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1. 35 years of nitrogen researchThis presentation will hit the high points of 35 years of nitrogen research in corn, wheat, and cotton, focusing mostly on timing and rate. With all three crops, applying no N early did not hurt yield—thus no benefit to splitting N. Exception is wheat with low tiller density at greenup, which needs early N Later N applications often gave higher yield than earlier applications for corn and whea... P. Scharf |
2. 4R Nutrient Management for Corn Production on Upper Midwest SoilsCorn (Zea mays L.) demand for nitrogen (N) is often met using inorganic fertilizer on Upper Midwest soils. While applying the right rate of fertilizer N normally has the greatest impact on yield and N use efficiency (NUE), selection of the right fertilizer source, placement, and application timing can fine-tune rate recommendations, improve NUE by matching soil N availability to corn demand, and minimize loss to the environment. Given the diversity of corn production environments, th... J. Spackman, F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi |
3. A 2020 Vision on Nutrient Use DecisionsMany farmers this fall are facing significant financial stress due to several factors including low crop prices and weather-induced crop losses. Crop prices are currently much lower than they were in the first half of this decade but we have been here before … time tested principles continue to apply. Past studies of the characteristics of the most profitable farmers show that they tend to have higher yields, lower costs, and are more rapid adopters of technology than their less profit... P.E. Fixen |
4. A Case for the use of Limestone in North DakotaFarmers in North Dakota have long believed that nearly all of the cultivated land in the state was alkaline in pH. A recent survey of the state revealed that between 27% and 50% of the fields tested below pH 7, depending on landscape position, with about 17% of the state with pH less than 6.5. In site-specific studies in fields with dominant pH above 7, nearly all fields contained at least one area with pH below 7. Herbicide carryover studies have shown that areas of even slightly acid pH can re... |
5. A Comparison of Producer Adoption of Precision Agricultural Practices in Denmark, The United Kingdom, and Nebraska in the United StatesWhile a lot of research and commercial development has taken place in precision agriculture in recent years there is little information available about the experience and opinions of the producers who are trying to make it pay its way in the field. Information about producer experiences in precision agriculture would be useful in guiding hture research and development in both the public and private sectors. Important questions could include: - what types of precision agriculture practices are pr... |
6. A Crop-Based Approach for In-Season N Management of CornOver-application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on corn has resulted in elevated levels of N in ground and surface waters. A major factor contributing to decreased N use efficiency and environmental contamination for traditional corn N management schemes is routine pre-season application of large doses of N before the crop can effectively utilize this N. Our long-term research goal is to reduce these over-applications by using remote sensing to direct fertilizer only to areas needing N at times when... |
7. A Nitrogen Soil Test for CornIn the past decade, many states have started including a soil test when making N recommendations. In order for a soil N test to be useful, it must provide information that is not known or incorporated when making N recommendations without a test. If a test does not provide explainable, qunlltifiable infarmation. the tcs: !cses its usefghess. In Minnesota, a falllspring preplant N test has been used in the western tier of counties, which have lower rainfall than the rest of the state, for many ye... |
8. A Novel Use of Data Translation Allows 3D Prediction of Soil Fertility LandscapesSoil fertility managers need better estimates of the subsoil contribution to the nutrient pool. Thls need could be achieved through 3-D predictions of subsoil fertility using a novel method of soil- profile data translation in relation to a controlling genetic horizon. For this translation, the depth of a controlling pedogenic feature is used as the origin and the rest of the profile is linearly scaled to it. When applied to a group of soils, from across a local or regional landscape, with varyi... |
9. Adjusting N Recommendations Based on a Previously Grown CropNitrogen recommendations in North Dakota are based on a yield goal multiplied from some empirically derived factor in a linear formula. There are a three adjustments to the N recommendations that result form these formulas (Franzen and Cihacek, 1996). They are the soil test nitrate-N to some depth, a sampling date adjustment ifthe sampling was conducted in the fall prior to September 15, and a previous crop credit. Two of these three adjustments are based on some knowledge regarding mineralizati... |
