Proceedings
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1. Can Unmanned Aerial System-Mounted Passive Sensors Be Used To Recommend Sidedress Nitrogen Rates In Corn? A Comparison Between Active and Passive SensorsThe objectives of this research were to (i) assess the correlation between active and passive crop canopy sensors’ vegetation indices at different corn growth stages, (ii) assess sidedress variable rate nitrogen (N) recommendation accuracy of active and passive sensors compared to the agronomic optimum N rate (AONR) and (iii) assess sidedress VR N rate recommendation correlation between active and passive sensors. Two experiments were conducted, one near Central City, Nebraska on a Novi... L. Bastos, R. Ferguson |
2. Chemistry of Soil Phosphorus - Agronomic and Environmental ImplicationsTo be available for uptake by crop plants or to stimulate algal growth in a eutrophic environment, P must in a dissolved form. Therefore, in the absence of soil erosion, chemical processes that can transfer phosphate ions from the soil solution to the solid phase can limit P bioavailability and mobility. These processes include exchange, adsorption, and precipitation reactions. This presentation focuses on how local fluctuations in soil water content, solution pH, redox potential, and dissolv... M. Thompson |
3. Comparative N and Dry Matter Dynamics in Corn Ears, Stems, and Leaves During the Critical Period After Early and Late-split Sidedress NThere is currently great interest in the possible agronomic and environmental benefits of split N applications that include a late vegetative sidedress timing. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of N rate and timing of N application on the accumulation of N and dry matter in the ears, stems, and leaves of corn during the critical period (encompassing the period two weeks before to two weeks after silking) in order to understand the differing sensitivity to N stress in the... S. Mueller, T. Vyn |
4. Corn Nitrogen Calibration in South DakotaSouth Dakota (SD) corn nitrogen (N) rate recommendations were last established in 1991 and based on the coefficient of 1.2 lbs N/bu of the yield goal. The South Dakota corn N rate calculator subtracts the pre-plant soil test NO3-N (0-2ft) and legume credits and adds 30 lbs N/a for recently established no-till. Much improved corn genetics, shifting farming practices, and climate changes warrant re-calibration of corn N rate recommendations. During 2013-2105, N rate studies were conducted at 20... A. Bly, S. Berg |
5. Do Soil Tests Predict Yield Response to Phosphorus in Modern Corn and Soybean Production?Modern corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production systems produce higher yields, and consequently, may remove more nutrients than fertilizer rates based upon existing soil test recommendations for these yields. With greater emphasis on soil test levels for nutrient stewardship strategies, soil tests need to also predict critical levels in which fertilized nutrient responses are likely. Current soil test recommendations for Illinois have negl... T. Beyrer, F. Below |
6. Effects of Applied Soil Micronutrients on Corn and Soybean Yields in Eastern South Dakota EnvironmentsMicronutrients although taken up by plants in small quantities, their deficiencies can have significant detrimental effects on grain yield. As growers aim for maximum corn and soybean yields, availability of micronutrients in agricultural market both as individual source or combined with other secondary nutrients have also increased. However, effects of micronutrients on corn and soybean grain yields are not well documented for South Dakota (SD) soils, and growers seem to be concerned if appl... D. Karki, A. Bly, S. Berg |
7. Evaluation of Four Iron Sources for the Control of Iron Deficiency Chlorosis in SoybeanIron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) is a destructive disorder of soybeans grown on calcareous soils in the North Central region. Certain chelates are effective at preventing IDC, but the quality of commercial-grade materials varies. The objective of this greenhouse study was to compare the ability of four commercial iron fertilizers to prevent IDC in soybeans. The four sources were a high-quality FeEDDHA product (FeEDDHA-1), an FeEDDHA product of lower quality (FeEDDHA-2), FeEDDHSA, and FeHBED. T... H. Ohm, R. Goos |
8. Evaluation of Polyhalite as a Source of Potassium and Sulfur for a Corn-Soybean Rotation in MinnesotaPolyhalite contains K, S, Mg, and Ca which could be used as a source of nutrients for crops in Minnesota. The objective of this research was to determine if polyhalite can utilized within for a two-year corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Field studies were established at two locations in Minnesota with the soil test K of <120 ppm (0-6 inch sample extracted with 1M NH4OAC) and where a response to S was expected. Treatments were polyhali... A. Sutradhar, D. Kaiser, C. Rosen |
