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1. 4R Nutrient Stewardship: A Component Of Agricultural Non-Point Source PolicyA challenge of agriculture is to increase production and feed the world without adversely affecting the environment. Fortunately, there is an immediate connection between applying the 4Rs (the right fertilizer source at the right rate, the right time and in the right place) and their beneficial impacts on crop performance, soil health and decreased environmental pollution. While any approach to addressing non-point source nutrient losses from agriculture must involve fertilizer best management ... |
2. A Look at West, Texas(Blank Page for Notes) ... |
3. Adaptive Nitrogen Management(Blank Page for Notes) ... |
4. Agronomic and Environmental Assessment of Cover Crops in IllinoisCrop production systems have been changing for thousands of years and new ideas and practices are being implemented every day. In recent years, the practice of cover cropping systems has come into the spot light, and though research has been in effect, the practice has been slow to take root for producers in Illinois. Benefits of cover crops primarily center around increases in soil organic matter, which can lead to higher soil productivity, but the long-term agronomic, environmental, and econom... |
5. Are We Getting Better at Supplying Corn with Nitrogen?While the MRTN approach to making N rate guidelines is an improvement over previous methods, there remains the question about whether or not the database is sufficiently large to support the results adequately. This question is brought into focus when N rates used according to the MRTN guidelines are seen (or at least perceived) as being be inadequate in a given field or area in a given year. Other entities now making N rate recommendations may also market against the MRTN approach by raising do... |
6. Assessing Nitrogen Use Efficiency Of Maize On Highly Productive Irrigated Sandy Soils As Affected By Three Nitrogen SourcesIrrigated soils in Minnesota account for only 500,000 acres, but these acres are some of the most productive and environmentally sensitive areas in the state. Ground water is the major source of drinking water in the sandy areas of Minnesota, so obtaining information on nitrogen use efficiency is critical for corn (Zea mays L.) grown on these soils. Slow release urea products have the potential to increase nitrogen (N) use efficiency by releasing N at a time when crop demands are highest. Two su... |
7. Assessing the Status of Soil Phosphorus, Potassium and pH for Soybean Production in OhioSoybeans are one of the most valuable agronomic crops produced in Ohio, and in 2014, the value of Ohio⤙s soybean crop was $2.7 billion making soybean extremely important for agriculture and the economy. To achieve high soybean yields, it is essential to have the proper soil nutrient and pH levels; however, some nutrients can also have detrimental environmental effects. Phosphorus (P) can cause eutrophication of freshwater systems when high quantities enter waterways, furt... A. Brooker, L. Lindsey |
8. Assessing the Use of Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers on Sugarbeet Yield and QualityA field study was initiated in Frankenmuth, MI to study the effects of enhanced efficiency fertilizers in comparison to standard nitrogen (N) programs on sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield and quality. The study was arranged as an 8 treatment randomized complete block design with four replications. All treatments received 40 pounds N/A as 28% UAN applied as a 2x2 (in) at planting with total N applications at 160 pounds N/A. Treatments consisted of urea sidedressed with light cultivation, N appli... C. Bauer, K. Steinke |
9. Assessment Of Enhanced Efficiency Urea Products On Maize In MissouriUrea is the most commonly used N fertilizer worldwide, but can be easily lost to the environment through ammonia volatilization. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEF) have been developed to help prevent these losses. Field studies were conducted from 2009 to 2011 on a Mexico silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic, Vertic Epiaqualf) to determine the efficacy of five EEF urea products compare to untreated urea when surface applied to no-till maize (Zea mays L.). Treatments included untreated urea, Agro... |
10. Better Maize Response to Optimal Fertilizer PlacementIncreasing trends in corn (Zea mays L.) yields require greater levels of applied nutrients per acre to maintain or increase yields; thus, we need to rethink how to best supply a crops⤙ required nutrients. One significant challenge associated with applying more fertilizer to support greater yields has been the negative environmental effects of increased levels of some nutrients, such as phosphorus. Fertilizer application technologies such as banding the fertilizer below the plant increases... |
11. Can Soil Information Better Inform Canopy Sensor Algorithms for Corn?Corn production is often limited by the loss of nitrogen (N) due to leaching, volatilization and denitrification. The use of canopy sensors for making in-season N fertilizer applications has been proven effective in matching plant N requirements with periods of rapid N uptake (V7-V11), reducing the amount of N lost to these processes. However, N recommendation algorithms used in conjunction with canopy sensor measurements have not proven accurate in many fields of the U.S. Cornbelt, resulting in... , N.R. Kitchen, J. Camberato, P.R. Carter, R.B. Ferguson, F.G. Fernandez, D.W. Franzen, F.G. Fernandez, E.D. Nafziger, C.J. Ransom, , J. Shanahan, G.M. Bean |
12. Comparison of Canopy Sensing Technologies for Corn Nitrogen Management in MinnesotaVarious crop canopy sensing tools are being used to manage nitrogen, but their utility to predict N needs in Minnesota remains unclear. The objectives of this study are to compare the effectiveness of different canopy sensing technologies at predicting corn (Zea mays L.) yield at different development stages, and compare their capability to determine in season N deficiency. Six to seven N rates at 35 to 45 kg N ha -1 increments were pre-plant applied in six fields throughout Minnesota and a rate... |
13. Comparison of Congranulated Fertilizer to Blends with S and Zn in Corn and SoybeansHigh yielding corn and soybean production systems in Missouri have renewed an interest in micronutrient management such as sulfur (S) which is essential for protein formation and zinc. (Zn) which is important for enzymes and metabolic reactions. Yield increases due to sulfur applications are more likely to occur during cool, wet springs when mineralization and crop growth are slow as a result of a decrease in atmospheric sulfur deposition. Soil tests in 2010 indicated that over 60% of the sam... M. Caldwell, K. Nelson, B. Burdick |
14. Comparison of the MRTN and Adapt-N Derived N Rates for CornNitrogen application to corn is a large determinant for high yield, and rate has important implications for economic profitability and off-field movement of nitrate-N. Nitrogen rate recommendation systems have varied over time. A popular system was yield-goal based, with grain yield multiplied by a per-bushel factor and then rate adjusted for previous crop and other N inputs. Modifications of this system are still used today in some states. Seasonal (site-year) variability in economic optimum N ... |
