn for Silage and Winter Rye Yield, Quality, Phosphorus Balance and Soil Test Phosphorus Over Three Years?Switching from nitrogen (N)-based to phosphorus (P)-based manure management has been shown to decrease P loss to the environment allowing for sustainable P management in dairy farms. At high P soils, dairy farmers often surface apply the liquid manure to corn (Zea mays L.) for silage at the P-based rates and supplement the limited N to corn with N fertilizers to ensure optimum crop production. With high fertilizer prices, one solution to reducing the N requirement of corn could be to... A. Sadeghpour, G. Burkett, S. Babaei, O. Adeyemi, K. Vaughn, C. Kula |
41. Does Nitrogen Management in Winter Wheat Affects Its Yield and Nitrate-N Leaching in a Wheat-Soybean Double Cropping System?Conventional corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation contributes to nitrate-N and phosphate leaching to waterbodies causing water quality concerns. Two strategies that could minimize N and P losses include (i) incorporating winter rye (Secale cereale L.) (WR) as a cover crop to capture residual nutrients or (ii) intensifying the corn-soybean rotation with winter wheat (WW) (Triticum aestivum L.) (Double cropping). Double cropping WW at a right ... A. Sadeghpour, O. Ola, O. Guzel, K.L. Gage, K. Williard, J. Schoonover, S. Mueller |
42. Does Sensor-based Nitrogen Management Maintain Crop Production and Decrease Nitrate-N Leaching?To improve water quality, nitrogen (N) management in corn production systems should shift from current N decision support system [maximum return to N (MRTN)] which suggests a single rate N addition to sensor-based (GreenSeeker) active N management (variable N rate approach). Single rate N recommendations often result in under- and over-N addition and either increase environmental N losses or cause corn yield penalty. Our objectives were to evaluate corn optimum nitrogen N requirement (EORN) i... A. Sadeghpour, M. Guzel, J. Mcgrath, O. Adeyemi, B. Arnall, O. Guzel |
43. Does Starter Fertilizer Benefit Late Planted Corn?Starter fertilizers are used by producers to help overcome wet and cool soils often encountered with early planted corn. Early planted corn in no-tilled fields and limited drainage typically have the greatest chance of response from starter fertilizers. Starter fertilizers can range from a mixture of UAN, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and other fertilizers to low salt (LS) formulations containing N, P, K and various micronutrients. Some that promote LS starter fertilizer products claim that U... E. Ritchey, H. York |
44. Early Season Nutrient Uptake from Combinations of N itrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Applies in Starter Fertilizer in Two Corn HybridsConventional small plot field trials were establ ished to study the effect nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) applied as starter ferti lizer on early season growth and nutrient uptake of two corn hybrids with a nd without the Bt-rootworm gene. Ei ght locations were studied over two years comparing a non-starter check, N only, K only, NP, NPK, and NK starter fertilizer combinations on early season growth and nutrient uptake. Sites tested High initially in both P and K. One or more st... |
45. Early Season Stresses in CornSpatial variability in corn yield is frequently associated with lost yield potential caused by plant stresses. Early-season stresses are difficult to recognize because growing conditions (soil temperature and water status) are not ideal and seldom uniform throughout a field. The impact that climate has on plant growth is dificult to determine because it also affects nitrogen (N) availability. Nitrogen stress was imposed sequentially until the V8 growth stage and then all plots were sidedressed w... |
46. Economic Optimum Rates of N for Corn Production in IowaProper nitronen (N) fertilizer is essential if crop producers are to maximize profits and minimize environmental contamination. A study to determine 'economic optimum N fertilizer rates was conducted in Iowa from-1987 to 1991. The results show that Iowa crop producers over-applied N during those years primarily due to not considering residual N in the soil. This was especially true following the drought year of 1988.... |
47. Effect of Ammonia Knife Spacing on Corn YieldExperiments were conducted at DeKalb on a Drummer sicl, Dixon Springs on a Alford silt loam and Elwood on a Blaunt sicl to evaluate the effect of ammonia knife spacing at varying N rates and on different tillage systems on the yield of corn Nitrogen was awlied at 180 1bs N/acre at bath DeKalb and El& and at 210 lbs N/acre at Dixon Springs in the knife spacing by tillage study. In the rate by knife spacing by time of application study at DeKalb, the preplant nitrogen was placed under where the ro... |
48. Effect of Ammonium to Nitrate Rations of Fertilizers Applied at Various Times Throughout the Growing Season on Yield and Nitrogen Concentrationof CornA number of recent investigations have produced evidenm that the ionic form of N taken up by roots affects the growth of plants. While soil- plants generally take up rest of their N as nitrate, there is evidence that increasing the relative proportion of ammonium in the culture (or soil) solution can enhance growth and yield. Owing to difficulties in prevent* the rapid miaxbial conversion of ammonium to nitrate in soil, this response has nat been well demnstrated in a field situation. The object... |
49. Effect of Chlorophyll Meter Readings on Improving Nitrogen use Efficiency in Corn ProductionChlorophyll meters have received widespread publicity as tools to measure nitrogen status of corn. Less information is available on whether the use of chlorophyll meters will decrease total nitrogen use or increased corn grain yield. One question that remains is, "How low chlorophyll readings need to go before additional nitrogen is needed?" To determine the impact of a 2 and 4% reduction in chlorophyll readings impact on yield (as measured by a SPAD 502 meter) zero, 50, 100, 150 and 200 lbs Nta... |
50. Effect of Intensive Management Practices on Wheat Yields and ProfitabilityConsiderable interest in improving wheat yields and profitability has been shown throughout the U.S. over the past ten years. Much of this interest has resulted from the dramatic yield increases achieved by English producers during that time - an annual increase of 5.0 bushellacre per year (Figure 1). During that same time period, wheat producers in the U.S. have shown a much lower rate of increase in wheat yields - 1.02 bushellacre per year (Figure 2). Missouri growers have been no exception to... |
51. Effect of Long-Term Tillage and Crop Rotation on Mineral Associated Organic Matter Distribution Along the Soil ProfileSoil carbon (C) stability in soil organic matter (SOM) is critical for mitigating climate change as well as for providing food security. SOM associated with mineral Mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) has a longer residence time than the light, sand-sized particulate organic matter (POM). Therefore, it is important to study the effect of conservation practices like no tillage and crop rotation on MAOM distribution to better understand carbon stability and persistence. The objective of th... A. Gautam, T. Vyn, S. Armstrong |
52. Effect of Phosphate and Sulfate Application on Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Grain Selenium Content and Yield ComponentsThe interest in Selenium (Se) has increased due to its potential anti-cancer attributes in human health. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) will assimilate Se according to soil availability. There is interest in developing a consiste nt grain supply of high Se wheat for markets in Europe and Asia since plant-available Se in soils of these continents are very low. Agricultural soils in some regions of central and western South Dakota ha ve high Se content. Yet the common plant available forms of Se, sel... |
53. Effect of Three Tillage Systems on Soil Bulk Density and Porespace DistributionMany grain producers in Kentucky use a 3 crop in 2 year rotation of corn fol lowed by small grain-soybeans, and commonly no-ti1 1 the soybeans and corn in order to intensively use sloping land for continuous grain production. Because of the intensity of machinery traffic in this system, grtwxs. are concerned that continuw no-till management may cause compaction, and that such fields may need occasional primary tillage. In order to obtain information regarding this situation, we conducted a test ... |
54. Effect of Time of N Application for CornThe economic benefit associated with the application of N fertilizers for corn has been known for over 5 decades. As a result, over 99 % of the farmers in Illinois apply N fertilizers when corn is grown. Unlike phosphorus and potassium, there is no good soil test to predict the amount of N needed, instead, farmers use a factor times yield potential with appropriate credits for legume and other N sources to set N rates. While this works well over a number of years, there are years when less N wil... |
55. Effects of Fertilizer Nitrogen Management on Biomass, Oil, and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Peppermint in Nebraska PanhandlePeppermint (Mentha pipperita) is an aromatic perennial herb that contains aromatic oil, primarily menthol. Irrigated peppermint production requires large nitrogen (N) input, which is often higher than for irrigated corn. Therefore, if not managed properly, mint production has a high potential for N loss, including emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). Nitrous oxide is a major greenhouse gas and also the single most important ozone-depleting emission. Increasing N2O ... S. De silva, B. Maharjan |
56. Effects of Glyphosate Application and Manganese Fertiization on Leaf Manganese Concentration and Yield of Glyphosate-Resistant SoybeanGlyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean is widely accep ted in the United States. Recent research in Indiana and elsewhere has observe d that post-emergence foliar applications of glyphosate may cause or exacerbate manganese (Mn) deficiency and then limit yield of GR soybeans on low Mn availability soils. The objectives of this study were to 1) better understand how glyphosate application(s) might reduce the up take and translocation of Mn in GR soybean plants, and 2) determine the effectiveness of s... |
57. Effects of Phosphorus Application Method and Rate on Furrow-irrigated Ridge-tilled Grain SorghumThe objective of this research was to investigate the effects of method of phosphorus (P) placement and rate on inigated grain sorghum grown in a ridge-tillage system on a soil low in available P. This experiment was conducted from 1993-1 995 on a producer's field near the North Central Kansas Experiment Field Experiment Field at Scandia, Kansas on a Carr sandy loam soil. Treatments consisted of fertilizer application methods: surface broadcast, single band starter (2 inches to the side and 2 in... |