9. Fall Nitrogen for Winter Wheat Production?Fall nitrogen (N) applications are typically not recommended in Kentucky unless previous corn yields exceed 30 bu/A more than expected or when wheat is planted later than optimal in combination with a wet fall. In 2016, much of Kentucky experienced this combination of yield and environmental conditions. A study was initiated to test the need for fall applied N and how much fall N may be needed. Wheat was planted at recommended (normal) dates and then at dates that would be considered later th... E. Ritchey, J. Grove |
10. Impact of Nitrogen Application Timing on Corn ProductionWater quality issues have renewed interest in timing of nitrogen (N) application as a means to improve use efficiency in corn and reduce losses. Improved economic return is also desired as N fertilization is one of the most costly inputs to corn production. Time of fertilizer application is a component of the site-specific 4R nutrient management stewardship programs. In Iowa, the Nutrient Reduction Strategy has a 7% (37% std. dev.) nitrate-N reduction with a 0% (3% std. dev.) corn yield chang... J. Sawyer, D. Barker, J. Lundvall |
11. In-Season Soil Nitrogen as a Predictor of Corn Grain YieldCorn (Zea mays L.) grain yield is closely linked to plant available soil nitrogen (N). Our objectives were to (i) examine the influence of N rate, source, and time of application on N use efficiency with relation to grain yield and total plant N uptake, and (ii) evaluate in-season soil N testing as a tool to determine N rate needs and predict grain yield. During the 2014-2015 growing seasons, 12 fields across Minnesota varying in soil and climate conditions received 1) pre-plant urea (0 to 20... J. Spackman, F. Fernandez |
12. Independence of Crop Yield and Nitrogen Rate Across SitesHistorically soil fertility specialists in the North Central States of the USA have constructed nitrogen (N) rate recommendations based on ‘yield goals’ or ‘expected yield’. Within the past ten years, there has been a general realization by soil fertility researchers that within a site or field there is a relationship between N rate and yield; however, because of soil and weather differences between sites there is no relationship in N rate studies with a large number o... D. Franzen, L. Sharma, H. Bu, E. Schultz, J. Breker, A. Denton |
13. Influence of Source and Particle Size on Agricultural Limestone Efficiency at Increasing Soil pHExcessive soil acidity is known to have potential negative impacts on crop production. The chemical and physical characteristics of a liming material determine its capacity to neutralize soil acidity. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) equivalent (CCE) and estimates of particle size impact on the efficiency at increase soil pH are considered when assessing a material’s liming value. The reaction of limestone particles within the soil depends largely on the soil pH and the material surface ar... J. Jones, A. Mallarino |
14. Managing Urea Fertilizer for Optimal N Use and Productivity of CornCorn (Zea mays L.) yield is usually limited by nitrogen (N) availability more than any other nutrient in agricultural soils. Urea is the primary source of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer used worldwide, either as a crystalline solid containing 46% N, or a urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN, 28-32%). A major caveat, however, to urea as an N fertilizer is its susceptibility to loss through volatilization when applied to the soil surface. Many products are marketed as nitrogen stabi... B. Bernhard, F. Below |
15. Manitoba Corn Meets 4-R Nitrogen Management (Year 2): Effects on Crop Performance and the EnvironmentReplicated corn trials to evaluate previous research on fertilizer technologies were conducted in 2015 under farm conditions at three sites Manitoba as well as in Quebec. Sites were located northwest of Elm Creek, MB on a loamy fine sand, near Carman, MB on a loamy very fine sand and at Culross, MB (southeast of Elm Creek) on a Red River clay. Treatments in the Manitoba trials included: a zero N Check; three rates of urea/ESN (50% each by weight) broadcast/incorporated prior to plan... C. Cavers, S. Sager, G. Parent |
16. Mine the Data Not the Soil: Big Data Considerations for Soil FertilityFarm data has become a current topic in agriculture as well as other industries and is known as ‘big data’. Debate regarding the ownership of the data and who should receive value from the use of that data are hotly debated. This paper dispels many of the myths of big data in agriculture and offers insights into best management practices with respect to using data isolated to a given farm as well as within a larger community. A substantial portion of this paper was adapted from Gr... T. Griffin |