15. Consequences Of Shallow NH3 Placement And Timing On N Use Efficiencies In Corn ProductionA field study in west-central Indiana was conducted to investigate the effects of shallow anhydrous ammonia (NH 3) placement and timing on N use efficiencies in a conventionally tilled corn production system following soybean crop. The spring NH 3 was applied either pre-plant (6- inches offset from future corn row) or side-dress (at mid-row position) at different rates (0, 80, 130 or 180 lbs N acre -1). Aboveground biomass harvest and combine harvested yield were used to determine N recovery, N ... |
16. Considerations for Development of Optical Sensor Based Nitrogen Recommendation Algorithms for CornOptical sensor technology in Kansas has been used on winter wheat and grain sorghum with great success for predicting N fertilizer needs early in the growing season. However with both crops, there is a required minimum period of growth required before optical sensors can accurately detect N deficiencies. In both cases the target crop needs to have entered a period of vegetative growth where N uptake and utilization is increasing. In the case of wheat that generally corresponds to the Feekes 4 t... |
17. Continuous Corn Production As Affected By Starter Fertilizers Containing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and SulfurCrop rotations in the Midwest have changed from the traditional corn-soybean rotation to more corn-intensive rotations. Due to the expanding demand for corn to supply the ethanol industry and the increasing insect and disease challenges facing soybean producers, some farmers are switching to a corn-corn-soybean rotation or for some, continuous corn. These rotations produce large amounts of biomass (corn stover) that often remain on the soil surface with present day tillage systems. This is good... |
18. Corn and Soybean Response to Phosphorus Placement under Minimum Tillage SystemProducers often question the need for better fertilizer placement methods in reduced tillage systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different placements and rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer for corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max). The study was conducted at 3 locations from 2005 to 2012 (8 years). This paper presents results from one irrigated location. Tillage system was strip till before planting corn; and soybean was planted without previous tillage. Fert... |
19. Corn and Soybean Response to Starters After Broadcast Fertilizer ApplicationCorn response to fertilization and placement methods has always been a subject of interest and extensive research; however studies on soybean response to placement have been limited in Kansas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of starter and broadcast fertilizer application on corn and soybean in a typical corn-soybean rotation in Kansas. Grain and seed yield, early growth, nutrient concentration and uptake were evaluated over eight site-years trials in Kansas for both corn ... |
20. Corn Growth and Yield Responses to Pre-plant and In-season Nitrogen CombinationsIn-season N applications may help synchronize N availability with corn uptake but further investigation is needed to validate different combinations of pre-plant and in-season N strategies. Field experiments were initiated in 2014 to investigate corn response to N management programs involving multiple N-placements, timings, and sources applied at a single N rate at two Michigan locations. Nitrogen management programs were grouped into three strategies utilizing broadcast pre-plant incorporated ... |
21. Corn Hybrids With Contrasting Root Systems: Response To Soil And Fertilizer PhosphorusWith current corn genetic improvements for water-limited scenarios, root system architecture and growth are being considered which may affect overall nutrient uptake particularly for immobile nutrients. The objective of this study was to evaluate plant response and phosphorus uptake with contrasting, generally shallow and generally deep rooted corn hybrids. Over the two years there were a total of seven sites, two sites in 2011 and five sites in 2012. The sites are all rain fed except for three ... |
22. Corn Nitrogen Evaluation in South DakotaCurrent Nitrogen (N) recommendations for corn in South Dakota use an N rate calculator approach (yield goal x 1.2 ⤓ soil test Nitrate-N (0-2 ft) ⤓ legume credits ⤓ other credits such as manure application or N in starter fertilizers + 30 lbs N/a for no-till). The N coefficient has been modified in the past from 1.45 in 1975, to 1.3 in 1982 and currently 1.2 determined 1991. The N coefficient is in dire need of re-evaluation becaus... A. Bly, S. Berg, P. Sexton, R. Gelderman |
23. Corn Response to Starter Phosphorus in Addition to Fertilizer Banded with Strip-tillageProducersoften question the need for starter fertilizer application in addition to deep band with strip-tillage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of phosphorus (P) starter on corn (Zea mays) in addition to deep-banded application. A study was conducted at two locations, one under supplemental irrigation and one dry land, with a corn-soybean crop rotation established in the spring of 2006. Strip-tillage was completed before corn in the rotation and soybean was planted withou... |
24. Correlation and Calibration of the Mehlich 3 P Soil Test for Soybeans in KansasKansas currently uses the Mehlich 3 soil test for P, with a general P soil test (STP) critical level for all crops of 20 ppm (colorimetric). This critical level was established based on field research primarily with wheat in 2003. A review of the limited research data available from Kansas suggests that soybeans may not require as high a STP level as wheat for optimum yield. Therefore the objective of this study is to determine what the appropriate critical STP level is for optimum soybean prod... |
25. Crop Responses to Starter Fertilizer... |
26. Crop Sensor-Based N Rates Out-Performed Producer-Chosen N RatesOptimal N fertilizer rate for corn (Zea mays L.) and other crops can vary substantially within and among fields. Current N management practices do not address this variability. Crop reflectance sensors offer the potential to diagnose crop N need and control N application rates at a fine spatial scale. Our objective was to evaluate the performance of sensor-based variable-rate N applications to corn, relative to constant N rates chosen by the producer. Fifty-five replicated on- farm demonstratio... |
27. Crop Sensors as In-season Nitrogen Management Tool for Winter Wheat in WisconsinIn Wisconsin, current winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) nitrogen (N) rate guidelines are determined by soil type, previous crop, and pre-plant soil nitrate test (PPNT). Nitrogen management may be improved through site-specific assessments of N need in the spring, offering a more effective use of top-dressed N. The study objective was to determine if crop reflectance measurements could be used to determine optimal in-season N rates on silt loam soils in eastern Wisconsin. This study evaluated t... |