58. Effects of Residue Density Levels on the Response of No-till Corn to N Fertilizers and InhibitorsExperiments were conducted from 1989-91 at tho southern Illinois locatio~ls (~elle\?ille and Car*bcrndale) to evaluate the effect of residue levels un the perfor-mance of N fertilizers, urease inhibitors, and placenient on the response of no-till conl. Levels of 0, 50, 100, and 200 percent of existing (pre-plant) amounts were established in the crop residues of previous corn. Kitrogen fertilizers were urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution (dribble, injection. and split-applied) and urea (broadcas... |
59. Effects of Sampling Time, Soil Moisture Content, and Extractant on Soil Test Potassium LevelsAn accurate prediction of plant-available pota ssium (K) requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that might impact soil test K. A three year field study was developed to determine relationships between soil test potassium (STK) levels and time of soil sampling, soil moisture content, and extractant. Five field sites were established in 2006 throughout Wisconsin at Arlington, Hancock, Marshfield, and Lancaster Agricultural Resear ch Stations, and a private farm in Fond du Lac county ... |
60. Effects of Soil Phosphorus and Potassium Levels on Corn Yield Response to Nitrogen Fertilization, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and ProfitabilityAnnual investment in nitrogen (N) fertilizer for corn production represents a significant portion of annual input costs. Yield response to N fertilization is affected by soil N supply, crop N demand, and interacting factors that affect crop N use, such as phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) supply. To investigate the effects of soil-test P and K levels on corn yield response to N fertilizer, a four-year study was conducted at two southern Wisconsin sites. Soil-test P and K were maintained at low... J.D. Jones, C.A. Laboksi, F.J. Arriaga |
61. Effects of Variable Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates on Corn Grain Yield, Profitability, and Nitrogen Losses in Southwestern MinnesotaGlobal crop production heavily relies on the application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, which unfortunately comes with environmental concerns. The primary pathways N is lost to the environment is through nitrate leaching into groundwater, ammonia volatilization, and nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere. This ongoing study started in 2021 at the University of Minnesota Southwest Research and Outreach Center in Lamberton, MN, to comprehensively assess the effects of varying N fertilizer rate... Z.J. Aanerud, F.G. Fernández, R.T. Venterea, P.H. Pagliari, A.M. Cates, J.L. Nieber |
62. Efficacy of Variable-Rate Application Technology for Phosphorus, Potassium, and Lime ManagementVariable-rate (VR) application technology may improve P and K fertilizer and lime use efficiency, increase crop yield and the profitability of crop production, and reduce within-field soil-test variability. On-farm research assessed the potential of VR P or K fertilization and liming for corn and soybean in Iowa. Replicated strip-trials evaluated one to three cycles of the two-year rotation. Treatments for areas 10-30 acres in size were a non-fertilized or unlimed control, VR based on dense g... A.P. Mallarino |
63. Employing Statistical Models to Determine the Soil Tests and/or Soil Characteristics That Improved EONR Prediction in CornIn corn production, nitrogen (N) fertilization is crucial for increasing yield. However, in the last few years, there has been a push to use less N due to environmental concerns and production costs. There has been an interest in using soil health tests to predict N mineralization potential and further understand soil N availability to adjust N recommendation rates. Different statistical models like regression or decision tree analysis have been used to determine how the Economic Optimum N Ra... D. Orjuela diaz, C.A. Laboski, F. Arriaga |
64. Evaluating Relationships between Soil Respiration and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in CornAvailable nitrogen (N) often limits the agricultural production of corn (Zea mays) and the N fertilizer use efficiency is of primary concern for producers in Kansas and the Midwest. This study was carried out to understand the agronomic value of commercially available soil health tests (e.g. 24 hr CO2 burst) and their relationship to components of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in corn. Relationships between N response and soil CO2 evolution were investigated across multiple sites and manageme... D. Ruiz diaz, B. Rutter |
65. Evaluation of Instinct II and Radiate on Soft Red Winter Wheat in Northwest OhioProducers in Northwest Ohio are encouraged to purchase various additives for urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) with the expectation to increase grain yields; however, they have limited information on the benefits of these products except what was provided by the selling company. Two products that were commonly promoted were Instinct II, a nitrification inhibitor, and Radiate, a growth regulator. A three-year study was completed at the OARDC Northwest Agricultural Research Station near Custar, Ohio ... E.M. Lentz |
66. Evaluation of Nitrate Leaching Potential from Slow and Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Application to Irrigated CornThe use of slow and controlled release nitrogen (N) fertilizers as a practice to reduce nitrate leaching from irrigated corn was evaluated on coar se-textured soils in the Central Platte River Valley of Nebraska in 2007 & 2008. Slow-releas e methylene urea (MU) and polymer-coated urea (PCU) were compared to a standard fertil izer of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution. Flooding in 2007 severely impacted the study site, and results are not reported here. Saturated soils were common at the site i... |
67. Evaluation of Nitrogen Management Practices in No-till Corn ProductionExperiments were conducted fiom 1995 to 1998 at the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center of the University of Illinois and the Belleville Research Center of Southern Illinois University to evaluate agronomically and economically several nitrogen (N) management options, including the use of the urease inhibitor Agrotaii, in no-till corn production. Compared in these studies were N sources (urea, UAN, ammonium nitrate, and anhydrous ammonia), placement (dribble vs. broadcast for surface-applied N and... |
68. Evaluation of Soil Test Methods and Crop Response to Phosphorus Fertilization in KansasWheat (Triticum aestivum) is typically considered the most responsive crop to phosphorus (P) fertilization in Kansas. This study was conducted to evaluate wheat response to P fertilization using modern genotypes and soil test calibration/interpretation for Kansas soils. The study was conducted during the 2018-2019 growing season with eleven locations in Kansas. Randomized complete block design was used for four differe... C. Weber, D.A. Ruiz diaz |
69. Evaluation of Sulfur Fertilizers In Corn ProductionSulfur deficiencies and corn yield increases from S fertilization have been documented in Iowa since the mid-2000’s. Therefore, S fertilization management is an important component of high yield corn production. Many S fertilizers are available for use in correcting deficiencies. However, specific product evaluations have not been widely conducted in Iowa. In addition, a new S fertilizer has recently become available in the Midwest U.S., the mineral polyhalite. The research objectives w... J. Sawyer, M. Castellano, A. Sassman, J. Lundvall |
70. Evaluation of Three N Recommendation Systems for Corn Yield and Residual Soil NitrateProper N application rates are required for continued economic and environmental viability of U.S. agriculture. Application at rates below that required for economic optimum will place U.S. farmers at a competitive disadvantage in the world market. On the other hand, excessive rates of N fertilizers may result in contamination of ground water. ... |
71. Examination of Topography and Soil Health Properties and Their Relationship to Corn Yield Stability in Central Iowa Agricultural FieldsCroplands in the North Central region are managed for high crop yields that are stable across years and fields. Nevertheless, yields fluctuate from year to year. Moreover, the magnitude of these fluctuations can vary across the field such that yield in some portions of the field is relatively stable and relatively variable in other portions of the field. Previous research has found that yield stability can be partially explained by topographic variables, but potential relationships between yi... L. Makens, M. Castellano |
72. Exploring the Impact of Temporal Variability in Emergence on Corn Grain Yield and Development PatternsConcerns have raised among farmers in the Midwest regarding the impacts of uneven emergence of corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Research has showed that even a minor delay in emergence of a few hours could have a substantial influence on plant performance and ear weight; and one of the contributing factors to uneven seedling emergence in corn is the application of starter fertilizer. Placing fertilizers in the seed furrow increases the salt concentration surrounding the seed and as a result, del... L. Dorissant, P. Kovács, J. Clark |
73. Fertilizer Industry Update – Markets, Trends, and New DirectionsThe fertilizer industry was characterized, perhaps above all else, as volatile. We saw near record prices as supply chains were affected by war in Ukraine, international sanctions, and high production costs. Across the industry, fertilizer manufacturers and suppliers seek to cut operating costs to cope with rapidly falling prices. We will review key market drivers and other industry trends. ... A. Blaylock |
74. Fertilizer ManufacturingRock Phosphate + Sulfuric acidPhosphoric Acid + Gypsum Phosphoric Acid + Anhydrous Ammonia MAP or DAP (18-46-0) Phosphoric Acid + Rock Phosphate TSP (46-0-0) Concentrated Phosphoric Acid + Anhydrous Ammoni a APP (11-37-0) 1. Ore containing KCl and NaCl is mined, brought to the surface and ground up 2. Reagents added in a brine to remove clays 3. Reagents added to attach to KCl crystals 4. KCl crystals floated to the surface in flotation cells 5. NaCl separated to tailings pile or put back under... |
75. Fertilizer Recommendations- Fact or FictionFertilizers are all important and expensive part of the crop production systenl in Indiana. Indiana farmers spend nearly a half billion dollars each year on fertilizer and lime. The question is. is this expense really nccessary? Farmers obtain fertilizer reconlmendations from a number of sources. Soil testing labs. fertilizer dealers. crop consultants and extension all make fertilizer reconunendations. In many cases the reconlmendations are quite different. Is there a valid reason for these diff... |
