Proceedings
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1. 4R Nutrient Management for Corn Production on Upper Midwest SoilsCorn (Zea mays L.) demand for nitrogen (N) is often met using inorganic fertilizer on Upper Midwest soils. While applying the right rate of fertilizer N normally has the greatest impact on yield and N use efficiency (NUE), selection of the right fertilizer source, placement, and application timing can fine-tune rate recommendations, improve NUE by matching soil N availability to corn demand, and minimize loss to the environment. Given the diversity of corn production environments, th... J. Spackman, F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi |
2. A 2020 Vision on Nutrient Use DecisionsMany farmers this fall are facing significant financial stress due to several factors including low crop prices and weather-induced crop losses. Crop prices are currently much lower than they were in the first half of this decade but we have been here before … time tested principles continue to apply. Past studies of the characteristics of the most profitable farmers show that they tend to have higher yields, lower costs, and are more rapid adopters of technology than their less profit... P.E. Fixen |
3. Can nitrogen application rate and timing management contribute to yield benefit in dryland winter wheat?Nitrogen (N) is a key component that affects grain yield and protein content in wheat. Optimizing fertilizer N application rate and time may contribute to an increased yield along with an adequate protein level. To evaluate the effects of different rates and application timing of N on grain yield and quality, a field study was carried out at four different locations across Nebraska (Mead, Grant, Sidney, and Scottsbluff) in 2018/19. At all locations, the experimental layout was split-plot rand... D. Ghimire, B. Maharjan |
4. Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nutrient Cycling in a Multi-Location Study in South DakotaSoil without living roots potentially loses mobile nutrients and retains excess water. Unprotected soil degradation and erosion enable the loss of carbon and nutrient rich top soil. Cover crops provide armor for the soil protecting from carbon and nutrient loss. Cover crop blends may influence soil health parameters and nutrient cycling. This multi-locational study depicts the influence of cover crop species blends with varying grass and broadleaf concentrations on established soil-health ind... D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, D. Karki, J. Clark, A. Bly |
5. Do cover crops improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Bare soils are prone to erosion and lose soluble nutrients. Cover crops provide protection to the soil against erosion and nutrient loss. We hypothesized that the cover crops should uptake available nutrients from the soils in the fall when there is no cash crop, assimilate the nutrients in their tissues, and in the following spring, should release the nutrients back to the soil during the next cash crop growing season. In our study, we are quantifying the nutrients taken up by the cover crop... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Wolthuizen, J. Clark, A. Bly |
6. Does cover crop composition improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Crop and livestock producers in South Dakota are showing greater interest in cover crops for the multidimensional benefits it can provide towards enhanced nutrient availability to the cash crops and livestock nutrition. Growers use different blends of grasses and broad leaves, mostly legumes and brassicas, as cover crops. We hypothesized that carbon and nitrogen ratio and fiber composition in those cover crop residues regulate the nutrient release, thus influence the processes regarding nutri... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Clark, J. Wolthuizen, A. Bly |
7. Does Maize Need Pre-Plant N if Sub-Drip Fertigation Can be Used To Provide Season Long N?Multiple nitrogen (N) applications are becoming more common as a way to assure adequate N availability for optimum growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.), while minimizing the potential for negative environmental consequences associated with N loss. Unclear, however, is how much N needs to be applied at planting in order to get the full value of in-season applications. Our objectives were to determine the amount of preplant N needed to maximize maize yield, when additional N is prov... B. Wiegmann, F. Below |
