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1. Active and Passive Spectral Sensing for Predicting the Optimum Nitrogen Rate and Timing in CornThere are many in-season plant diagnostic tools available for predicting the rate and timing of in-season nitrogen fertilizer in corn (Zea mays L.). However, soils in Southern Minnesota are generally high in organic matter and can carry over nitrate- nitrogen from one season to the next. Subsequently, there is oftentimes sufficient soil nitrogen early in the growing season to supply much of the crop requirement, limiting the use of sensor-based N management tools. Past wor... T. Nigon, D. Kaiser, C. Yang, D. Mulla |
2. Active-Optical Reflectance Sensing Evaluated for Red and Red-Edge Waveband SensitivityUncertainty exists with corn (Zea mays L.) N management due to year-to-year variation in crop N need, soil N supply, and N loss from leaching, volatilization, and denitrification. Active-optical reflectance sensing (AORS) has proven effective in some fields for generating N fertilizer recommendations that improve N use efficiency. However, various sensors utilize different wavebands of light to calculate N fertilizer recommendations making it difficult to know which waveband is most sens... G. Bean, N. Kitchen, J. Camberato, R. Ferguson, F. Fernandez, D. Franzen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer, P. Scharf, J. Schepers, J. Shanahan |
3. An Integrated Approach to Understanding Poultry Litter Use in Corn-Soybean Production SystemsThe majority of poultry litter (PL) in Kentucky is generated in the western third of the state, the same area that produces approximately 80% of corn, soybean, and wheat. This PL is applied to row crop fields as a nutrient source. Producers and commodity board representatives were concerned with reported nutrient availability coefficients, nutrient value, and long-term use of PL. Four field sites in a NT corn-soybean rotation were identified in the fall of 2012 with low to medium soil test va... E. Ritchey, E. Haramoto, C. Bradley |
4. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Role in Modern AgricultureArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are obligate symbionts of over 90% of land plants, including most of the worlds economically important food crops. This symbiosis is believed to have evolved some 400 million years ago concurrentwith land plant flora to assist in phosphate uptake, an ion of poor mobility in soil. A key feature of the symbiosis is the ‘arbuscule’, a fungal organ that penetrates root cortical cells and forms a convoluted peri-arbuscular membrane of large surfac... R. Drijber |
5. Basic Concepts of Soil Acidity and LimingWith today’s cropping systems utilizing high rates of N fertilizers, most Midwestern soils require periodic applications of aglime or other liming materials for optimum crop production. Liming has several beneficial effects: 1) it reducesaluminum or manganese toxicity, harmful or potentially toxic conditions which can develop in acid soils; 2) it increases the availability of some of the essential nutrients; 3) it replaces the supply of calcium and magnesium essential for plant gro... D. Mengel |
6. Can a Winter Rye Cover Crop Mitigate Nitrate Leaching from Corn Production on Irrigated Coarse Textured Soils?Minnesota has approximately 500,000 acres of irrigated coarse textured soils. These soils are very productive but are highly vulnerable to nitrate (NO --N) leaching and ground water contamination. In these soils, most of the NO --N leaching losses take place in early spring and late fall, when precipitation is high and crops have limited water and nutrient uptake. The objectives of this study are 1) quantify the capacity of rye (Secale cereal L.) as a cover crop to mi... N. Ricks, F. Fernandez, J. Baker |
7. Can Narrow Row Spacing be Used to Manage Higher Planting Densities of Corn?The average U.S. corn (Zea mays L.) plant density has increased 988 plants ha-1 year-1. As this trend continues, narrow row spacings can be used to increase the distance between plants within a row and provide greater plant spacing across a given area. The overall goal of this study was to understand the relationship between row spacings and planting densities across different hybrids on corn growth and grain yield. The experiment was conducted in Champaign, IL to evaluate the inter... B. Bernhard, F. Below |
8. Cereal Rye and Hairy Vetch Cover Crops for Improving Soil and Water QualitySoil and water quality benefits of cover crops (CCs) have been inferred only from plot scale studies. Replicating cover crops at the watershed scale and expecting similar results to that of plot scale studies need further research. Therefore, cover crop study at Southern Illinois was carried at the plot as well as the watershed scale. The objectives of plot scale study were (i) to evaluate the contribution of fertilizer and soil organic matter (SOM) to N leaching under corn/soybean ... S. Gurbir, K. Williard, J. Schoonover, R. Cook, R. Mcelroy |
9. Comparison of Ground-Based Active Crop Canopy Sensor and Aerial Passive Crop Canopy Sensor for In-Season Nitrogen ManagementCrop canopy sensors represent one tool available to help calculate a reactive in-season nitrogen (N) application rate in corn. When utilizing such systems, corn growers must decide between using active versus passive crop canopy sensors. The objectives of this study was to 1) determine the correlation between N management by remote sensing using a passive sensor and N management using proximal sensing with an active sensors. Treatments were arranged as field length strips in a randomized comp... J. Parrish, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, K. Glewen, L. Thompson, B. Krienke, N. Mueller, T. Ingram, D. Krull, J. Crowther, T. Shaver, T. Mieno |