28. Crop Yield Relationship to Remote Sensing Data Using Intensified Weighted Nonlinear Regression ModelsYield prediction is important for making in-season agronomic input decisions as well as for greater logistical decisions. In predicting the crop yield based on ground-based active optical sensing data, the ordinary statistical unweighted linear or nonlinear regression models are the most popular choices. However, these unweighted models may not be accurate enough for practical use because they are based on the assumption that each data point for regression is obtained with equal precision and t... |
29. Determining Cropping System and Topsoil Depth Effects on Phosphorus and Potassium Nutrient DynamicsUnderstanding the effects of fertilizer addition and crop removal on long-term change in soil test phosphorus (STP) and soil test potassium (STK) is crucial for maximizing the use of grower inputs on claypan soils. Due to variable topsoil depth, nutrient supply from subsoils, and crop removal across fields, accurate P and K fertilizer management can be challenging. Current Missouri fertilizer recommendations rely on a single buffering capacity for all soils throughout the state for P, and are on... |
30. Determining In-season Nitrogen Requirements for Maize Using Model and Sensor Based ApproachesThere is great value in determining the optimum quantity and timing of nitrogen (N) application to meet crop needs while minimizing losses. Applying a portion of the total N during the growing season allows for adjustments which can be responsive to actual field conditions which result in varying N needs. Two methods of determining in-season N needs were evaluated, a model-based approach and a crop canopy sensor approach. The Maize-N model was developed to estimate the economically optimum N fer... |
31. Do Soil Nitrogen Tests Relate to Nitrogen Mineralization in First-year Corn Following Alfalfa?Corn (Zea mays L.) is the most frequent first-year crop grown following alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the Upper Midwest. In the majority of cases, first-year corn does not respond to fertilizer N, but sometimes large amounts are needed to optimize yield. The pre-sidedress and Illinois soil N tests (PSNT and ISNT, respectively) are early-season tests used to predict corn yield response to fertilizer N. These tests measure specific fractions of soil N and define a critical concentration to separ... |
32. Effect of Biosolids Application On Plant Available NutrientsBiosolids are a by-product of municipal wastewater treatment process which is extensively treated to meet all applicable federal and state regulations so that they can it can be safely applied to land. Approximately, 7.9 million dry metric tons of biosolids are produced annually in the United States (U.S.) and over 55% of this amount is beneficially utilized through land application (NEBRA, 2007). Farmland application of biosolids is considered to be one of the most economical and environmentall... |
33. Evaluation of Crop Canopy Sensors as a Tool for Soybean Research and ProductionDetermining the variables that consistently increase yields in soybean  [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] continues to challenge researchers, agronomists and growers alike. Crop canopy sensors have emerged as a technology used in other cropping systems to monitor and manage agricultural inputs. The sensors measure reflectance in selected wavebands that are used to calculate vegetation indices that relate to unique leaf or canopy characteristics. The objectives of this study were to determine if a comme... |
34. Evaluation of Fertilizer Placement for Corn with Contrasting Rooting SystemCorn genetic improvements in recent year⤙s generated hybrids adapted for water limited conditions (drought tolerant-DT). Drought tolerant hybrids were developed with conventional breeding selection process, and therefore selected based on certain characteristics such as growth habits and root system. New transgenic DT corn hybrids are also becoming available to producers. A previous study demonstrated that corn response to starter fertilizer application can vary by hybrid (Gordon et al, 19... |
35. Evaluation Of Macro and Micronutrients For Double-Crop Soybean After WheatWith double crop soybean production, fertilizer is typically applied prior to planting wheat and intended for both crops; when wheat nutrient removal is higher than expected this may limit nutrient supply for the following soybean crop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of soybean grown after wheat to soil-applied and foliar fertilization, including changes in tissue nutrient concentration, and response in grain yield. Four sites were established in 2011 and 2012. All site... |
36. Evaluation of Macronutrient Uptake and Partitioning in Winter WheatA better understanding of nutrient uptake patterns during the growing season for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) can help to improve nutrient management decisions at the farm level. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of macro and micronutrient fertilization on nutrient uptake and partitioning for a Kansas wheat variety. This study was conducted during the 2014-2015 growing season at the Manhattan North Farm research station, Kansas State University. The experimental design w... |
37. Evaluation of Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization on Corn and Soybean Yields and Soil Test Levels in OhioThe most recent fertilizer phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) recommendations for corn and soybean grown in Ohio were established in the mid-90s and research is required to verify the appropriateness of these recommendations after 20 years. In this study, corn and soybean rotations were established and maintained at three sites from 2006 to 2014 and fertilizer P and K were applied at 1) zero rates, 2) estimated nutrient removal rates and 3) twice the estimated nutrient removal rates for each rotat... |
38. Evaluation of Soybean Response to Micronutrients using Strip TrialsLimited studies are available on soybean response to micronutrients and particularly in field- scale strips. The objective of this study was to evaluate soybean tissue response to micronutrient fertilizers in fields with high soil variability. The experimental design consisted of two strips, an unfertilized and fertilized replicated three times. The treatments included an untreated control and a blend of Cu, Mn and Zn at a rate of 10 lb acre -1 and B at a rate of 2.5 lb acre-1. Soil samples were... |
39. Evaluation of Wavelength from Ground-Based Active Optical Sensors for Corn Yield Prediction in North DakotaGround-based active-optical (GBAO) crop sensors have been used successfully to predict crop yield when used during early growth stages. The objective of this study was to evaluate two GBAO sensors wavelengths regarding their usefulness under North Dakota corn (Zea mays, L.) growing conditions. Thirty experimental sites were used in North Dakota to conduct N rate trials on corn during 2011 and 2012. All sites were designed as randomized complete blocks with four replications and six nitrogen (N) ... |
40. Field to Market: The Alliance for Sustainable AgricultureField To Market®: The Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture Field To Market® is a diverse alliance working to create opportunities across the agricultural supply chain for continuous improvements in productivity, environmental quality, and human well-being. The group provides collaborative leadership that is engaged in industry-wide dialogue, grounded in science, and open to the full range of technology choices.... |