8. Does Starter Fertilizer Benefit Late Planted Corn?Starter fertilizers are used by producers to help overcome wet and cool soils often encountered with early planted corn. Early planted corn in no-tilled fields and limited drainage typically have the greatest chance of response from starter fertilizers. Starter fertilizers can range from a mixture of UAN, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and other fertilizers to low salt (LS) formulations containing N, P, K and various micronutrients. Some that promote LS starter fertilizer products claim that U... E. Ritchey, H. York |
9. Efficacy of Variable-Rate Application Technology for Phosphorus, Potassium, and Lime ManagementVariable-rate (VR) application technology may improve P and K fertilizer and lime use efficiency, increase crop yield and the profitability of crop production, and reduce within-field soil-test variability. On-farm research assessed the potential of VR P or K fertilization and liming for corn and soybean in Iowa. Replicated strip-trials evaluated one to three cycles of the two-year rotation. Treatments for areas 10-30 acres in size were a non-fertilized or unlimed control, VR based on dense g... A.P. Mallarino |
10. Evaluating Relationships between Soil Respiration and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in CornAvailable nitrogen (N) often limits the agricultural production of corn (Zea mays) and the N fertilizer use efficiency is of primary concern for producers in Kansas and the Midwest. This study was carried out to understand the agronomic value of commercially available soil health tests (e.g. 24 hr CO2 burst) and their relationship to components of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in corn. Relationships between N response and soil CO2 evolution were investigated across multiple sites and manageme... D. Ruiz diaz, B. Rutter |
11. Evaluation of Soil Test Methods and Crop Response to Phosphorus Fertilization in KansasWheat (Triticum aestivum) is typically considered the most responsive crop to phosphorus (P) fertilization in Kansas. This study was conducted to evaluate wheat response to P fertilization using modern genotypes and soil test calibration/interpretation for Kansas soils. The study was conducted during the 2018-2019 growing season with eleven locations in Kansas. Randomized complete block design was used for four differe... C. Weber, D.A. Ruiz diaz |
12. Evaluation of Sulfur Fertilizers In Corn ProductionSulfur deficiencies and corn yield increases from S fertilization have been documented in Iowa since the mid-2000’s. Therefore, S fertilization management is an important component of high yield corn production. Many S fertilizers are available for use in correcting deficiencies. However, specific product evaluations have not been widely conducted in Iowa. In addition, a new S fertilizer has recently become available in the Midwest U.S., the mineral polyhalite. The research objectives w... J. Sawyer, M. Castellano, A. Sassman, J. Lundvall |
13. Four R Nitrogen management for cotton. MU-FDRC research update.Cotton is a much different crop than corn. In addition to the dicot vs. monocot difference, cotton is a perennial plant cultivated as an annual crop. A cotton crop must be “encouraged” to produce fruit and hence lint in this production system. Input management, including nitrogen fertilizers, are central to modern cotton production. Adequate nitrogen must be available to a cotton crop during the critical flowering period. In Missouri this is from mid-May to... D. Dunn |
14. How Agronomic Management Affects Soil Nitrous Oxide EmissionsThe effects of crop and soil management practices on soil emissions of non-carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as nitrous oxide (N2O) are highly variable, and long-term field data are limited. Management strategies that impact nitrogen (N) mineralization are also likely to affect how N is lost to the atmosphere as N2O gas. This presentation covers the agroecosystem soil N cycling concepts leading to losses as N2O as well as... V.L. Jin, M.R. Schmer, B.J. Wienhold |
15. Impact of sulfur and its interaction with N rates on wheat and barley in North Dakota and Western MinnesotaEffects of S, N, and their interactions were assessed on grain yields and protein of spring wheat and barley, across eight site years in Western Minnesota (MN), and ten site years (hereafter, sites) in North Dakota (ND) from 2015 to 2019. The studies were to determine if S improves yields and protein in wheat, and if the effects were dependent on N rates. Treatments included all combinations of five N rates of N (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lbs/ac) and three rates of S (0, 10, 20 lbs/ac) in MN. ... J.M. Teboh, S. Yuja, B.G. Schatz, G. Pradhan |