10. Corn grain nitrogen and yield with foliar nitrogen application at early reproductive growth stageLate fungicide applications in corn with the use of high clearance equipment create the opportunity for additional foliar fertilizer applications. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the benefit of fungicide applications on yield and grain N in combination with foliar N applications and (3) assess the value of foliar N the application using N sources with urea- formaldehyde/triazone during the VT-R1 growth stage. This experiment was conducted at 6 locations in 2016 and 2017... A. Stammer, D. Ruiz diaz |
11. Cover Crops and Tillage Interaction on Claypan Soils of Southern IllinoisIncreased nutrient leaching due to agricultural practices such as tillage and fertilization is a significant environmental concern. Nitrogen (N) mineralization stimulated by tillage can increase the risk for nitrate leaching before subsequent crops have an opportunity to take up the N released by microbial activity. An alternative measure for reducing potential nutrient loss via leaching and runoff is use of cover crops (CCs). A field experiment was conducted at the Southern Il... S. Gurbir, J. Schoonover, K. Williard, K. Gauge |
12. Crop P Nutrition and the Three Pillars of Soil Health: Less Soil Disturbance, Greater Crop Diversity, Organic Nutrient SourcesThe soil health initiative is built around a number of principles, but three central components are reduced soil disturbance, especially no-tillage; increased crop diversity, especially cover crops; and greater use of organic materials (manures, composts, etc.) as nutrient sources. Reduced tillage intensity causes temperate soil environment changes such that oxidation of organic matter is slowed and phosphorus (P) stratification is reinforced. Cover crop insertion heightens P cycling, ge... J. Grove |
13. Do Split-Nitrogen Applications in the Midwest Affect Corn Nitrogen Uptake and Grain Yield?It is hypothesized that split-nitrogen (N) relative to single near-planting applications improve corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield and nitrogen recovery efficiency, which can lessen environmental impacts of fertilization. However, these hypotheses have not been fully tested. A 49-site-year study across eight US Midwestern states over three years was conducted to compare near-planting (Single) and split-N (Split) applications. Three N application timings were evaluated [Single near plan... J. Clark, F. Fernandez, J. Camberato, P. Carter, R. Ferguson, D. Franzen, N. Kitchen, C. Laboski, E. Nafziger, J. Sawyer, J. Shanahan |
14. Effect Of High Carbon Char in Conjunction with Composted Manure and Urea on Corn YieldAn integrated approach to optimize fertilizer input through use of high carbon char (also called cinder), a by-product from a local industry in Western Nebraska, was set up for determination of optimal rate of char along with a given nitrogen (N) fertilizer or composted manure on corn (Zea mays L.) yield. Char is a potential soil amendment, since it contains around 30% total carbon (C) in addition to many essential plant nutrients. The experiment was started in 2016 in sandy loa... D. Panday, B. Maharjan |
15. Evaluation of Agricultural Lime and Pelleted Lime to Increase Soil pH and Crop YieldAgricultural lime (aglime) is applied to increase pH of acidic soils to values optimum for crop production, and its effectiveness is affected mainly by it calcium carbonate (CaCO3) equivalent (CCE) and fineness. Availability and use of pelletized limestone has increased in recent years, but there is limited information about its effectiveness. Six field trials were established in 2014 at acidic Iowa soils (pH 4.9-6.1) with contrasting texture and organic matter. Treatments replicated three ti... A. Mallarino, M. Haq |
16. Fertilizer management and cover crop effects on phosphorus use efficiency, environmental efficiency and crop yieldPhosphorus loss from agricultural production is a significant contributor to the degradation and contamination of surface and ground waters. To help protect these waters, it is vital to maximize agronomic and environmental efficiency of phosphorus in the cropping system. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of cover crops and different phosphorus fertilizer management practices on nutrient use efficiency, environmental efficiency and yield in a no-tillage corn-soybean rotat... R. Carver, N. Nelson, G. Kluitenberg, K. Roozeboom, P. Tomlinson |
17. Identifying Which Management Factors Have the Greatest Impact on Soybean YieldsSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain yields are the final products of numerous factors that affect crop growth and development during the growing season; therefore, it is critical to understand the interactions of these factors evaluated as a whole in order to efficiently maximize yield and exploit the yield potential of modern soybean varieties grown under increased levels of management. The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the synergies between several manag... T. Beyrer, F. Below |
18. Influence of phosphorus management on potential for soluble phosphorus loss through leachingThe over application of phosphorus (P) fertilizers in agricultural systems may pose a threat to water quality due to the loss of dissolved P to fresh water bodies leading to eutrophication. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential for water soluble P loss from top soil (0-6 inches) across a range of initial soil test phosphorus (STP) levels, soil types, and leaching volumes; and to determine if P leaching loss could be predicted with existing soil P tests. Intact soil colum... L. Leverich, D. Kaiser |