41. Genotype Specific Management for Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Kentucky Soft Red Winter WheatThe complex interaction of genotype x environment x management (GxExM) that defines crop yield is often only explored with research on a single genotype or a select few genotypes. Improvements in crop management and understanding local adaptation to climate variability will require a broader understanding of specific genotype interactions with management systems across multiple environments. A multi-year study investigating the potential for variety specific management systems based on phenotypi... |
42. Geographic Trends in Alfalfa Stand Age and Crops that Follow AlfalfaTo gain perspective on alfalfa-annual crop rotations in the upper Midwest, USDA-National Agricultural Statistics Service cropland data layers and Soil Survey Geographic Database layers were combined for six states (North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin) and seven years (2006-2012). Soil texture and geographic location both significantly affected the length of the alfalfa phase (stand age), and alfalfa stand age, soil texture, and year all significantly affected the... |
43. Hybrid and Plant Density Effects on Nitrogen Response In CornThe development of corn hybrids that may be improved for nitrogen use efficiency along with the emphasis on higher plant density for maximum yields of modern hybrids have raised questions about interactions between N rate and plant density. We planted four hybrids (Pioneer 33D49, 33K44, 33W84, and 34F07) to represent a range of responses to N rate and plant density at four sites in Illinois at combinations of densities of 44,460, 83,980, and 123,500 plants ha -1 and N rates of 0, 90, 179, and 26... |
44. Hybrid, Plant Population, and Nitrogen Interactions in CornCharacterizing hybrids by their response to both plant population and N response will be needed to help make variable-rate population and N rate work. We planted four corn hybrids at three sites in Illinois over two years, using combinations of 18,000, 34,000, and 50,000 plants per acre 0, 80, 160, and 240 lb N/acre. Across three environments where shortage of water reduced yields, 50,000 plants/acre yielded less than the two lower populations, both of which yields about the same. There was lit... |
45. Improved Nitrogen Management for the Food Industry Supply ChainA project is being led by the International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) and The Fertilizer Institute (TFI), with cooperation by Fertilizers Canada (FC), to help strengthen the science underpinning the Field to Market Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture Fieldprint Calculator (FPC) and its field-scale greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions estimates. Cooperating Land Grant University nitrogen (N) management scientists and USDA NRCS and ARS nitrous oxide (N 2O) emission scientists were invited to wor... |
46. In-season N for Corn Reduced Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Drainage Water Nitrate ConcentrationFarmers want to get the N fertilizer they apply into their crop, not lose it to air and water. This can be difficult to accomplish during wet years when N loss processes are going strong. Applying N in-season can be difficult to accomplish during wet years, but reduces the odds that N will be lost before the crop has a chance to take it up. We compared 2 N management strategies (140 lb N/acre applied pre-plant and variable-rate N applied sidedress based on canopy sensor measurements) and 3 drain... |
47. Influence of Plant Growth Regulators and Nitrogen Rate on Soft Red Winter Wheat Growth and YieldExcessive spring nitrogen (N) applications on wheat (Triticum aestivum) can result in reduced stem rigidity leading to plant lodging prior to harvest. Lodged wheat may reduce grain quality due to inhibition of nutrient transport from roots to grain or decrease grain yield through the inability to thresh lodged plants. Palisade (trinexapac-ethyl [TE]) is a newly labeled plant growth regulator for wheat production in Michigan and was designed to decrease internode length and increase stem thicknes... |
48. Maximizing Yield, Income, and Water QualityThose involved with Midwest production agriculture are aware that applications of nitrogen fertilizer can have unintended consequences upon water quality. It is our focus to minimize the potential of such environmental risks by working together to optimize harvest yields, and to maximize nitrogen utilization through the use of science-based initiatives, such as development of nitrogen management systems and N-WATCH. Sustainability of voluntary efforts to minimize the environmental impact of nitr... |
49. Maximizing Yield, Income, and Water QualityTo improve farm profitability and minimize environmental impact of nitrogen (N) use by reducing N losses and increasing harvest yield. Nitrogen Management System: A planned approach to N use that achieves better plant utilization and higher harvest yield with less environmental loss. It promotes a multiple application approach to N Management. It reduces early N application rates while emphasizing post-emerge N nutrition. It is about making incremental N applications that will Minimize environm... |
50. Maximizing Yield, Income, and Water QualityN-WATCH is a management tool designed for N Management Systems to inventory, track, and verify plant-available N in the soil. N Management Systems hedge the risk of N loss by splitting up the N application following the 4Rs of Nutrient Management (Right source, Right rate, Right time, and Right place). It is all about Minimizing environmental impact by Optimizing harvest yield, and Maximizing nutrient utilization. It is all about focusing on M.O.M. Who is eligible: Ag Producers that are adoptin... |
51. Maximizing Yield, Income, and Water QualityA program sponsored by the Illinois Council for Best Management Practices (CBMP) to provide local growers an estimate of the location, form, and concentration of plant- available N remaining in the soil. Plant-available N at a point in a field and a point in time can be estimated utilizing this technique and provide information that may help minimize environmental impact by improving harvest yield and maximizing nitrogen utilization. (This is not to be used as a stand-alone N recommendation syst... |
52. Maximizing Yield, Income, and Water QualityA program sponsored by the Illinois Council for Best Management Practices (CBMP) to provide local growers an estimate of the location, form, and concentration of plant-available N remaining in the soil. Plant-available N at a point in a field and a point in time can be estimated utilizing this technique and provide information that may help minimize environmental impact by improving harvest yield and maximizing nitrogen utilization. (This is not to be used as a stand-alone N recommendation syste... |
53. Measuring Soil Quality Changes in Corn and Soybean RotationsSoil quality is described as the ability of the soil to sustain crop growth and development along with nutrient cycling and water infiltration and retention. One possible strategy to maintain or increase soil quality is crop rotation. Crop rotations have the potential to increase crop yields, disrupt diseaseand pest cycles, and when a legume is added to the rotation, reduce nitrogen fertilizer requirements. Although the long-term productivity and sustainability of agriculture are dependent on ma... M. Adams, G. Behke, E. Nafziger, M. Villamil |