76. Flooded Soil Syndrom and P Deficiencies on Four Iowa SoilsSeveral million acres of Midwest cropland were inundated during the floods of 1993. The length of inundation was from a few days to several months. In some areas growing crops were drowned out and other fields could never be planted. As the water receded and acres of barren ground were exposed, the reality of the disaster gave way to concerns for the 1994 crop and the development of Flooded Soil Syndrome. Flooded Soil Syndrome produces' symptoms similar to Fallow Syndrome which was originally id... |
77. Foliar Fertilizer and Pyracolstrobin Fungicide Combinations for CornIncorporating a foliar applied fert ilizer with fungicide application could reduce application costs, improve disease suppression, increase nutrient re sponse, and enhance the management of crop response to environmental conditions within th e growing season. A two-year field trial was initiated in 2008 at three sites in northeast, southeast and northwest Mi ssouri. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of 13 diffe rent commercially-available foliar fertilizers containing both macro- a... |
78. Four R Nitrogen management for cotton. MU-FDRC research update.Cotton is a much different crop than corn. In addition to the dicot vs. monocot difference, cotton is a perennial plant cultivated as an annual crop. A cotton crop must be “encouraged” to produce fruit and hence lint in this production system. Input management, including nitrogen fertilizers, are central to modern cotton production. Adequate nitrogen must be available to a cotton crop during the critical flowering period. In Missouri this is from mid-May to... D. Dunn |
79. Grid Sampling- The Worth of InformationSoil sample collection and chemical analysis is a time honored, scientific procedure for providing information used in determining limestone and nutrient needs in crop production fields. Ln fact, without that information one cannot make appropriate limestone and nutrient input decisions. At best they would be educated guesses. and most likely would be incorrect. Inherently then, in the soil testing process is a worth of the information derived. This worth is dependent upon the test results and t... |
80. Grid Soil Sampling for Precision and ProfitSite specific management of plant nutrients for crop production begins with an inventory of soil test levels in a field. Fertilizer recommendations are based on the expected response to addition of fertilizers as a function of soil test levels. Therefore, the accuracy of site specific fertilizer applications depends on the precision of the soil test map from which the fertilizer recommendations are based. Precision usually increases as fields are divided and sampled as smaller areas. Mapping acc... |
81. Horse Manure ManagementIt is common in the United States to find large concentrations of horses being stabled in suburban counties, immediately adjacent to large cities. Wood sawdust is one of the most common bedding materials used for horses. The high CIN ratio present in horse manure and hardwood sawdust mixtures makes this material problematic for use in agronomic or horticultural production. The high CIN ratio can induce a nitrogen deficiency in growing crops, due to the inmobilization of soil nitrogen by micro-or... |
82. How Agronomic Management Affects Soil Nitrous Oxide EmissionsThe effects of crop and soil management practices on soil emissions of non-carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as nitrous oxide (N2O) are highly variable, and long-term field data are limited. Management strategies that impact nitrogen (N) mineralization are also likely to affect how N is lost to the atmosphere as N2O gas. This presentation covers the agroecosystem soil N cycling concepts leading to losses as N2O as well as... V.L. Jin, M.R. Schmer, B.J. Wienhold |
83. Impact of Cover Crop Composition on Nitrogen Application Rates and the Subsequent Yields of Corn and SoybeanInterseeding cover crops presents a promising strategy for enhancing the sustainability of agricultural systems. Nevertheless, the practice of interseeding cover crops introduces a dynamic element to nitrogen (N) cycling, potentially altering both the quantity and timing of N release through decomposition (mineralization). This variability in N availability may, in turn, influence the optimal nitrogen fertilizer requirements to maximize corn grain yield. However, long-term studies are essenti... J.D. Clark , P. Kovacs, P. Sexton, S. Osborne, S. Kodali |
84. Impact of Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization on Corn and Soybean Productivity and Soil Nutrient LevelsA common production practice in the Eastern Corn Belt is to supply enough phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the fall prior to corn planting to satisfy the nutrient needs of both corn and soybeans in a rotation. This practice is most likely a viavle option for fields with more than adequate soil nutrient levels, but on marginal fields this practice may be limiting production (specifically with regard to K). Two field experiements were estabished to evauate the impact of P and K fertilization... K.A. Dietrick, R.W. Mullen, C.E. Dygert |
85. Impact of sulfur and its interaction with N rates on wheat and barley in North Dakota and Western MinnesotaEffects of S, N, and their interactions were assessed on grain yields and protein of spring wheat and barley, across eight site years in Western Minnesota (MN), and ten site years (hereafter, sites) in North Dakota (ND) from 2015 to 2019. The studies were to determine if S improves yields and protein in wheat, and if the effects were dependent on N rates. Treatments included all combinations of five N rates of N (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lbs/ac) and three rates of S (0, 10, 20 lbs/ac) in MN. ... J.M. Teboh, S. Yuja, B.G. Schatz, G. Pradhan |
86. Impacts from Autumn Starter Fertilizer, Late-season Nitrogen, and Fungicide Timing on Winter Wheat Yield, Straw, and QualityIncreased demand for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and climate uncertainties have Michigan growers exploring intensive management strategies to improve both yield and profitability. Field studies investigated the influence of both early and late-season fertilizer applications with multiple fungicide timings on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain and straw. A full-factorial, randomized complete block design investigated two rates of autumn starter fertilizer (AS) (12-40-... K. Steinke, M.K. Suplito, M. Chilvers |
87. Importance of Subsoil PotassiumRecent information has emphasized the importance of nutrient distribution by depth in soils. Information from across the Cotton Belt in the U.S. has demonstrated that cotton yields have been affected by accumulation of potassium (K) near the soil surface with subsequent depletion of subsoil K. This condition combined with changes in K demand by new, high-yielding cotton varieties has led to a change in cotton K deficiency symptoms and delayed diagnosis of the actual problem. Recent studies have ... |
88. Improved N Use Efficiency for Wheat in Southwest IndianaAbout one-third of the wheat acreage in Indiana is grown in southwest Indiana. During most years this area of Indiana receives exoessive precipitation during the late winter and spring gruwth period for wheat. This presents problems with losses of available soil nitrogen (N) through leaching and/or denitrification and law uptake of N by the crop even on fields which have been well-fertilized. These experiments were condtucted in 1986 and 1987 to evaluate fall, mid-winter and late-winter topdress... |
89. In Search of EAN of Spring WheatMany spring wheat varieties respond reliably to enhanced ammoniunl nutrition (EAN) in the greenhouse. Three field studies were established in 1992 to determine if similar responses could be obtained in the field. Butte 86 spring wheat was fertilized (100 Ib N/A) with calcium nitrate, urea, urea + DCD, forestry-grade (0.1 g) urea pellets and forestry-grade urea pellets + DCD. The goal was to provide wheat with a large range of a1nmonium:nitrate ratios and to determine the effect 011 wheat develop... |
90. In-Field Determination of Anhydrous Ammonia Applicator Accuracy in NebraskaLiquid and dry fertilizer applicators have been studied for their application patterns and precision. However, anhydrous ammonia (AA) applicators are generally considered less accurate. Due to the difficulty of calibration, actual application errors have not been documented. In order determine if AA applicators were delivering the intended application rate, a standard AA nurse tank was fitted with load cells, temperature, pressure, travel speed and travel distance sensors. Initial data from 55 f... |
91. In-season Application of Swine Manure to CornIn agricultural areas with cool climates, application of livestock manure for crop production can be challenging. For example, spring in the upper Midwest can be short and is increasingly wet due to climate change, making it difficult to apply manure and plant crops in a timely manner. This results in a significant amount of manure applied in the fall after the cash crop is harvested. The nitrogen in fall-applied manure has ample time to mineralize and leave the root zone before next season&r... M. Wilson |
92. Influence of Biological Seed Treatment on Soybean Grain Yield in the U.S.Biological seed treatment in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a growing market in the U.S., with multiple microbially active ingredients and several proposed benefits. Some of the claimed benefits include improving nitrogen fixation, stimulation of root growth, increasing phosphorus, sulfur, and other nutrient absorption, and control of diseases, with the aim to increase soybean grain yield. Farmers are often bombarded with marketing claims about biological seed treatments. In man... F. Colet, R.A. Vann, S.P. Conley, S.L. Naeve, E.G. Matcham, S. Mourtzinis, L.E. Lindsey |
93. Influence of Phosphorus Soil Test Level on the Probabaility of Corn Yield ResponseData from a long term residual phosphorus study was analyzed to determine the probability of a corn yield response at low, medium, high and very high soil test levels. Analysis of 55 rate-site years showed a corn yield increase 59, 22, 43 and 17% of the time respectively for low, medium, high and very high soil test categories. The very high soil test category is defined as a Bray P soil test of greater than 20 ppm. The results suggest that the current South Dakota State University recommendatio... |
94. Influence of Seed Placed Fertilizer on Corn, Soybean and Sunflower EmergenceSix phosphorous fertilizer materials were placed with corn, soybean and sunflower seed to determine their influence on seed injury and emergence. Fertilizer rates used were 0, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 Ib/A P,O, as dry TSP (0-46-O), MAP (1 1-55- 0), DAP (18-46-0) or liquid 10-34-0, 7-21-7 and 9-18-9. Seed emergence ranged from 0 to 100% depending on crop, fertilizer rate and materials used. Corn was most tolerant of fertilizer injury while soybean was extremely sensitive with stand reduction with eve... |