19. Integrating Management Zones and Canopy Sensing for Improved Nitrogen Recommendation AlgorithmsActive crop canopy sensors have been studied as a tool to direct spatially variable nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications in maize, with the goal of increasing the synchrony between N supply and crop demand and thus improving N use efficiency (NUE). However, N recommendation algorithms have often proven inaccurate in certain subfield regions due to local spatial variability. Modifying these algorithms by integrating soil-based management zones (MZ) may improve their accurac... J. Crowther, J. Parrish, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, K. Glewen, T. Shaver, D. Krull, L. Thompson, N. Mueller, B. Krienke, T. Mieno, T. Ingram |
20. Iowa Soybean Nitrogen Fixation Consider in Nitrogen BudgetsSoybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important agricultural commodities grown in Midwestern states of the US and some other parts of the world. Like many other legumes, soybean can associate symbiotically with nitrogen (N) fixing bacteria, which can transform the N2 from the atmosphere into NH3 a more available N form, through a process known as biological N fixation (BNF). However, BNF is an energy expensive process for soybean that requires carbohydrates fr... S. Cordova, R. Dietzel, M. Licht, S. Archontoulis, M. Castellano |
21. Late-Split Nitrogen Application On CornThe practice of applying a last (or additional) increment of N fertilizer during late vegetative growth of corn using high-clearance equipment has grown rapidly in the last few years, despite the absence of evidence supporting the profitability of this practice. We established a set of trials in which a range of N rates from 0 to 280 kg/ ha were applied as UAN solution, either all at planting or with 56 kg N reserved and hand-applied at the base of the plants at tasseling (late-spli... D. Rapp, E. Nafziger |
22. Manure and Fertilizer Management Influence on Soil Nutrient Levels and Grain Yields in Eastern South Dakota from 2003 to 2014Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are required to hold a manure management permit in South Dakota. The permit encompasses available nutrients from manure, crop nutrient use and removal, soil test nitrate-N, and phosphorus and land availability for approved nutrient application rates. The management plan determines if nitrogen or phosphorus based manure application rates are used. Most CAFO’s start out following the nitrogen based plan as soil test phosphorus (P) levels... A. Bly, S. Berg, R. Gelderman, B. Rops, P. Sexton, C. Morris |
23. Minnesota Long-Term Phosphorus Management Trials-Phase II: Sufficiency Level vs. Build and Maintain ApproachesCurrent Minnesota P recommendations for corn and soybean are based on the Sufficiency approach. In recent years, it has been questionable that the Sufficiency approach could maximize potential grain yield in today’s agricultural systems. The objective of this research was to establish six long-term experiments across Minnesota to test phosphorus management strategies on soils with a defined long-term phosphorus history. Four soil test P (STP) Interpretation Classes&n... D. Kaiser |
24. Nitrification Inhibitor Value in Irrigated Corn: Insights From a Long-term StudyProper nitrogen (N) nutrition is key to optimizing corn yields. Due to its dynamic behavior in soils, N can be lost through different pathways and negatively impact corn production. Nitrification inhibitors (NI) decrease the rate of ammonium transformation to nitrate in the soil, potentially decreasing denitrification and leaching potential. However, NI only has a positive effect on yield if environmental conditions are conducive to loss to the point of N becoming limiting to crop p... L. Bastos |
25. Nitrogen and Potassium Interactions in CornExtensive research in the North Central region has investigated separately nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizer management for corn. However, there is scarce information available about how N and K interactions affect corn grain yield and nutrient uptake. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various combinations of N and K rates on corn yield, N and K tissue concentrations, and N and K removed with grain harvest. Two trials with continuous corn were conducted from 2... J. Hirniak, A. Mallarino |
26. Nitrogen Fertilizer For SoybeanConcern about soybean’s ability to provide energy to fix adequate N while still producing high yields has led to renewed interest in in-season use of N fertilizer. We conducted a series of fertilizer N timing experiments in Illinois, in different soil types with a range of yield potential. There were few responses to N in silt loam soils, with unfertilized check yields ranging from 4,108 to 6,125 kg/ha, though applying the same N increment four times increased yield sig... J. Vonk, E. Nafziger |
27. Recalibration of Potassium Requirements for Corn in North DakotaThe previous North Dakota potassium recommendations for corn were borrowed from central Corn Belt states, where the dry soil-based 1 M ammonium acetate extraction for soil test K was utilized with a critical K value of 150 ppm. This value was adequate before 2000 because corn production was limited to only a few counties in southeastern North Dakota, and soil test K values were commonly above 300 ppm. However, the intensification of corn production in these counties and an increasing acreage ... D. Franzen, J. Breker, M. Rakkar, A. Chatterjee |