17. N-Fertilizer Recovery Efficiency by Corn Using Controlled Release UreaLimited research has been conducted on the use of 15N-labeled controlled release urea fertilizers under field conditions for corn production. The objectives of this study were to: 1) evaluate the fate of N derived from a blend of two enhanced efficiency N fertilizers in corn plants throughout the growing season; and 2) to determine the N recovery efficiency of the two N sources from a blended application. A field study was conducted during the 2015-2016 growing season at Iracemápo... H. Gonzalez, D. Ruiz diaz, C. Filho, P. Trivelin |
18. Nitrate-N Loss Reduction: Scale of In-Field and Edge-of-Field Practice Implementation to Reach Water Quality GoalsStates in the Mississippi River Basin have developed state level nutrient reduction strategies in response to the 2008 Hypoxia Action Plan. The Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy was released in 2013 and the Nonpoint Source Nutrient Reduction Strategy Science Assessment reviews potential practice performance in reducing downstream nutrient loss and the scale of implementation that would be necessary to reach the Hypoxia Action Plan goal of a 45% reduction in riverine Nitrogen and Phosphorus. To... M. Helmers |
19. Nitrogen Fertilizer Management for Wheat Under Dual Purpose Grazing and Grain ProductionDual purpose winter wheat is a common system used in many regions of the Southern Great Plains. The objective of this study was to i.) evaluate the interaction of wheat grazing management and soil and fertilizer nitrogen requirements with emphasis on dual purpose wheat. This study was established at three locations during the 2015-2016 growing season. Experimental design was a randomized split block design with 16 treatments including simulated grazing and grain only treatments and varying ra... T. Gardner, D. Ruiz diaz, C. Edwards |
20. Nitrogen Fertilizer on Soybeans: Are We Making Progress?The recent drop in the price of soybeans has dampened enthusiasm for applying inputs of uncertain value to crops, but application of fertilizer N during the season is often reported by soybean yield contest winners as a way to increase yields, and some producers have adopted this as a practice. As soybean yields have increased, the amount of N required by the crop has increased. Soybean seed with 36 percent protein is about 5.75% N, and a bushel of soybean grain contains about 3 lb.... E. Nafziger, J. Vonk |
21. Nutrient Management Practices for Water QualityField to Market®: The Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture Field to Market® is a diverse alliance working to create opportunities across the agricultural supply chain for continuous improvements in productivity, environmental quality, and human well-being. The group provides collaborative leadership that is engaged in industry-wide dialogue, grounded in science, and open to the full range of technology choices. ... A. Herges |
22. Phosphorus and Potassium Response In No-Till Corn and Soybean ProductionCurrent UWEX fertilizer recommendations and plant analysis interpretation guidelines were developed prior to the release of GMO corn. There is some concern amongst University soil fertility specialists and industry agronomists that corn and soybean response to P and K fertilizer applications may be different with modern corn hybrids and soybean varieties. In addition, in the UW recommendation system, an estimate of the amount of nutrients removed in the harvested portion of the crop is used t... C. Laboski, T. Andraski |
23. Phosphorus Distribution After Long-Term P Fertilizer Placement Under Strip-TillageLong-term phosphorus fertilizer placement under strip-tillage tillage can affect the vertical and horizontal distribution of soil test P (STP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of P fertilizer placement on STP distribution under strip-till. A study was established in Scandia, Kansas in 2006 under a corn- soybean rotation. Treatments included a (1) control (No P); and P applied at 80 lb P2O5 ac-1 as (2) broadcast, (3) deep band, (4) broadcast with starter 2x2, a... C. Edwards, D. Ruiz diaz |
24. Post-Harvest Soil Nitrate Following Corn Production in Eight Midwestern StatesApplying nitrogen (N) at economically optimal rates (EONR) and at times of rapid crop uptake are practices that are thought to minimize the amount of residual soil nitrate (RSN) in the profile that may be susceptible to loss. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rate (0 to 280 lb N/a in 40 lb increments) and timing (pre-plant (PP) or PP plus V9 sidedress (PP+SD)) of N application on corn grain yield and RSN in the top 3 feet of soil relative to the calculated EONR. Thirt... C. Bandura, C. Laboski, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, F. Fernandez, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
25. Potassium Effects on Yield, Grain Quality, Lodging, and Stalk Strength in RiceMissouri has a long history of rice production, going back to 1910 when the crop was first grown in the northeast region of the state. From this 40-acre start, rice acreage has increased steadily over the years to over 180,000 acres currently. The statewide average yield was 110 bu/A in 1997 and increased to over 156 bu/A in 2015. Traditionally, nitrogen (N) management has been given top priority by farmers. But with increased yields and rotations with soybeans, K fertility is increasingly be... D. Dunn, G. Stevens |