95. Influence of Soil Nitrate Nitrogen and Fertilizer Nitrogen on Wheat Grain Yield and ProteinWheat producers have recently shown a great deal of interest in grain protein levels. 'Ikis interest has developed prkily because of the relatively lqe protein premium available the last several years (Table 1). Nitrogen is a primary component of protein and needs to be added for most soils to produce high yielding, high protein wheat. The objectives of this study were to detennhe the effects of soil nitrate nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen on wheat grain yields and protein levels. ... |
96. Integrating Multiple-Input Management Systems to Improve Soft Red Winter Wheat Grain YieldContinued improvements in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield have cast greater interest on utilizing multiple inputs within enhanced management systems. Less than recommended seeding rates of modern varieties may utilize inputs more efficiently when subjected to enhanced management. The objective of this study was to evaluate plant growth, grain yield, and expected economic profitability for multiple agronomic and nutrient inputs across different production intensity l... K. Steinke, S. Purucker |
97. Integration of Satellite and UAV Imagery for Assessing Corn Nitrogen Uptake at Early Vegetative Growth StagesNitrogen (N) fertilizer accounts for 20-25% of the variable cost of production for rotation maize in Indiana. Spatial variability within fields and variable, unpredictable rainfall patterns make N a challenging nutrient to manage, withup to 65% of the nitrogen applied being lost as nitrate. Post-emergence sidedress applications of N fertilizer can reduce N loss and improve plant uptake, so efficient and practical ways to identify maize N status at early maize growth stages is key to assessing... A. Morales ona, R. Nielsen , J. Camberato, D. Quinn |
98. Integration of Ultrasonic and Active Canopy Sensors to Estimate the In-Season Nitrogen Content for CornThe objectives of this research were to: (i ) determine the correlation between active canopy sensor (ACS) assessments of N status and ultr asonic sensor measurements of canopy height at several growth stages for corn receiving varying am ounts of N, (ii) test the ability of both sensors to distinguish N-mediated differences in canopy development and (iii) test the integrated use of both sensors. This experiment was conducted with varying N rates in an existing long-term study and farmer's field... |
99. Interaction of Potassium Fertilization and Row Width for SoybeansIn the past several years the row width of soybeans has decreased substantially. As row width decreases the amount of soil between rows for soybean roots to explore and from which to extract nutrients has decreased. Also many acres in the Midwest have little or no fertilizer added in the soybean year but rely on residual nutrients left from the previous crop. In this study the effect of row width and method of potassium fertilization for soybeans was investigated. ... |
100. Investigating Soybean Response to Phosphorus with a Cover Crop and Fertilizer Combination in KansasThe soybean crop provides one of the best opportunities to include a cool season cover crop (CC) ahead of planting. This study aims to maximize phosphorus (P) use efficiency by the soybean crop by using CC planting as a window of opportunity for better P fertilizer placement and timing. Specifically, combining P fertilizer with cereal CC seeds will place the fertilizer below the soil surface and combine two operations (CC planting and fertilizer application) in one pass. Other benefits includ... J. Demarco, D. Ruiz diaz |
101. Iowa Phosphorus and Potassium Soil-test Interpretations Were Updated in 2023: Changes and ReasonsNew field research is conducted as issues or questions arise to assure that nutrient management guidelines are kept current. The Iowa State University phosphorus(P) and potassium (K) soil-test interpretations for crops were updated in 2023 because the previous update had been in 2013 using data until 2012 and research since then indicated a need for some changes. Field-response trials with corn and soybean from 2013 until 2020 involved 799 site-years for P and 724 site-years for K, encompasse... A.P. Mallarino |
102. Iowa's 1987 Groundwater Protection ActThe law is the result of public concern about contamination of Iowa's groundwater resources. Data from all over the state have shown that agricultural chemicals are finding their way into -ter. The law calls for spending $64.5 million over 5 years on programs to prevent groundwater contamination from agricultural chemicals, sinkholes, agricultural drainage wells, municipal and irdustrial wastes, landfills, household chemicals, and buried chemical and petroleum storage tanks. Three fourths of the... |
103. Is There a Better Way to Fertilize Corn with Potassium?Potassium (K) is among the most abundantly needed plant nutrients. A 15.7 Mg ha-1 (250 bushel acre-1) corn (Zea mays L.) crop accumulates anywhere from 168-225 kg K2O ha-1 (150-200lbs K2O acre-1) over the course of a growing season, and according to the IPNI Soil Test Summary (2015), about 37% of Illinois’ soil tests are deemed as deficient for K. The objectives of this study were to investigate various methods o... S. Foxhoven, F. Below |
104. Is There an Optimal Source of Sulfur for Corn?Sulfur has become a common nutrient applied to corn in the Corn Belt. While research has demonstrated that sulfur can greatly increase yield, the source of sulfur offered to farmers by retailers can vary. Sulfur is only taken up by corn in the sulfate form while sulfur fertilizer source can contain sulfate that is readily available to plants or elemental sulfur which needs to be oxidized to sulfate before it is taken up by a crop. Four long-term research sites were established in Minnesota us... D. Kaiser |
105. Long Term Phosphorus Research on Corn and Grain SorghumPhosphorus fertilizer is needed for optimum production and economic returns from irrigated corn and grain sorghuni in western Kansas. A long term study shows that the yield benefit from P increases over time from no yield difference initially to over 100 butacre higher corn yields after 30 years. Without fertilizer P, soil P levels declined from 17 pprn Bray- 1 P to less than 10 pprn within five years, where they stabilized for both corn and sorghurn. The addition of fertilizer P at 40 Ib P205la... |
106. Long Term Phosphorus Studies and How they Effect RecommendationPhiosophiesProfitable crop production requires adequate levels of phosphorus (P) and other nutrients. Careful planning is required because of volatile grain and fertilizer prices and increasing public concerns about water quality impa irment due to excess nutrient loss from fields. Higher fertilizer prices may not be a major issue as long as the hist orical ratio between crop and fertilizer prices is approximately maintained, becomes more favora ble, or increases can be predicted. Largely unpredictable pri... |
107. Long-Term Alfalfa Study With K RatesA long-term potassium rate study was conducted on a Maury silt loam as part of the soil test calibration program to develop data for more soils in Kentucky. Beginning soil test K levels were established with initial applications of either 0, 150 or 300 lb of K20 per acre. Annual applications of 0, 120, 240 and 360 lb of K20 per acre were applied about 1 month before fall freezedown. Results indicated (1) there were significant yield responses to annual applications after the first year; (2) the ... |
108. Micronutrients in Northern ClimatesEarly work on micronutrients in northern US dates back to the late thirties and early forties and dealt primarily with boron (B) (Cook 1939; Cook a nd Millar 1940; Pierre and Allaway 1941). In Manitoba, it was initiated in the sixties and id entified zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) as potential problem micronutrients. Early work also id entified organic (peat) soils as a primary target for micronutrient deficiencies. Work on mineral soils would produce significant yield responses in th... |
109. N Loss Under Excessive Water ConditionsThe impact of excessive soil moisture on N availability was reasonably well understood at the end of the 19th century when Wiley (1896) commented " Even in the case of rainfall. which may carry the soluble plant food below the arable soil, there may not be any notable loss. especially if such a downpour be followed by dry weather. But in case of heavy rains, producing a thorough saturation and leaching of the soil. the losses in a field lying fallow during the summer will be very great and it is... |
110. Nitrate Concentrations in Drainage Water from a Continuous Corn Production System- Impacts of Tile Spacing and Precipitation EventsCharacterization of agricultural drains as point sources for nitrates in surface waters has generated keen interest in regional grab-sample monitoring programs. Grab sample tile drain monitoring programs are being explored by numerous public and private organizations interested in encouraging BMPYs for nitrogen and/or implementation of TMDL policy. Our objective was to determine if nitrate concentrations in water collected from individual tile lines could be interpreted independent of informatio... |
111. Nitrogen and Sulfur Application Effects on Soybean Quality and YieldSulfur deficiency is only becoming more prevalent in the Midwest across soybean fields with higher yields resulting in lower quality seed. Sulfur is a key component of methionine and cysteine, which are important amino acids in the nutrition in foodstuffs. The objective in this study is to explore the impact of N:S applications at different growth stages and rates on the soybean yield and seed composition and quality. In 2018 the trial was performed both in West Lafayette and Wanatah Indiana.... D. Miller, S. Casteel |
112. Nitrogen Application, Biological N Fixation, and N UptakePrevious collaborative research in the Midwest has shown that there is likely little to no need of N for soybean, except under certain conditions (such as when low soil moisture limits N fixation, or when low initial soil nitrate-N limits overall N availability). However, none of the site-years used in this synthesis analysis were on sandy soils. Because sandy soils supply little nitrate-N, the potential impact of N on crop yield is greater in sandy environments than on silt loam soils. Howev... A.M. Walters, M.D. Ruark, J.M. Gaska, C. Zegler, S.P. Conley |
113. Nitrogen benefits when interseeding red clover into continuous cornInformation pertaining to the benefits of intereseeding cover crops is lacking. Red clover is a leguminous cover crop that can grow in low radiation environments, is winter hardy for much of the northern USA, and is a low cost weed suppressant that has been shown to provide a nitrogen credit and improve corn yield. While it is clear that red clover is a cover crop that can provide immediate economic benefits in grain-based cropping systems, the potential N credit and the effect of interseedin... H. Francis, M. Ruark, C. Zegler, D. Smith, J. West |