54. Micronutrients Fertilization for Corn and Soybean: A Research UpdateEssential plant nutrients such as boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn), and others are absorbed by crops in very small amounts and are referred to as micronutrients. A deficiency can have a large impact on crop yield, however, because they perform important physiological functions. The soil parent material and soil formation processes over time along with effects of soil moisture, aeration, and temperature can significantly influence the amount of plant-a... |
55. Minimizing Nitrate Loss from Manure-amended Wisconsin Sandy SoilsThe impact of dairy manure application on nitrate leaching was evaluated at two sites with no manure history. Manure treatment (separated-solid manure, separated-liquid manure, separated- liquid manure plus a nitrification inhibitor, and two treatments with no manure) was the main plot. Each manured plot was split into six subplots with three receiving a single sidedress fertilizer application of 0, 56, or 112 kg N ha -1 while the others had two sidedress applications totaling 112 kg N ha-1 with... |
56. Nebraska's Natural Resources Districts: Experiences in Managing Nitrate in Ground WaterNebraska's 23 Natural Resources Districts (NRDs or Districts) were formed in 1972, and are quasi-local entities which are charged with various responsibilities in managing the State's soil and water resources. The Districts are governed by locally-elected Boards of Directors, managed by professional staff, and have independent taxing authority. They have broad responsibilities in ground water quantity and quality management, and one of the major efforts NRDs have engaged in over the past several... |
57. Nitrogen and Harvest Impact on Biomass Yield of Perennial Warm-season GrassesUncertainties of the supply of fossil fuels from finite resources and the negative environmental impacts of their use are the two major driving forces for the search of alternative burning fuels. Perennial warm-season grasses have drawn interest as bioenergy feedstocks due to the high yielding capacity with minimal amounts of inputs under a wide range of geography, and the capability to produce multiple environmental benefits. Nitrogen (N) fertility and harvest management are considered as crit... |
58. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recalibration for Sunflower in the Northern Great PlainsSunflower producers in the northern Great Plains states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota are presently directed to N and P recommendations that originate from research performed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. These three states alone produce more than 80% of the sunflowers in the United States on a yearly basis (USDA-NASS, 2015). The current general formulas determining N and P fertilizer rate in these top-producing states are equivalent. The N recommendation is represented here ... |
59. Nitrogen Contribution from Different Manure SourcesNitrogen fertilizer equivalencies (NFE) from manure are influenced by manure type, application method, crop selection, and environmental conditions. Much of the research to determine NFE of manure was conducted in tilled systems but many producers use no-tillage (NT) to reduce soil erosion and labor requirements. The objective of this study was to determine NFE for different manure types used in corn (Zea mays L.) cropping systems. Manures consisted of composted swine manure (CSM), poultry litte... |
60. Nitrogen Loss from Sprinkler Applied Beef Feedlot EffluentLoss of nitrogen from sprinkler applied beef feedlot effluent can be costly for both the producer and the environment. Sprinkler application of effluent is common throughout the Great Plains, though little work has focused specifically on N losses from beef feedlot effluent. We quantified ammonia (NH 3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) losses from beef feedlot effluent applications under field conditions including variations in soil pH, soil water content, ammonium (NH 4+) concentration of the effluent, ... |
61. Nitrogen Management of Temporary Waterlogged Soil to Improve Corn Production and Reduce Environmental N LossDuring the 2011 growing season excessive soil moisture in the Unites States accounted for at least 30% of the total crop loss to environmental stresses resulting in more than $3 billion dollars in insurance indemnities paid to farmers. The objectives of this study were to: (i) assess grain yield and N silage uptake for both rescue and non-rescue treatments of different enhanced efficiency products, (ii) determine soil N content among treatments throughout the growing season, and (iii) evaluate P... |
62. Nitrogen Rate Revisions for Corn in North DakotaNitrogen rates in North Dakota have been based on a yield-goal or yield-potential formula for over forty years. The currently published formula (Franzen, 2010) is: Recommended N rate = (Yield Potential, bushels per acre) X 1.2 less N credits from previous crops and soil test nitrate to 2 feet in depth. A yield-based strategy was practical when N costs were relatively low and yields in North Dakota were at most 100 bushels per acre. However, due to improved germplasm developed at North Dakota Sta... |
63. Nitrogen Timing and Nitrification Inhibitors for Corn in KansasAnhydrous ammonia is a common Nitrogen (N) source used for corn production in Kansas. Two common mechanisms of N loss in corn production in Kansas soils are denitrification and leaching. By minimizing these losses, producers can maximize yield with lower input use and have less impact on the environment. Time of application, particularly fall vs. spring application can have significant impact on N loss, particularly in some soils. The use of nitrification inhibitors (NI) with anhydrous ammonia ... |
64. Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Nitrogen Fertilizers In IllinoisNitrous oxide (N 2O) has a large global warming potential (GWP). Agricultural applications of nitrogen (N) contribute to N 2O emissions but it might be possible to mitigate such emissions through different N sources. We investigated the potential for anhydrous ammonia (AA), urea, and polymer coated urea (ESN) to mitigate N 2O emissions while enhancing corn (Zea mays L.) production. This three-year study was conducted in Champaign County, Illinois on highly productive mollisols during 2009 to 201... |
65. Nutrient Reduction StrategiesThe Hypoxia Task Force (HTF) 2008 Action Plan set a goal or reducing the nitrogen and phosphorus load reaching the Gulf by 45% in order to reduce the size of the hypoxic zone to 5,000 km 2. Each of the 12 states along the main stem of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers were to develop a state specific strategy by 2013 to achieve the goal by 2015. These plans have been developed and work is underway to implement the strategies, but the time line was not realistic. In February 2015, the HTF announced... |
66. On-Farm Assessment of Nitrogen Use and Management in Irrigated Corn Production in NebraskaHigh-yield irrigated crops have large nitrogen (N) requirements. For example, N uptake of a corn crop that yields 207 bu ac -1 (~13 t/ha) is about 180 lb N ac-1 (200 kg N ha-1). The amount of N that is not provided by indigenous sources (mineralization of previous crop residue and soil organic matter) needs to be supplied by crop producers through N fertilizer. High-yield irrigated corn accounts for 74% of total annual corn production of 1260 million bushels in Nebraska. With approximately 70,00... |