16. Integrating Multiple-Input Management Systems to Improve Soft Red Winter Wheat Grain YieldContinued improvements in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield have cast greater interest on utilizing multiple inputs within enhanced management systems. Less than recommended seeding rates of modern varieties may utilize inputs more efficiently when subjected to enhanced management. The objective of this study was to evaluate plant growth, grain yield, and expected economic profitability for multiple agronomic and nutrient inputs across different production intensity l... K. Steinke, S. Purucker |
17. Is There a Better Way to Fertilize Corn with Potassium?Potassium (K) is among the most abundantly needed plant nutrients. A 15.7 Mg ha-1 (250 bushel acre-1) corn (Zea mays L.) crop accumulates anywhere from 168-225 kg K2O ha-1 (150-200lbs K2O acre-1) over the course of a growing season, and according to the IPNI Soil Test Summary (2015), about 37% of Illinois’ soil tests are deemed as deficient for K. The objectives of this study were to investigate various methods o... S. Foxhoven, F. Below |
18. Nitrogen and Sulfur Application Effects on Soybean Quality and YieldSulfur deficiency is only becoming more prevalent in the Midwest across soybean fields with higher yields resulting in lower quality seed. Sulfur is a key component of methionine and cysteine, which are important amino acids in the nutrition in foodstuffs. The objective in this study is to explore the impact of N:S applications at different growth stages and rates on the soybean yield and seed composition and quality. In 2018 the trial was performed both in West Lafayette and Wanatah Indiana.... D. Miller, S. Casteel |
19. Nitrogen Application, Biological N Fixation, and N UptakePrevious collaborative research in the Midwest has shown that there is likely little to no need of N for soybean, except under certain conditions (such as when low soil moisture limits N fixation, or when low initial soil nitrate-N limits overall N availability). However, none of the site-years used in this synthesis analysis were on sandy soils. Because sandy soils supply little nitrate-N, the potential impact of N on crop yield is greater in sandy environments than on silt loam soils. Howev... A.M. Walters, M.D. Ruark, J.M. Gaska, C. Zegler, S.P. Conley |
20. Nitrogen benefits when interseeding red clover into continuous cornInformation pertaining to the benefits of intereseeding cover crops is lacking. Red clover is a leguminous cover crop that can grow in low radiation environments, is winter hardy for much of the northern USA, and is a low cost weed suppressant that has been shown to provide a nitrogen credit and improve corn yield. While it is clear that red clover is a cover crop that can provide immediate economic benefits in grain-based cropping systems, the potential N credit and the effect of interseedin... H. Francis, M. Ruark, C. Zegler, D. Smith, J. West |
21. NITROGEN CREDIT FOR LONG-TERM NO-TILL CROP PRODUCTION IN NORTH DAKOTAFeedback from farmers who had been in no-till crop production for over twenty years indicated that crop production could be maintained at high levels with a reduction in N rate from the universally recommended rates. Nitrogen rate studies in spring wheat/durum, corn and sunflower have confirmed that N rates can be reduced when a farm is under continuous long-term no-till production. A portion of the N credit may be uptake of N by microorganisms, thereby reducing the amount of N exposed to lea... D. Franzen |
22. Nitrogen Source and Application Timing to Improve Corn Yield and Reduce Nitrate in Tile-Drain WaterNitrogen (N) fertilizer is among the most important inputs for corn because of this crop’s large N requirements. When N fertilizer applications exceed crop needs, that N can be lost to the environment or be incorporated into the soil organic matter Many farmers in the US Midwest install subsurface drainage to remove excess water from the soil. The drained water leached from the farms contains nitrate-N (NO3), which poses risks to surface waters. Midwest agriculture ... S. Menegaz, F. Fernandez |
23. No-till and Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nitrogen Rate and Timing Recommendations: Early ResultsThe idea of improving soil health has become increasingly more talked about by researchers, agronomists, and farmers in the past five years. Management practices such as no- or reduced-tillage and planting cover crops are recommended to improve soil health because of their potential to improve organic matter and soil structure leading to a greater capacity to hold water and nutrients needed for plant growth. Research in South Dakota has been occurring these past two years to determine the inf... J.D. Clark, A. Bly, D. Karki, D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, P. Kovacs |