114. NITROGEN CREDIT FOR LONG-TERM NO-TILL CROP PRODUCTION IN NORTH DAKOTAFeedback from farmers who had been in no-till crop production for over twenty years indicated that crop production could be maintained at high levels with a reduction in N rate from the universally recommended rates. Nitrogen rate studies in spring wheat/durum, corn and sunflower have confirmed that N rates can be reduced when a farm is under continuous long-term no-till production. A portion of the N credit may be uptake of N by microorganisms, thereby reducing the amount of N exposed to lea... D. Franzen |
115. Nitrogen Fertilizer and Irrigation Effects on Soil and Plant Nitrogen DynamicsCropping systems can be exposed to different nitrogen (N) and water availabilities for a variety of reasons. Both N and water have been shown to have both positive and negative; direct and indirect effects on soil and plant N dynamics. Given that agronomic crops require large amounts of N to achieve high yields and often acquire a majority of their N from soil nitrogen mineralization (N min), it is important to understand how nitrogen and water interactions alter soil and plant N dynamics. Ou... T. Donovan, J. Schneekloth, L. Comas, M. Schipanski |
116. Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates and Nitrification Inhibitor Impact Agronomic and Economic Returns in Corn Production in KansasNitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for corn crop, higher grain yields are related to N fertilizer application. Substances like the nitrification inhibitors (NI) were created to increase yields, promote Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), and reduce N losses. The study was carried out in ten site-years in Kansas during 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 crop seasons, with the objective of evaluate the Nitrogen Agronomic Efficiency (NAE) in corn with and without the use of NI and to compare corn gra... P. Morinigo ferreira, D. Ruiz diaz |
117. Nitrogen Management for no-till Grain SorghumField experiments evaluating the effects of nitrogen management for no-till dryland grain sorghum were coacted in 1985 and 1986. Nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100 lbs N/A and placement methods for urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) have been evaluated in eastern Kansas. Placement methods have included surface broadcast, surface banded, pressure injected, and knifed. Results to date shm that nitrogen consistently increases yields and tissue and grain N contents, and that method of UAN placement produc... |
118. Nitrogen Management for No-Till Production SystemsNitrogen management practices including rates and sources were evaluated in high residue no-till production systems involving corn and grain sorghum. A urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) was evaluated. This research also assessed the impact of type of previous residue on performance of surface applied N. A chlorophyll meter was evaluated as an in-field N assessment tool. Results to date indicate that NBPT is effective in improving the performance of surface broadcast ur... |
119. Nitrogen Management Systems for Ridge-tilled Corn ProductionThe use of conservation tillage methods, including ridge- tillage, increases crop residue cover which can lead to loss of urea-based fertilizers applied broadcast. ~ield tests were conducted during 1987-1991 at the ~rrigation ~xperiment Field, located near Scandia, Kansas, on a Crete silt loam soil (fine, montmorillionitic, mesic, Panchic, Arguistoll). Treatments included anhydrous ammonia (AA) applied preplant knife-injected; 28% urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) applied preplant knife- inje... |
120. Nitrogen Placement in No-till CornPlacement of nitrogen (N) fartilizers on no-till corn was evaluated in various single and multiple N rate experiments at the Belleville and Carbondale Research Centers of Southern Illinois University from 1983 to 1993. In 15 experiments in which granular urea placement was compared, ear leaf N and grain yield were essentially the same whether urea was broadcast or concentrated in surface bands near corn rows. Only a 2 bu/ac average yield advantage was observed for banding versus broadcasting ure... |
121. Nitrogen Recalibration for Spring Wheat and Durum in North DakotaNorth Dakota will begin using new fertilizer r ecommendations beginning Dec. 1, 2009. Previous recommendations required a yield guess by growers with no rega rd to economics of nitrogen application. The new recommendations recogni ze different N response curves with yield and grain protein within three state agri-climatology zones. The reco mmendations use the "return to N" method, which vary the N recommendation based on crop price and N costs. The resulting rate is adjusted based ... D. Franzen, G. Endres, J. Lukach, R. Ashley, J. Staricka, K. Mckay |
122. Nitrogen Recommendations for Wheat using the Chlorophyll MeterThe use of a hand held chlorophyll meter showed good promise in helping to make N recommendations for wheat on a field basis. Using 5 site-years on well drained soils over a 2- year period, a correlation index (R2) of 0.88 was found relating the March (Feekes 5) N needed for optimum yield with a differential chlorophyll reading. Research on this method will be continued and expanded to field trials. Soils in less than a well drained class may require a separate calibration or the method may not ... |
123. Nitrogen Source and Application Timing to Improve Corn Yield and Reduce Nitrate in Tile-Drain WaterNitrogen (N) fertilizer is among the most important inputs for corn because of this crop’s large N requirements. When N fertilizer applications exceed crop needs, that N can be lost to the environment or be incorporated into the soil organic matter Many farmers in the US Midwest install subsurface drainage to remove excess water from the soil. The drained water leached from the farms contains nitrate-N (NO3), which poses risks to surface waters. Midwest agriculture ... S. Menegaz, F. Fernandez |
124. No-till and Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nitrogen Rate and Timing Recommendations: Early ResultsThe idea of improving soil health has become increasingly more talked about by researchers, agronomists, and farmers in the past five years. Management practices such as no- or reduced-tillage and planting cover crops are recommended to improve soil health because of their potential to improve organic matter and soil structure leading to a greater capacity to hold water and nutrients needed for plant growth. Research in South Dakota has been occurring these past two years to determine the inf... J.D. Clark, A. Bly, D. Karki, D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, P. Kovacs |
125. No-till Corn Response to N Fertilizer Sources and Placement Methods- A Summary of Southern Illinois ResultsExperiments were conducted in southern Illinois from 1984-1986 to evaluate the placement efficiency of several N fertilizers used in no-till corn production. Such information has become of meaningful importance as producers strive to obtain the greatest possible returns from their N fertilizer investment and to obtain yields and a level of profitability equal to that of more conventionally produced corn. Also, in the near future, no-tillage will become an important tool for many farmers in south... |
126. No-till Corn Response to Starter Ffertilizer in MissouriEarly research on starter fertilizer showed that it usually increased early season crop growth, but in Missouri and adjacent states this only occasionally translated into a yield advantage. With widespread changes in tillage practices over the past twenty years, this conclusion may be changing. Recent starter fertilizer trials from other states are frequently showing corn yield responses in no-till systems. Dave Mengel at Purdue University found a yield response to starter in 8 of 11 no-till sit... |
127. Optimal Phosphorus Response in Site-specific FarmingSite-specific farming has provided an opportunity to collect large amounts of field data, but traditional agronomic yield response models have not been developed to exploit this mformation. This research presents a yield model that incorporates detailed site-specific field information (e.g., soil pH. soil test P, K, and N, fertilizer rates), providing improved fertilizer decision making. A quadratic yield response function and a modified asymptotic Mitscherlich function are compared for irrigate... |
128. Optimizing Nitrogen Management for Sustainable Production of Furrow-Irrigated Corn in Nebraska PanhandleLosses of nitrogen (N) via leaching to groundwater and greenhouse gas emissions pose an environmental and human health threat. The risk for environmental N losses, particularly nitrate leaching loss, is greater in furrow-irrigated fields than those under drip or sprinkler irrigation. Furrow irrigation accounts for 30% of total irrigated acres in Nebraska and approximately 36% in the US. However, much of the efforts for N management improvement are concentrated on sprinkler or drip systems. Th... B. Maharjan, D. Ghimire |
129. Optimizing Nitrogen Rate to Maximize Winter Malting Barley Grain Yield While Meeting ProteinWinter malting barley (Hordeum vulgare) acreage is increasing across Ohio due to demand from the local craft brewing industry; however, grain used for this market must pass specific quality requirements. The objective of this study was to identify optimum spring nitrogen rates for winter malting barley that maximize yield while meeting protein requirements. Small plot trials were conducted at three locations in Ohio: Northwest Agriculture Research Station (NWARS) in Custar, Western A... G. Mcglinch, L. Lindsey, R. Shrestha, M. Hankinson |
130. Optimum N Rates for Corn Production as Influenced by Crop RotataionFertilizer N efficiency in corn production has become a'hot' research topic in the 1980's. Increased concerns of nitrate-N entering the groundwater and the potential for improving the profitability of corn producers are the impetus for fine-tuning fertilizer N recarmnendations. Crop production factors such as improved diagnostic techniques, full utilization of symbiotic N fixation, and crop rotation have been gaining widespread research support throughout the United States. The adoption of crop ... |
131. Overview of Biostimulant Classification and Industry PerspectiveThere are many but what is the definition of biostimulant? How are these products categorized? We will start off with definitions of commonly used terms around biostimulant products used in agriculture. The current categories in which biostimulant products fit, or do not fit into, are continually evolving as industry and regulatory work towards fine-toning definitions. As more products become commercially available, producers need to be aware of their advantages, as well as challenges, to max... C. Preston |