67. Optimizing P Based In-Furrow Starter Fertilizer in Fields with Variable Soil Test P LevelsSoils in Minnesota are highly variable in chemical properties, particularly pH which can range from acidic to basic within a single field. In-furrow starter fertilizer is popular if fields with variable- and high (>7.5) pH fields to enhance early plant growth. The purpose of this study was to determine if in-furrow starter fertilizer rate should be varied in fields with varying pH and if starter fertilizer can increase yield in the presence of broadcast P applied at a non- limiting rate. Eight f... |
68. Organic Nutrient And Weed Management With Sweet Corn On Sandy SoilThe Central Sands region of Wisconsin is host to commercial-scale vegetable production, requiring intense nitrogen (N) fertilization. The limited nutrient holding capacity and minimal organic matter content of sandy soils in the Central Sands contributes to water nitrate contamination. Organic management may help to alleviate problems associated with leaching by increasing organic matter and nutrient retention in this soil. For organic agriculture to be feasible in this region, organic N inputs... |
69. Overview of Manure Handling on Steroid Movement in Agricultural Fields from Beef Cattle SystemsManure generated from concentrated animal feeding operations may serve as a source of steroids in surface water and potentially in groundwater. The objectives of this research were to determine the amount of steroids and metabolites in runoff from beef cattle production pens, and from runoff and leaching from crop production fields. Cattle were fed a synthetic progestagen, MGA or melengestrol acetate and treated with zeranol, trenbolone acetate, and estradiol implants, while a second group was n... |
70. Phosphorus Loss with Runoff after Applying Fertilizer or Manure as Affected by the Timing of RainfallPublic concerns about agriculture impacts on water quality and the likelihood of further government regulation have been increasing. Phosphorus usually is the nutrient that limits and controls algae growth and eutrophication in freshwater bodies. The uninformed public and many in regulatory agencies see reducing fertilization rates as an effective way of reducing nutrient loss from fields and improving water quality, especially when animal manure is applied. Soil testing for P is a useful, altho... |
71. Phosphorus Placement For Corn, Soybeans, and WheatRoot-Soil Interface Transport Pathways Three mechanisms are commonly cited for how nutrients reach plant roots: 1) root interception, 2) mass flow, and 3) diffusion. Root interception occurs when a plant root, as it grows, comes into direct contact with a nutrient. Quantities of nutrients reaching plant roots in this manner are estimated to be proportional to the volume of soil occupied by roots (Barber et al., 1963). For instance, if roots occupy one percent of the soil volume, then the quantit... |
72. Plant Availability of Phosphorus From Struvite Produced During Corn Bioenergy ProcessingThere is strong interest on recovering nutrients from the waste stream of industrial processing of crop biomass for bioenergy so they can be efficiently utilized as fertilizer materials. Phosphorus (P) can recovered as struvite [NH 4Mg(PO4).6H2O] from the aqueous stream. A low P water- solubility in struvite and previous research with the pure mineral or struvite precipitated from liquid animal manure suggest a slow-release of P from struvite. However, a recent short-term greenhouse study in Iow... |
73. Poly-Coated Urea Responses For Winter Wheat In The Northern PlainsManaging nitrogen applications for winter wheat production and quality includes limiting N volatilization with surface urea applications in the northern Great Plains. Two winter wheat sites located in central and western (W) South Dakota were established in the fall of 2011. Treatments were broadcast poly-coated urea (ESN) and urea at different blend proportions applied at rates of 0, 40, 60, 80, and 100 lb N/a and two timings (fall and spring). An additional winter wheat site was established in... |
74. Predicting Fertilizer Nitrogen Response In Corn Following AlfalfaCorrect prediction and application of alfalfa N credits to first-year corn can reduce fertilizer N costs for growers, reduce over-application of N, and reduce the potential for water contamination. For decades, researchers have found that first-year corn following alfalfa often requires no fertilizer N to maximize grain yield. However, a review and analysis of nearly all the research on this topic in North America and Spain (442 site-years of research) indicates that corn following alfalfa can r... |
75. Quantifying Risk in Nitrogen Management through On-Farm EvaluationsThe process of nitrogen (N) management in corn (Zea mays L.) production is often reduced to finding ways to manage various risks. These risks include common difficulties of quantifying soil N availability, avoiding N fertilizer losses, and predicting the impact of weather before and after fertilizer applications. This poster provides a synopsis of several recent on-farm evaluation studies conducted across Iowa. These studies were designed and executed to identify management, soil, and weather f... |
76. Recoverable Yield: A New Component for Improving Algorithms Used For Sensor Based Nitrogen Management In WheatIncreased interest in N management over the past decade has stimulated interest in using optical sensors to predict N needs in a number of crops. Many universities have created N recommendation algorithms for winter wheat, with slightly differing approaches. While many university algorithms operate under the assumption that 100% of the yield potential difference between the N rich strip and the farmer practice can be recovered, we believe that this will not always be possible. The objective of ... |
77. Residue Harvest Effect on Irrigated, No-till Corn Yield and Nitrogen ResponseImmobilization of applied N is expected when much high C:N crop residue remains in the field as is typical following corn grain harvest. Immobilization of N is expected to be less if crop residue is less. The effect of reduced immobilization on N availability may more than compensate for N removed in residue harvest. Therefore, applied N requirement for a following corn crop may be less if crop residue is reduced through harvest. Residue removal decreased the economically optimal N rate (EONR) ... |
78. Response Surface Models Of Subsoil K Concentration For Loess Over Till Soils In MissouriCrop uptake of potassium (K) has demonstrated sensitivity to subsoil variation in K content. This fact has not been sufficiently considered in K management strategies in part due to logistical difficulties in sampling spatially variable subsoil K. We propose a simplified soil factorial model, a response surface, to enable site-specific accounting of whole root zone K supply for loess over till soils. We compared the performance of two peak functions and a non-parametric local regression procedu... |