26. Potassium Recalibration for Corn in North Dakota and Sampling TimePotassium (K) fertilizer recommendations for corn (Zea mays, L.) are commonly guided by yield response calibrations to soil K levels; however, sample drying and time of soil sampling have been shown to affect the amount of extractable K. Potassium rate trials were established at 13 locations in southeastern North Dakota during 2015 with objectives to evaluate soil K testing methods and their relationship with corn yield response to K fertilization and to assess temporal soil K variat... J. Breker, D. Franzen |
27. Prediction of Corn and Soybean Grain Yield Response to P in Minnesota Using the Haney H3A and Mehlich-III TestsMinnesota soils are highly variable in P availability due to the wide range of chemical properties. Currently, two soil tests are used to measure soil P in Minnesota, the Bray-P1 for pH<7.4 and the Olsen P for pH>7.4. The purpose of this study was to correlate crop response in corn and soybean rotations to the Bray-P1, Olsen, Mehlich-III, and Haney H3A extractions and to determine critical concentrations for each extraction method. Soil P tests were also correlated with one another to d... D. Kaiser, L. Leverich, J. Vetsch, J. Strock |
28. Project Sense: Sensors for the Efficient Use of Nitrogen and Stewardship of the Environment. An On-Farm Research Effort to Increase Adoption of Sensor Based N ManagementLow nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has been attributed to several factors including asynchrony between nitrogen (N) fertilizer application, crop demand, and spatial variability (Shanahan et al., 2008). Sidedress applied N synchronizes crop uptake demand for N, but does not address the spatial and temporal variability that exists in a field year to year. Active crop canopy sensors provide an ability to monitor and respond to spatial and temporal N variability for a given field. A three-year pro... B. Krienke, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, L. Thompson, J. Parrish, N. Mueller, T. Mieno, J. Crowther, T. Shaver, T. Ingram, D. Krull, K. Glewen |
29. Residual Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Soil Nitrogen Pools and Corn GrowthNitrogen (N) fertilization of corn (Zea mays L.) may increase, decrease, or not affect the N supplying capacity of the soil. Six field-scale corn N rate trials were established in corn-soybean rotations in diverse soil types across Indiana. Six N rates ranging from about 25 to 270 lb N ac-1 were replicated 4 to 6 times at each site and re-applied to the same plots for each of four corn crops. In the fifth corn season, 2015, half of the replications at each location were sup... M. Moser, R. Nielsen, J. Camberato |
30. Respiration as a Measure of Soil Health: Challenges and OpportunitiesIn recent years, respiration has become a commonly-used soil health metric. It has been used as a standalone predictor of soil N supplying capacity and in conjunction with other metrics to assess overall soil health. However, the sources of variation underlying respiration itself have not been thoroughly assessed. We show that across growing regions in California, respiration was unable to accurately predict soil N supply. The R2 values were much higher in fields that had received a rece... J. Wade, S. Culman, T. Hurriso, W. Horwath, R. Miller |
31. Response of Continuous Corn to Varying Rates and Placements of Starter FertilizerPrevious research has shown that starter fertilizer, a small amount of fertilizer placed with or near the seed at planting, often accelerates early season growth and increases biomass production, but does not always increase grain yield in corn (Zea mays L.). Our objective was to evaluate the effects of starter fertilizer on crop growth and development, as well as grain yield and moisture in continuous corn cropping systems. Treatments consisted of no fertilizer applied at planting (Cont... C. Hornaday, J. Camberato, R. Nielsen |
32. Soil Health: Approaches in Fertility ManagementInconsistent grain yield and in some cases variable yield response to fertilizer inputs suggest improving fertility management strategies with greater emphasis towards resilient cropping systems may also improve nutrient efficiency. The soil microbiome may affect nutrient mineralization, nutrient movement to roots, disease incidence, and other specialized relationships (e.g., nodule formation in soybean (Glycine max L.)). Although within-field grain yield variability has correla... K. Steinke |