24. Optimizing Nitrogen Rate to Maximize Winter Malting Barley Grain Yield While Meeting ProteinWinter malting barley (Hordeum vulgare) acreage is increasing across Ohio due to demand from the local craft brewing industry; however, grain used for this market must pass specific quality requirements. The objective of this study was to identify optimum spring nitrogen rates for winter malting barley that maximize yield while meeting protein requirements. Small plot trials were conducted at three locations in Ohio: Northwest Agriculture Research Station (NWARS) in Custar, Western A... G. Mcglinch, L. Lindsey, R. Shrestha, M. Hankinson |
25. Re-Evaluating Rate, Time, and Placement of Urea and Other Nitrogen Sources in MinnesotaUrea is increasingly an important nitrogen (N) source in Minnesota. Approximately 43% of our farmers use urea as their major N source. In the southwestern, south-central and west-central areas approximately 45% of the N is applied in the fall, 50% is applied in the spring, and 5% is applied at sidedress. While most of those that use urea as the major N source apply it in the spring, approximately 4% do the major application with urea in the fall and there are others that apply some of their N... F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi, J. Vetsch, D. Kaiser |
26. Sidedressed swine manure slurry via dragline hose produces comparable corn grain yields as commercial fertilizersSpring in the upper Midwest can be short and often wet, providing challenges for producers to apply manure and plant crops in a timely manner to maximize yield. As a result, producers apply a significant amount of their manure in the fall after the crop is harvested. Fall applied manure has adequate time to mineralize and leave the root zone before next season’s crop can utilize the nutrients the following summer. These nutrients can end up in rivers and other freshwater bodies, decreas... C. Pfarr, M. Wilson |
27. Soil N2O emissions in continuous corn as affected by 4R and cover cropsCover crops and 4R nitrogen (N) management are promoted as key practices for reducing nitrate leaching losses, but their impacts on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions remain less certain. This study evaluated soil N2O emissions and grain yield under different timing of N application and cover crops for two years in a tile-drained continuous corn system. Treatments were 224 kg N ha-1 split-applied in fall + pre-plant (Conventional), pre-plant + side-dress (4R), 4R +... G. Preza fontes, L.E. Christianson, C.M. Pittelkow |
28. Understanding Spatial Variability in Cover Crop Growth and DecompositionIn many agricultural landscapes, topographic variability leads to downslope movement of soil, water, and nutrients, causing heterogeneity in both crop yield and soil fertility throughout production fields. Cover crops can slow these processes, but the impact of topography on cover crop growth and residue persistence is uncertain. We measured the growth, mixture biomass composition, and decomposition of a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop, and cereal rye /crimson clover (T... S.J. Leuthold, M. Salmeron, O. Wendroth, E. Haramoto, H. Poffenbarger |
29. Variation Among Commercial Corn Hybrids in Response to Agronomic ManagementStrategic selection and utilization of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids for a given yield environment and agronomic management system will require better understanding and documentation of the interactions between current commercial hybrids and agronomic factors that have sizeable impacts on yield. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of N fertility, plant population, and row spacing on grain yield of corn and assessed the range in yield responses among commercial hybrids to these a... E.T. Winans, F.E. Below |
30. Winter Cereal Rye Nitrogen Response and Fertilization RequirementWinter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has been a common cover crop choice due to seed cost, winter hardiness, and rapid spring growth. It could also be an alternative grain crop to include in a corn-soybean rotation. Also, a rye crop would provide soil coverage during the springtime when corn and soybean do not. No known research has investigated the N fertilization requirement for winter cereal rye seed production in Iowa. The objectives of this study were to evaluate N response in ... C. Martins, J. Sawyer, J. Lundvall |