132. Phosphate Management for the Corn Soybean RotationThe evaluation of rate, Frequency, and placement of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on production in the codsoybean rotation was evaluated for two contrasting tillage systems. A primary objective of this study was to evaluate both yield and economic response for the full crop rotation. Tillage systems compared were fall chisel plow and no-till. Application rates ranged from 0 to 92 Ibs P205 ac-' yr-l and were fall applied either annually or at double the rate on a biennial basis. The biennial applicat... |
133. Phosphorus Management on Extremely Acid Soils in South Central KansasResearch was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of phosphate fertilizer in reducing the toxicity of soluble aluminum (Al) on very acidic soil for production of winter wheat. Banded P fertilizer increased wheat grain yields significantly with the response being greater on unlimed compared to lime conditions. Based on the findings of this research coupled with Oklahoma State University research, banded P is an alternative to liming for wheat production on extremely acidic soils with consider... |
134. Potassium in Corn Starter Fertilizers RevisitedDespite the importance of potassium in crop nutriti on, there has been relatively little assessment of potassium in starter fertilizer s, and particularly where sufficie nt preplant broadcast K has been applied to meet the needs of the crop. Initial re sults from the first year of a multi-year study in Southern Ontario showed that corn yields were increased by about 0.4 t ha -1 by the inclusion of potassium in a starter fertilizer on low P and K testing soils, above the response to added P. Fur... |
135. Potassium Placement in Conservation Tillage- cropping System ConsiderationsSoil fertility specialists have repeatedly observed that significant stratification of both P and K occurs on fields which are kept in no-till production, even if that time period is as short as three years. The actual degree of K stratification is affected by soil texture, the method of fertilizer application, crop rotation history, precipitation levels and surface residue management. Potassium stratification isn't inherently deleterious to crop production in a given environment. Crop yield los... |
136. Potassium RecommendationsMost soils have relatively large contents of total K but relatively small amounts of plant- available K+. Potassium is found as a component of several minerals that release it to soluble and exchangeable forms by weathering at greatly differing rates. These forms are shown in the adjacent figure. Some of these minerals also have the capacity to reabsorb (fix) added K+ back into their structures in nonexchangeable form. Even the exchangeable K+ is bonded with different strengths depending on the ... |
137. Potentials and Constraints for Successful BioinoculantsBiologicals for agricultural production are receiving much interest, investment, and research. Biologicals offer replacements for chemicals. However, understanding the abiotic and abiotic interactions that affect survival and activity is needed to assess performance. Abiotic factors include soil properties, soil moisture, and temperature. Biotic factors include compatibility with native microorganisms and root characteristics. Given these factors, performance will be more variable than chemic... C.W. Rice |
138. Predicting Fertilizer Nitrogen Requirements for Corn in OntarioThe nitrogen fertilizer requirement of a crop under field conditions is influenced by numeraus factors including soil, climate and managanent variables. Most of these factors are very difficult, if not impossible to predict in advance. The major factors influencing nitrogen fertilizer nquhment are (Gch and Haynes, 1986); 1. the requirement of the crop for N as determined by its yield (or yield patential) , 2. the availability of fertilizer N or the fertilizer use - efficiency, and 3. the amount ... |
139. Preplant Soil Nitrogen Test for CornSoil ammonium N and nitrate N were measured at the pre-plant and sidedress stages on 59 Michigan fields in 1992. Total inorganic soil N (ammonium N plus nitrate N) at pre-plant stage averaged to 12.6 ppm, about 50% of which was present in the nitrate form and 50% in the ammonium form. Total inorganic N at sidedress stage was 18.9 ppm, of which the nitrate N component was 12.2 ppm. The NH JNO, ratio decreased from 1.06 at prep1 ant stage to 0.54 at sidedress stage. Multiple correlation analysis ... |
140. Preplant vs. Weekly Applications of N-P-K FertilizersMany studies have compared time of fertilizer application to corn, but few have looked at weekly applications of complete N-P-K fertilizers. Often only one nutrient is looked at individually making sure that the other nutrients of concern are adequately supplied. In some instances the ratio between the nutrient in question and other nutrients may be greatly out of proportion, thus resulting in an imbalance ard less than maximum response. Is it possible to add N-P-K nutrients in a certain ratio o... |
141. Re-evaluating Phosphorus and Potassium Management for Corn, Soybean, and Wheat in OntarioIn Ontario, long term trends show decreasing soil test P and K levels as high crop yields in corn, soybeans, and wheat remove more nutrients than are being replaced through nutrient application. Deficiencies or insufficient available P and K from either the soil, fertilizer applications, or both, could mean that modern yields of these crops are not fully reaching their potential. A long-term project was established between 2010 and 2012 on 4 field sites in Ontario to compare two different fer... D. Hooker, C. Elgie |
142. Re-Evaluating Rate, Time, and Placement of Urea and Other Nitrogen Sources in MinnesotaUrea is increasingly an important nitrogen (N) source in Minnesota. Approximately 43% of our farmers use urea as their major N source. In the southwestern, south-central and west-central areas approximately 45% of the N is applied in the fall, 50% is applied in the spring, and 5% is applied at sidedress. While most of those that use urea as the major N source apply it in the spring, approximately 4% do the major application with urea in the fall and there are others that apply some of their N... F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi, J. Vetsch, D. Kaiser |
143. Recommendation Development Under 4R Nutrient StewardshipThe 4R Nutrient Stewardship concept defines the right source, rate, timing and placement of plant nutrients as those leadi ng to the economic, social and e nvironmental benefits desired by stakeholders. This implies roles for both science and stakeholder engagement . Scientific data on the linkages to outcomes needs to be communicat ed to stakeholders to ensure their valid participation and to build public confidence. Th e 4R Nutrient Stewardship concept helps to link science to practice and co... |
144. Relationship of Seed-placed Phosphatic Fertilizer Salt Index to Crop EmergenceThe role of fertilizer salt index in salt injury to germinating seeds has been recognized for over 60 years. Recent increased use of direct seed placement of fertilizer P has produced a need for a simpler method of making seed-placed fertilizer recommendations. Numerous field studies were conducted utilizing seed-placed P fertilizers. Published fertilizer salt index values were multiplied by the PtOs/ha application rate to give a salt indexha value. Relative plant stand (dependent variable) was ... |
145. Remote Sensing Techniques to Identify N Deficiency in CornNitrogen management remains a primary concern for corn production. Environmental consciousness has increased the need for diagnostic techniques to identify N deficiencies to guide corrective measures or to provide feedback on management practices. This study was designed to evaluate several techniques that measure reflectance from corn plants to detect N stress. The experiment was located in Central Nebraska and involved four hybrids and five N rates. Leaf reflectance, canopy reflectance, and ae... |
146. Response of Corn to Planting Methods of Cover Crop Species and Nitrogen Rate in Southern IllinoisIt is well established that planting cover crops prior to corn (Zea mays L.) can influence soil temperature, moisture, and nitrogen (N) dynamics. These changes in soil along with the effects of cover crop on corn plant population can influence corn grain yield and N requirement. Two strategies to facilitate corn establishment and avoid N immobilization especially in winter cereal cover crops is by mixing cover crop species or skipping the corn row (precision planting). A randomized c... A. Sadeghpour, G. Sener guzel, C. Kula, C. Vick |
147. Response of Ridge-till Corn to Potash FertilizationIn recent years there has been an increased interest in growing corn with either ridge-till or no-till planting systens. This interest has been stimulated by concern for conservation compliance, farm profitability and the environment. Many problems have surfaced as these tillage systems are adopted by more and more farmers. The appearance of potassiu,~ deficiency symptoms has been a major concern for those who grow corn and soybeans with these tillage systems for the past four or five years. For... |
148. Revamping Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendations for MissouriMultiple nitrogen fertilizer rate decision tools have been developed over the years for recommending nitrogen to growers. These tools are based on mass balance equations with expected yield and yield goal, economically optimum nitrogen rate, preplant soil nitrate test, pre-sidedress and late spring soil nitrate test, plant tissue nitrogen, crop growth models, and canopy reflectance sensing. These tools rarely include biological nitrogen in the rate recommendations. Advances in soil health ass... G. Singh , J.A. Lory, K.A. Nelson, M. Davis, L. Abendroth, G. Kaur, J. Calhoun, J. Chlapecka |
149. Role of Land Tenure-Other Factors in Soil P InterpretationsSoil test interpretation should recognize the residual value of applied PI the inherent limitations of soil P tests, and utilize an approach that can be easily personalized at the local level. These criteria were used to develop an interpretation approach utilizing a computer spreadsheet to estimate the optimum soil test level for an individual grower. The spreadsheet requires the following inputs: a calibration curve, acceptable marginal return, interest rate, land tenure, soil test buffer pote... |
150. Sidedress N applications for corn based on corn colorNitrogen-deficient corn reflects more light over the entire visible spectrum than nitrogen-suff icient corn. Our objective was to calibrate the relationship between remotely-sensed corn color and the nitrogen need of the corn. Corn color measurements were made two ways: Aerial photographs In-field spectral radiometer A successful calibration would allow: Variable-rate sidedress nitrogen applications that precisely meet the needs of the crop. Precise response to in-season N loss (Figure 1). Data ... |