79. Responses To K Fertilizer On High Testing SoilsSoil testing is the foundation for nutrient management decisions, and is based test method research and calibration models in the Midwest has been generated in the public sector by Land Grant Universities (LGU) over the last 75 years. The successes of soil testing over the past three decades has been in large part been due to the inherent value of the testing method, monitoring over time, and adoption of precision Ag technology. Soil testing for potassium (STK) in the Midwest, is based on the co... |
80. Roto and Shoot Biomass and Nutrient Composition in a Winter Rye Cover CropNitrogen loss from applied fertilizer can be a significant environmental quality issue if NO 3 moves to surface or ground water. The Iowa nutrient reduction strategy science assessment identified winter cereal rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crop as a practice that can significantly reduce N and P loss (41% NO 3-N and 21% P reduction) from corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] fields. Cereal rye, when used as a cover crop, through its fibrous root system is able to explore the so... |
81. Searching for Inputs to Increase Soybean YieldCommodity prices and production costs are both at higher levels than in prior periods, encouraging growers to maximize returns by managing costs and raising yields. We conducted experiments at three Illinois sites in 2012 to evaluate foliar fertilizer, foliar insecticide, lactofen herbicide, seed treatment, foliar fungicide, foliar fungicide + foliar insecticide, cytokinin, , and fertilizer N, alone or in combinations of factors, including some deletion' treatments. Serious drought through the ... |
82. Soil Nitrogen Mineralization In Different Tobacco Tillage-Rotation SystemsSoil nitrogen mineralization, the microbial and biochemical transformation of organic N (e.g. proteins) into inorganic N compounds (e.g. NH 4+, NO3-), is of central importance to the nitrogen management and productivity of agricultural soil. Effects of different burley tobacco tillage and crop rotation systems on net soil N mineralization were studied, their correlation with soil organic matter, and the vertical distribution of mineralized N. Net soil N mineralization was measured by long-term ... |
83. Soil pH and Crop Response to Lime Source and TillageAg lime recommendations are based on soil pH, buffer pH, and neutralizing index or effective calcium carbonate equivalent (ECCE) of the lime to be used (Laboski and Peters, 2012). Determination of neutralizing index may vary by state and is often codified in state regulations related to the sale of ag lime. In Wisconsin, the neutralizing index of a lime is a function of purity (calcium carbonate equivalent) and fineness (particle size) (Schulte et al., 2005). Pelletized lime is typically calciti... |
84. Soybean and Corn Yield Response to Fertilizar Placement and Tillage SystemNutrient availability and, consequently, yields can be strongly influenced by tillage system and fertilizer placement. Also, different genotypes and rooting systems can affect nutrient uptake and plant growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate fertilizer placement and tillage system effects on yields in soybean and corn with different varieties/hybrids. The experiment was established in two locations in Kansas and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-plo... |
85. Soybean Production Research: A National ApproachU.S. soybean growers are looking for alternative methods to increase soybean yields and recent increases in commodity prices have given producers more freedom to invest in additional crop inputs or products. Unfortunately, quality data from studies addressing multiple contemporary inputs is scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of combined soybean inputs on seed yield. These high input systems were tested in six states to evaluate their value across a broad geograp... |
86. Soybean Response to Broadcast Application of Boron, Chloride, Manganese, and ZincMicronutrients are essential for plant growth but in low concentration. There has been increased pressure for farmers to apply micronutrients to soybean [Glycine max (Merr.) L.] due to a perception that deficiencies have increased. The objective of this study was to evaluate soybean yield and quality response to broadcast micronutrients. A study was conducted in Minnesota from 2013 to 2014. Treatments consisted of B (0 or 2 lb ac ï¤_1), Cl (0 or 20 lb acï¤_1), Mn (0 or 10 lb acï¤_1), and Z... |
87. Soybean Response to Sulfur Placement and Starter Fertilizer ApplicationReduced rates of early season nutrient mineralization from earlier planting dates, increased nutrient removal from greater yields, and reductions in atmospheric sulfur (S) deposition have increased concern regarding S availability for optimal soybean (Glycine max L.) growth. A field study was established to determine the effects of 25 lbs. S per acre with or without starter fertilizer consisting of 20 lbs. nitrogen (N) per acre and 50 lbs. P2O5 per acre on soybean grain yield and quality. Main p... |
88. Starter Fertilizer and High Yield Management Impacts on Corn Production... |
89. Sulfur and Micronutrient Fertilization for Wheat Production in KansasGenetic advances in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and increased yield potential may require changes in fertilization programs including the addition of secondary and micronutrients. The objective of this study was to evaluate wheat response to sulfur and micronutrient fertilization and evaluate soil testing and tissue analysis as a diagnostic tool. Seven locations were established in 2012 and 201, all locations were established in under dryland conditions (four locations presented in this paper). Fe... |
90. Sulfur Cycling from Corn in Corn-Corn and Corn-Soybean RotationsSulfur fertilizer requirements for corn grown on medium and fine textured soils have increased over the past ten years. The effect of sulfur rate and timing on the potential for sulfur cycling and carryover within a two year crop rotation, corn-corn and corn-soybean, were studied. Sulfur was applied as ammonium sulfate on the soil surface at planting and the V3-V5 growth stages at rates of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 lbs of S per acre during the first cropping year. Each plot was divided in two prior ... |
91. Sulfur Sources, Chemistry, Extent of Deficiencies, and Application Considerations in the North Central Region of the USASulfur (S) has not been considered in the North Central USA region as more than a special-case fertilizer until recently. Originally recommended for canola in the northern plains of North America and throughout the region in sandy, eroded soils, then commonly required in many soils in the western-most states in the region. Reasons for a more widespread need include depleted atmospheric sources, use of low S fertilizers, higher crop yields, and greater annual rainfall in some years. The S soil te... |
92. Testing Field-Moist Soil For Potassium And Other Nutrients - What's It All About?Potassium (K) is present in the soil in water-soluble, exchangeable (both readily available for crops), non-exchangeable or fixed (may become available over time), and mineral (unavailable) forms. Estimates of soil exchangeable K with the ammonium-acetate and Mehlich-3 extractants from air-dried or oven-dried soil samples are the most widely used soil-test methods for K. These methods provide comparable K test results, and are suggested for the north-central region by the North-Central Regional ... |