33. Soybean Yield Response to P Fertilizer Placement as Affected by Soil Parameters: A ReviewIn the last decades, several studies were conducted to evaluate more efficient P fertilizer management with emphasis on placement. Many of these studies report contrasting results, suggesting that a general recommendation may not be appropriate and specific factors of soils, crops, and weather should be considered. A literature search was completed using Google Scholar, and published papers that met our selection criteria included 62 experiments, with 95 site-years. Approximately 9.8% of the ... F. Hansel, D. Ruiz diaz, L. Rosso |
34. Starter Fertilizer Slows the Movement of Corn Roots Across the RowApplications of starter fertilizer may alter the root morphology of young developing plants by causing lateral roots to proliferate when the root system enters the highly concentrated fertilizer band. This may affect the timing of root movement across the row when starter fertilizer is used. The timing of root movement across the row was determined by placing 20 12-inch-long perforated cylinders vertically in the soil at the V2 leaf stage. The cylinders were placed approximately every 15&rdqu... J. Lee, J. Camberato, R. Nielsen |
35. The Anaerobic Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen Test as a Tool for Nitrogen Management in the MidwestThe anaerobic potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMNan) test is a tool that can improve estimations of mineralizable nitrogen (N) and enhance nitrogen use efficiency. This tool may also help improve predictions of N uptake, grain yield, and the economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) of corn (Zea mays L.). A 32 site-year study across eight US Midwestern states was conducted to 1) compare the effect of incubation length (7-, 14-, 28-d), soil sampling timing, N fertilizer rate, and thei... J. Clark, K. Sloan veum, F. Fernandez, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
36. Tillage, Crop Rotation, and Cover Crop Impact on Corn Nitrogen Requirements in Southeastern South DakotaNitrogen is the lifeline of corn production. There is uncertainty whether nitrogen (N) requirements are the same for corn raised under long term no-till versus conventional till production systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate N fertilizer requirements for long term no-till soils in southeastern South Dakota, while considering effects from cover crops and crop rotation. This was a two year study at the SDSU Southeast Research Farm near Beresford, SD on long term no-till plots e... S. Berg, P. Sexton, R. Gelderman, A. Bly, C. Derdall |
37. Topsoil Thickness Effects on Phosphorus and Potassium Dynamics on Claypan SoilsDue to variable depth to claypan (DTC) across landscapes, nutrient supply from subsoils, and crop removal, precise P and K fertilizer management on claypan soil fields can be difficult. Therefore, a study was performed to determine if DTC derived from soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) could be used to improve P and K management for corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.]). Research was conducted on a claypan soil at the University of Missouri&rsq... L. Conway, M. Yost, N. Kitchen, N. Kitchen, K. Sudduth |
38. Variation in Internal N Efficiency of Corn and Impact on Yield-Goal Based N RecommendationsInternal N efficiency (IE) is defined as bushels per acre (GY) produced per pound of N per acre (PMN) in the plant at physiological maturity (R6). Internal N efficiency defines the required amount of plant N content at R6 in a yield-goal based N rate recommendations (currently used in 30 U.S. states) and several commercial N recommendation models. Commonly IE is assumed to be constant at an approximate value of 0.8 bu lb-N-1 in yield-goal based recommendations. Our research objective was... M. Shafer, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, F. Fernandez, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, R. Nielsen, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
39. What Can Long Term Experiments Provide for Improving Phosphorus and Potassium Management?Agricultural research utilizes both short-term and long-term experiments. Short-term experiments provide useful information on how a system is affected at the time of management changes, and evaluate short-term responses by the soil or crop. Agricultural systems are complex systems with multiple components that operate on different time scales of response, however. Therefore, the initial response of either the whole system or individual components may not necessarily indicate the direction or... A. Mallarino |
40. Winter Wheat Growth and Grain Yield Response to Individual Agronomic InputsProducers’ interested in optimizing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and yields have adopted intensive (i.e. high-input) wheat management systems in Michigan. Additional research is required to evaluate growth, grain yield, and profitability of multiple and individual agronomic inputs. An omission field trial was initiated in Lansing, MI during 2015 to evaluate the response of soft red winter wheat to six agronomic inputs in enhanced (high-input) and traditional (low-input) ... D. Quinn, K. Steinke |