151. Sidedressed swine manure slurry via dragline hose produces comparable corn grain yields as commercial fertilizersSpring in the upper Midwest can be short and often wet, providing challenges for producers to apply manure and plant crops in a timely manner to maximize yield. As a result, producers apply a significant amount of their manure in the fall after the crop is harvested. Fall applied manure has adequate time to mineralize and leave the root zone before next season’s crop can utilize the nutrients the following summer. These nutrients can end up in rivers and other freshwater bodies, decreas... C. Pfarr, M. Wilson |
152. Site Specific Nitrogen and Irrigation Management Across Nebraska Agro-ecological ZonesNitrogen leaching below hrrow irrigated ground has caused nitrate contamination in Nebraska's groundwater. Alternate row irrigation and alternate row nitrogen fertilization is proposed as a method to decrease water use and decrease nitrogen leaching. Nitrogen was applied at a uniform and variable rates based on spring grid sampling for nitrate and soil organic matter. The experiment was conducted at three sites in Nebraska that represent a range of growing conditions. At these sites the average ... |
153. Soil Carbon Additions Improve Soil Nutrient Cycling and Yield of CornIncreasing soil organic matter and the associated soil carbon is known to positively influence nutrient cycling, and agronomic practices such as conservation tillage and cover crops can facilitate soil carbon increases in the long term. Alternatively, the direct addition of carbon amendments to the soil may serve as an alternative solution for enhancing nutrient cycling in the short-term, which was the basis for this research. Our objective was to assess the potential of granular carbon amend... D. Danzl, D. Below, D. Sible |
154. Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Changes in a Long Term Cropping Systems StudyConserving soil C and N appears to a reasonable objective in the choice of a cropping system. Many long-term studies have been conducted where the effects of rotation or cropping system on soil C, N and other nutrients have been evaluated. A cropping systems study was initiated in 1972 on Michigan's lake bed area to 1) evaluate how often sugar beet and dry bean could be grown in a rotation and 2) determine how much crop residue needed to be returned to the soil to maintain productivity. Soil sam... |
155. Soil Fertility for Functional FoodsIn the agri-food industry today, two trends cannot be ignored. First, the health conscious "baby boom" generation is demanding and will continue to demand foods that enhance their wellness. Crop producers must increasingly focus on the goal of producing crops that meet their needs. Second, the tools of molecular biology give agricultural scientists the opportunity to attain that goal. Biotechnology involves not only genetic engineering, but also includes tools that enhance the traditional select... |
156. Soil Fertility Research- MissouriRather than focus on one item for this years' report I thought an overview of some of the Missouri soil fertility work would be of interest. Our workgroup. though informal and scattered over campus. tries to meet weekly to provide some continuity. Much of the work is driven by grants with specific foci. For example. Newell Kitchen has reported to this group on MSEA a joint agency project to study pesticide and N movenlent into ground and surface water in a central Missouri watershed. ... |
157. Soil Fertility to Ameliorate Plant Stress from Root Feeding InsectsCorn rootworms (Diabrotica spp.) are the most serious insect pests of maize (Zea mays) in the United States. Larval stages ofthese insects feed upon maize root systems causing plant lodging and grain yield reductions. Newly developed area-wide corn rootworm adult suppression methods, which reduce pesticide rates used against this pest complex by greater than 90 percent, do not completely eliminate rootworm populations. If maize producers had the option of using crop production practices that imp... |
158. Soil Fertility Trends in a Long Term Crop Rotataion-Soil Fertility TrialPenn State soil test recommendations are based on fertilizing for crop response at soil test levels below the critical level for response, maintenance fertilization based on expected crop removal in the optimum range just above the critical level, and finally no fertilizer recommended in the high range. Using a sufficiency level approach, a soil that was at the critical level would have a zero recommendation, however this zero recommendation would not be valid for 3 or 4 years until a new soil t... |
159. Soil N2O emissions in continuous corn as affected by 4R and cover cropsCover crops and 4R nitrogen (N) management are promoted as key practices for reducing nitrate leaching losses, but their impacts on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions remain less certain. This study evaluated soil N2O emissions and grain yield under different timing of N application and cover crops for two years in a tile-drained continuous corn system. Treatments were 224 kg N ha-1 split-applied in fall + pre-plant (Conventional), pre-plant + side-dress (4R), 4R +... G. Preza fontes, L.E. Christianson, C.M. Pittelkow |
160. Soil Nitrate Test Performance on Medium and High-Yield Potential SoilsImproved N recommendation methods for corn (Zea mays L.) are essential for increased profitability and reduction of potential N losses to the environment. A 4-yr study (49 site-yr) was conducted to evaluate the performance of preplant (PPNT) and pre-sidedress soil nitrate tests (PSNT) for predicting optimum N rates for corn at sites with inorganic and organic N inputs. Soil samples were obtained before planting (PPNT) and when corn was 6 to 12 inches tall (PSNT). and analyzed for nitrate-N. Corn... |
161. Soil pH and Lime Management for Corn and Soybean: An Ongoing On-farm ProjectSoil acidity can affect plant growth directly and indirectly by affecting the plant-availability of nutrients, levels of phytotoxic el ements, microbial activity, and ot her soil properties. Soils may become acidic in the long term as a result of several natural processes. In the short term, however, soil acidity develops mainly due to application of N fertilizers or manure, primarily those having high concentrations of ammonium or urea because nitrification releases hydrogen (H) ions. Soil pH ... |
162. Soil Phosphorus Chemistry- Agronomic and Environmental ApplicationsPhosphorus (P) has been a heavily researched topic in soil science for many years. For example, a search of the AGMCOLA database from 1970 to present turned up nearly 6000 citations under the key words soil and phosphorus. The fact that P is essential to all forms of life has promoted these research activities. as one would expect. In addition, the complexity of the soil P cycle has yet to be fully understood and appreciated by the scientific community. Further, while early research focused on c... |
163. Soybean Chlorosis in North Dakota- Causes, Severity and Possible SolutionsSoybean acres continue to increase in northwestern Minnesota and North Dakota in spite of severe problems with iron chlorosis in some years. Soybeans often turn yellow within a few weeks of emergence and remain yellow for up to 8 weeks before plants green up and mature. Iron chlorosis tolerant soybeans available today are somewhat effective in reducing chlorotic acreage, but are not tolerant enough to counteract the soil conditions in this area. Several researchers have found that iron chlorosis... |
164. Soybean foliar manganese recommendations on chronically Mn deficient soils.Soil Mn availability decreases with increasing pH and organic matter concentrations, leading to seasonal Mn deficiency symptoms in soybeans pr oduced on these soils. In Michigan, high pH conditions are often found in alluvial calcareous lakebed soils where conditions lead to low Mn solubility. High organic matter co ncentrations in organic soils reduce Mn availability due to formation of unavailable chelated Mn 2+ compounds and organic complexes in the soil. While Mn deficiencies on lakebed soil... |
165. Soybean Growth Components as Influenced by No-till and Strip-till Systems and Different P and K Rates and PlacementsReduced tillage and broadcast phosphorus (P) a nd potassium (K) applications can lead to accumulation of these nutrients in the soil surfa ce. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of conservation tillage (no-till and strip-till) and rate/placement of P and K on soybean production. The experiment was arranged in a split-split-block design with three replications with tillage/placem ent no-till broadcast (NTBC), no-till deep placement at 15 cm (NTDP), and strip-till deep placeme... |
166. Spacial Variability of Soil Test Phosphorus in a Northern Corn Belt FieldFor some time, an increasing number of fertilizer dealers, crop consultants, and farmers have reported substantial year-to- year variability in soil test values for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Frequently, this variation could be explained by such factors as extremes in soil moisture content at the time of sample collection. In many situations, however, this variation was due to the fact that soil samples were not collected from the same location in the field in two consecutive years. The i... |
167. Starter Effects on Corn Grown on Previously Flooded SoilsThe devastating floods of 1993 prompted a great deal of concern about crop production in those areas the following year. These concerns were prompted both by scientific information (Fixen et al. 1984: Vivekanandan and Fixen, 1991) and by farmer observations from prior flood experience. In response to these concerns. projects, observations. and experiments were undertaken. These included collection of soil samples for chemical analysis in the fall of 1993, observations of corn grown in 1994 on fl... |
168. Subsoiling No-tillage CornCurrently, over half of the corn in Kentucky is no-till planted. Many fields have received little tillage in the last 10 to 20 years. Many producers wonder if soil compaction increases with time on these long term no-till fields due to annual trafficking with heavy equipment. Subsoiling implements are available that allow subsurface tillage while preserving the surface mulch layer. This allows for continued no-till planting while introducing some tillage into the cropping system. Some producers ... |
169. Summary of P Fertilizer use Effects on Soil Test PhosphorusOver the years, much research has centered on the use of various soil P extractants for developing soil fertility programs. While P soil test values are most reliable for estimating the historical probability of obtaining a crop response from fertilizer P application and tracking the effects of past P fertility programs - P soil tests are more commonly used as to estimate future fertilizer P rate requirements. Depending on the objectives of a grower, P soil testing is used to predict future P ra... |