93. The Effects of 40 Years of Tillage and Fertility Practices on Soil Organic Carbon and Fungal PopulationsSoil organic carbon plays an integral role in long-term soil productivity. In cultivated systems, potential productivity is directly related to soil carbon concentrations, highlighting the need to protect current organic matter levels and develop management practices that will enhance soils with declining soil carbon contents. There have been variable responses in soil carbon levels to both tillage and fertility treatments. Tillage alters the physical and chemical properties of the soil environm... |
94. The Impacts and Magnitude of N Loss from Midwest Cropping Systems: What can we do about it?(Blank Page for Notes) ... |
95. The Nitrogen Index as a Tool to Reduce Nitrogen Loss to the EnvironmentContinued population growth creates a need for increased productivity of agricultural systems around the world. Increased agricultural productivity will be needed to support a population that is anticipated to have an additional 2.5 billion people by the year 2050. Nitrogen was part of the 20th century�۪s green revolution. Nitrogen continues to be essential for the viability and sustainability of agricultural systems that are important for feeding the growing global population. It is well kno... |
96. The Use of Organic Soil Amendments for Winter Wheat Production in KentuckyMost animal manures are land-applied in the fall and spring after crops have been harvested or prior to planting. Surface application of manures in the fall have more potential for nitrogen (N) loss when applied to fallow land compared to land cropped to winter wheat. This study was conducted to determine the N availability of fall applied organic fertilizers and resulting wheat grain yields compared to urea-N fertilizer. The effects of three organic fertilizer sources and rate on wheat yield an... |
97. Topsoil Depth Influences Switchgrass Nitrogen Managment on Claypan SoilsSwitchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is an attractive forage or bioenergy crop option for eroded portions of claypan landscapes where grain crop production is marginally profitable. Topsoil depth to the claypan can vary widely within fields and little information exists on the impacts of the topsoil depth on nitrogen (N) management of switchgrass. Therefore, a study was initiated in 2009 at University of Missouri South Farm located near Columbia, MO on a site known as Soil Productivity Assessment f... |
98. Understanding Components To High Yielding Soybean Production SystemsThe increasing amount of products and techniques available to producers, coupled with increasing input costs, lends greater importance to the evaluation of management options for optimization of yield and economic return. This study was conducted to determine: 1) soybean yield potential when five additional inputs are combined in a high-intensity production system; 2) soybean yield impact of each additional input when removed from the high-intensity system; 3) soybean yield potential of each add... |
99. Uptake and Leaching Potential Of Potassium And Sulfur When Split Applied For Corn on Irrigated SoilCoarse textured soils used in irrigated agriculture often face nutrient losses through the soil profile due to low cation exchange capacity (CEC). Split fertilizer application on sandy soils has been recommended for the corn crops in MN to avoid the leaching of fertilizers nutrients. Our study aimed to look at the potential for potassium and sulfur to be taken up or leached out in corn production. Two K and two S fertilizers studies were set up in Minnesota on coarse irrigated soils. Each site h... |
100. Use Of Corn Height To Improve The Relationship Between Active Optical Sensor Readings And Yield EstimatesPre-season and early in-season loss of N continues to be a problem in corn (Zea mays, L.). One method to improve nitrogen use efficiency is to fertilize based on in-season crop foliage sensors. The objective of this study was to evaluate two different ground-based, active-optical sensors and explore the use of corn height with sensor readings for improved relationship with corn yield. Two different ground-based active-optical sensors (Greenseeker�, Trimble, Sunnydale, CA; and Holland Crop Cir... |
101. Use of Enhanced Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers To Reduce Leaching And Volatilization LossA laboratory study was conducted to explore interactions of N source and treatment with precipitation events on a coarse-textured soil. Nitrogen sources included urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN), UAN with additives of either nitrapyrin (Instinct �) or a carboxylated polymer (Nutrisphere-N�), or a polymer-coated dry urea (PCU) (ESN�). These products were applied to soil chambers which allowed measurement of ammonia (NH 3-N) volatilization or nitrate leaching over 31 days. Precipitation ... |
102. Using Soil and Tissue Testing to Predict Soybean Yield Response to Foliar Applied Micronutrients in IowaPrior research with foliar application of micronutrients for soybean has shown inconsistent yield responses in Iowa and the western Corn Belt. Iowa has no interpretations for soil or tissue tests for micronutrients in soybean. This study's objectives were to evaluate soybean plant-tissue and grain yield responses to foliar application of boron (B), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in Iowa. There were 22 field trials in 2012 and 21 in 2013, which were established in 20 counties and incl... |
103. What Do Recent Plant Tissue Analysis Surveys In Soybean And Alfalfa Tell Us?Plant tissue analysis surveys were conducted for soybean in 2011 and 2012 and alfalfa in 2010 and 2011. Seventy-three random alfalfa fields throughout Wisconsin were sampled at bud to first flower prior to first or second cutting. For alfalfa, 49% of samples were low in potassium (K) based on sufficiency levels, and results were related to soil test K level and amount of K applied. Sulfur (S) was low in 62% of all alfalfa samples. This result was surprising, as only 18% of the fields were consid... |
104. Which Corn Nitrogen Fertilization Rate Tools Preforms the Best in the Midwest?Publicly-available nitrogen (N) rate recommendation tools are utilized to help maximize yield in corn production. These tools often fail when N is over-applied and results in excess N being lost to the environment, or when N is under-applied and results in decreased yield and economic returns. Performance of a tool is often based on the specific soil and weather conditions of a growing season. Research is needed to determine which tools are the most effective at recommending economical optimal N... |
105. Winter Rye Cover Crop Biomass Production, Degradation, And N RecyclingWinter rye (Secale cereale L.) as a cover crop can take up residual inorganic N between annual row crops and therefore be used to help reduce NO 3--N loss from fields and movement to water systems. However, does the rye N uptake affect N recycling to soil and add to plant available N? The rye carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio could also influence N recycling. The objectives of this study were to evaluate rye biomass degradation and N recycling after spring rye termination in a no-till corn (Zea mays L... |