28. Relating Soil Properties to Spatial Variation of Phosphorus Critical LevelVariable rate (VR) fertilizer application has increased with proliferation of VR capable equipment. Current recommendations for VR phosphorus (P) application often assume that critical level is constant across a field adjusting only for spatial variation of soil P concentration. We conducted this study to determine whether variation in critical level, identified by relative yield of unfertilized to fertilized plots, could be explained by soil properties. In 2016, plots, me... J. Bowen |
29. Root Growth and Phosphorus Uptake Affected by Fertilizer Management in Soybean and WheatPlant root growth patterns can be affected by nutrient and water availability. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of phosphorus (P) fertilizer management on soybean (Glycine max. L) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root system growth and macro and micronutrients uptake. Two greenhouse studies were carried out at Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas under controlled environment. The experimental design... F. Hansel, D. Diaz |
30. Should Corn Nitrogen Fertilizer Guidelines be Adjusted for Late N Fertilizer Applications?Late application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is a topic that is receiving considerable attention. Previous research in Kansas has shown that split applications of N fertilizer can increase yield compared to applications at planting in some site years. This study was designed to investigate how N rate recommendation guidelines can be affected by splitting N fertilizer application with applications during late vegetative growth stage. Four corn study locations were established in North Central a... A. Stemmer, D. Ruiz diaz |
31. Soil Organic Matter as it Relates to Soil Health and Plant NutritionTotal organic matter via loss on ignition is a standardized soil measurement in the North Central region. There is wide spread consensus that total organic matter is a very important indicator of the fertility of a soil, but how many farmers actually use total organic matter values from a soil test in an actionable way? An alternative approach would be to focus on the active fraction of organic matter. This is a small, but important pool that reflects the biologically available and ... S. Culman |
32. Soybean Seeding Rate and Nutrient Interactions on Growth and Yield in MichiganSoybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) prices are forecast to remain stagnant placing greater emphasis on production costs for growers across Michigan. Seeding rates and fertility inputs are two factors producers can manage to influence economic return. Field research was conducted in Richville and Lansing, MI in 2017 to evaluate biomass production and yield in response to nutrient inputs and help determine economically optimal seeding rates. The study was desig... T. Purucker, K. Steinke |
33. Stover Removal Effects on Continuous Corn Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency Under IrrigationCorn (Zea mays L.) residue or stover is harvested as supplemental feed for livestock and is a primary feedstock for cellulosic biofuels. Limited information is available on corn residue removal effects on grain yield under different nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates, irrigation rates and amelioration practices to minimize soil carbon loss and soil erosion. A study on a silt loam in south, central Nebraska (2011-2016) evaluated potential interactions between stover removal (residue r... M. Schmer, V. Jin, A. Sindelar, R. Ferguson, B. Wienhold |
34. Targeting Input Responses and Returns on Intensively-Managed Soft Red Winter WheatConsecutive years of record wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield (81 and 89 in 2015 and 2016, respectively), climate variability, and continued demand from Michigan’s milling and cereal industry have increased interest in intensively-managed (i.e. multiple-input) soft red winter wheat production systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the grain yield and economic profitability of several agronomic inputs across intensive (i.e., multiple- input) and traditiona... D. Quinn, K. Steinke |
35. The Effect of Agricultural Management Practices on Labile Soil Carbon and Nitrogen in WisconsinAmid ever-increasing enthusiasm for soil health there remains uncertainty about how best to measure it, to interpret the results, and to adapt agricultural management accordingly. One factor of particular interest to farmers is the capacity of a soil to mineralize organic matter, making nutrients available to crops. This research takes a survey-based approach to identify how labile carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) – as permanganate oxidizable carbon (POxC), potentially mineralizable carbon (... G. Richardson, M. Ruark, E. Silva, M. Chawner, E. Olson, A. Radatz, C. Zegler |
36. The Importance of Soil Health and the Efforts of NRCSSince its inception in 1932, USDA-NRCS has worked with agricultural producers and landowners to address natural resource concerns, and improve long-term productivity on the nation’s private working lands. The mission of the agency is accomplished primarily through local field staff who provide technical assistance, and work with interested farmers and ranchers to develop conservation plans that improve identified resource concerns. In addition to site-specific technical&n... D. Chessman |
37. The Science Behind NutrientStarNutrientStar is a science-based assessment and education program that is focused on products and tools that are marketed to increase nitrogen use efficiency. The program was initiated about three years ago by the Environmental Defense Fund with a primary focus on corn production in the Mississippi River Basin. NutrientStar operates with support from a panel of ten soil scientists plus administrative consultant staff. Panel activities include developing recommended protocol... J. Schepers |