170. Summary of Regional Studies in Corn on Selected Commercial Asymbiotic N-fixing Organisms and Suggestions for Companies Developing Similar ProductsThis presentation will provide a brief summary of N rate studies from the North Central region which include treatments with selected commercial asymbiotic N-fixation organism products. Farmers are encouraged to remain curious of new products, but also skeptical; testing the products of interest through replicated strip trials their farms to determine whether the products have value to their operation. In conversations over the past several months with companies interested in developing asymb... D. Franzen |
171. Survival of Plant Growth Enhancing Root Fungi, Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae, After Flooding and Extended FallowIn 1993. large areas of the Midwest and Great Plains were inundated with water. Plant phosphorus (P) deficiency is often a problem after such an event. Soil and plant samples were collected from sites which had been flooded and fallowed in 1993 in Missouri and Iowa. Plants from soil which low levels of starter fertilizer applied were P deficient. The application of 80 Ib P /A as starter fertilizer produced plants which were not P deficient. The flood and fallow problem was associated with the lo... |
172. The Alfalfa Yield Plateau: is Soil Fertility the Cause?Alfalfa is a perennial forage legume known for its ability to produce high quality hay, earning it the title the “Queen of Forages.” It is produced across the United States as feed for the beef, dairy, and equine industries. During the 1950s, alfalfa yields rose exponentially due to advances in technologies such as improved varieties, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides. However, yields plateaued at approximately 3.3 tons per acre in the 1980s for reasons not fully understood an... W. Fleming, E. Ritchey, C. Teutsch, J. Grove |
173. The Changes in Soil Test Potassium in Kentucky Soils Following Incubation and the Addition of Potassium FertilizerSoil test potassium levels across the state of Kentucky have been declini ng for the past several years. The high price of potash fertilizer has definitely played a role in this decrease, but crop removal rates have also been increasing. This re search is being conducted to improve fertilizer recommendations, to help producers raise or ma intain K soil test level, and to obtain an optimum, profitable yield. Curr ently, University of Kentucky has a single set of K recommendations regardless of so... |
174. The Growth of MEY in Spring Wheat CountryAny ag orientated news source looked at in recent weeks in North Dakota or western Minnesota has had some kind of a MEY related story. The MEY usually has been identified as 19naximum economic yield," but recently some use of I1most efficient yield" has been seen. Yes, spring wheat country has a new buzz acronym - MEY. How did such a buzz term for tbis amount of press/news coverage develop in the spring wheat region? The kickoff for MEY club deve1-t ocaured on November 25, 1986. Before that was ... |
175. The Role of Combine Yield Monitors in Nutrient ManagementA grain yield map is one of the key elements of site-specific crop management. Knowledge of spatial yield variations can serve three basic functions. First, a yield map can illuminate problems with drainage, fertility, diseases, or weed infestations that may have gone unnoticed by the producer. Secondly, a yield map is a feedback tool that will encourage a grain producer to compare different fertility treatments, planting rates, or other variations in cultural practices. Third, a yield map can d... |
176. Tillage, Fertilizer Placement Equipment and Residue Compliance- Is There a ConflictConservation compliance is no longer a nightmare for crop producers farming highly erodible land. Instead, it is rapidly becoming reality if those crop producers plan to participate in USDA agricultural assistance programs. In Missouri, farmers are adopting conservation and no-till cropping practices at a very rapid rate. Though not verified, it appears that no-till acres in many north Missouri counties more than doubled from 1991 to 1992. The most cost effective means of reducing soil erosion r... |
177. Understanding Spatial Variability in Cover Crop Growth and DecompositionIn many agricultural landscapes, topographic variability leads to downslope movement of soil, water, and nutrients, causing heterogeneity in both crop yield and soil fertility throughout production fields. Cover crops can slow these processes, but the impact of topography on cover crop growth and residue persistence is uncertain. We measured the growth, mixture biomass composition, and decomposition of a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop, and cereal rye /crimson clover (T... S.J. Leuthold, M. Salmeron, O. Wendroth, E. Haramoto, H. Poffenbarger |
178. Use of Nitrogen Mangaement Products and Practices to Enhance Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in No-till CornLong- term research has shown that nitrogen (N) fertilizer is usually needed to optimize corn production in Kansas. Research has also shown differences in the response to various N fertilizers, products, and practices , particularly in the eastern portion of the state, where soil and climatic conditions regularly can lead to N loss. A project was initiated in 2008 and continued in 2009 to quantify how a number of currently marketed products and commonly utilized management practices performed at... |
179. Using Optical Sensors to Make N Recommendations for Sorghum, Wheat and Corn in KansasEfforts were begun in 2005 focused on developi ng sensor based N recommendations for grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) and corn (Zea mays L.). The objective of these studies was to develop sensor based mid-season N recommendations using active crop sensors currently available on the commercial market. Sensors used to date include the GreenSeeker and CropCircle. Our appr oach used has been to establish multiple in- field well fertilized reference str... |
180. Variation Among Commercial Corn Hybrids in Response to Agronomic ManagementStrategic selection and utilization of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids for a given yield environment and agronomic management system will require better understanding and documentation of the interactions between current commercial hybrids and agronomic factors that have sizeable impacts on yield. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of N fertility, plant population, and row spacing on grain yield of corn and assessed the range in yield responses among commercial hybrids to these a... E.T. Winans, F.E. Below |
181. Water Quality Issues and Activities in MinnesotaWithin the last few years there has been considerable public concern over the occunrence of nitrates (NO;) in bath ground and surface waters. ?his is especially significant since 50% of drinking water for the U.S. tames fm g-muthter supplies and this increases to 85% in the rural areas (CAST, 1985). The issue has at tirrres becaw emotioml and fingers have been pointed regarding the cause of nitrates in our water supply. Consequently, steps are being taken to establish the relationship between N... |
182. Water Quality Issues in NebraskaThe primary water quality issue in Nebraska at this the is related to groundwater as opposed to surface water. Groundwater provides irrigation for over 7 million acres of land in Nebraska and is the drinking water source for almost a1 1 of Nebraska's domestic and municipal water users. In rural areas groundwater provides about 85% of the drinking water (Cast, 1985). Numerous reports of groundwater contamination led to its emeqence as a major environmental issue for the 1980,s. Govenrment agenci... |
183. Water Use Efficiency and Soil Changes After Long-term Crop Rotation Under Limited IrrigationLong-term crop rotation intensity and diversity can affect key soil properties. In semi-arid regions, the combined factors of rotation and soil properties may also affect the overall water use efficiency from either limited irrigation or rainfall. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in soil properties, and water use efficiency of corn grown under different rotation intensity and diversity and limited/supplemental irrigation. A field experiment was conducted over seven years in... P. Garcia, D. Ruiz diaz, B. Olson, A. Tonon rosa, K. Roozeboom |
184. What are the Benefits of Canopy Sensing for Variable-Rate Nitrogen Corn Fertilization?Canopy reflectance sensing for assessing crop N health has been proposed as a technology on which to base top-dress variable-rate N applicat ion. The objective of this research in Missouri was to evaluate the economic a nd environmental benefit of activ e-light crop-canopy reflectance sensors for corn N rate decisions. A total of 16 field-scale experiments were conducted over four seasons (2004-2007) in three major soil areas. Mu ltiple blocks of randomized N rate response plots traversed the le... |
185. What's Ahead- Soil Conservation Service Nutrient Management PlansFarmers have been going through a major change in their relationship with Government during the past ten years. Many in the agricultural community are anticipating possibly more changes in the future from such Legislation as the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act. Each act has potential of having even more impact on the agricultural community. Immediately following those two acts will be the 1995 Farm Bill. The last two Farm bills have been slanted more to environmental concerns than... |
186. Winter Cereal Rye Nitrogen Response and Fertilization RequirementWinter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has been a common cover crop choice due to seed cost, winter hardiness, and rapid spring growth. It could also be an alternative grain crop to include in a corn-soybean rotation. Also, a rye crop would provide soil coverage during the springtime when corn and soybean do not. No known research has investigated the N fertilization requirement for winter cereal rye seed production in Iowa. The objectives of this study were to evaluate N response in ... C. Martins, J. Sawyer, J. Lundvall |
187. Yield of Sugar Beet, Soybean,Corn, Field Bean and Wheat as affected by Lime Applications on High Soil pHLime from sugar beet processing plants has been stockpiled for 100 years. Environmental regulations and limited storage space provide an impetus for the removal of the material. Land application on alkaline soils is one alternative for disposal of this material. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of applying sugar beet processing lime on crop production on these soils. Studies were conducted at seven sites representing four alkaline soil series in Michigan. Lime was applied at rate... |