10. Adjusting Soybean Seeding Rate and Nutrient Strategies to Promote Nutrient Uptake in Irrigated and Non-Irrigated SystemsIncreases in total dry matter accumulation (TDM) can impact soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) grain yield. However, the relationship between nutrient uptake and dry matter (DM) across seeding rates and influences on grain yield under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions remains uncertain. Two multi-year trials were established near Lansing, MI to investigate soybean dry matter accumulation, partitioning and remobilization; nutrient accumulation, partitioning, and remobilization; grain... K. Steinke , C. Terwillegar |
11. Aerial Photos Can Predict Corn Yield Loss Due to N DeficiencyFields that experience wet weather after N fertilizer is applied may lose N and consequently lose yield. Replacing N may be difficult or expensive after corn is too tall for tractor clearance. A tool to assess the degree of potential yield loss would help corn producers decide how much expense is justified in making late N applications. ... |
12. Alfalfa Responses to PotassiumThe potassium requirement of alfalfa is greater than that for any other nutrient. Potassium influences several systems within alfalfa plants including enzyme activity, carbohydrate production and transport, stornatal activity, photosynthesis through chlorophyll content and C02 exchange rate, and nitrogen fixation. Excellent reviews on the role of K in physiological processes are provided in the most recent potassium monograph (Munson, 1985). Potassium also markedly influences alfalfa agronomical... |
13. An Overview of the Thompson/Baker Farming Systems StudyThere is a general lack of quantitative information, collected from field-scale studies, that can be used to assess long-term effects of alternative farming systems. The objective of an on-going study in central Iowa is to quantitatively evaluate several chemical, physical, biological, and economic parameters on the Richard Thompson (alternative) and Eugene Baker (conventional) farms. This project was initiated in 1989 on adjacent 32-ha tracts of land, that have Clarion loam, Nicollet loam, Cani... |
14. Applying N to legume-containing summer annual forage mixturesSummer annual forages are costly to implement but can provide quality grazing when cool-season perennial forages are less productive. Increasing botanical diversity may increase system productivity, thereby improving economic efficiency. However, there is debate as to whether annual legumes supply associated grasses with fixed N, leading to uncertainty regarding N application rates to legume containing summer annual forage mixtures. This experiment supplied three summer annual forage treatmen... K. Mercier, C. Teutsch, S. Smith, E. Ritchey, K. Burdine, E. Vanzant |
15. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Dynamics Throughout Corn Growing SeasonPhosphorous is an essential plant nutrient and is the second most common fertilizer nutrient applied in crop production. The role of mycorrhizal fungi in phosphorous (P) nutrition of corn (Zea mays L.) in high fertility soils in unclear. A study was conducted to determine the effect of extractable P on myco~hizal biomass and to evaluate the temporal dynamics of mycorrhizal fungi during the growing season in two irrigated corn fields in Nebraska. The objectives were addressed by the installation ... |
16. Assessing the Source of Groundwater Nitrates- And You Thought Good Wine Took TimeControversy continues with elevated groundwater nitrate concentrations being attributed to N fertilizer use. Current research defining best management practices in farming system K management seldom addresses the influence these practices have on groundwater. Why? The results of this Missouri research show that the influence of management on groundwater nitrates may last for decades. The study provides support for time requirements when assessing farming system impact on groundwater quality. ... |
17. Assessment of Nitrogen Supply From Poultry Manure Applied to CornThe production of poultry in the state of Iowa is one of the largest in the nation and growth has continued the past few years. Currently Iowa is the number one egg producing state in the USA (USDA, 2005). This increase in production also implies an increase in manure production from poultry sources. The common end use of manure is application for crop production. Concerns exist- regarding application at rates higher than needed for crop use, with potential for contamination of water bodies due... |
18. Balancing Agronomy and Environment: N Recommendations in Ontario for the 21st CenturyThe goal of a fertilizer program may be to maximize yields from each ficld, or to maximize profit, or to minimize environmental impact. Recent instances of groundwater contamination with nitrate have focused attention on the need for source water protection, and agriculture has been implicated as one of the sources of nitrate contamination. This has lead to concerns that environmental rules could reduce the profitability of crop production, by limiting fertilizer use and hence, crop yields. Addi... |
19. Banding Nitrogen Increases Nutrient Uptake and Yield of CornInadequate nitrogen (N) availability during the start of the corn (Zea mays L.) growing season can reduce the yield potential of the crop. However, the greatest amount of N is required during the period of rapid growth (from 10-leaf stage to tasseling [VT]). Banding N at or near the time of panting increases availability of N to the corn plant and could allow for the reduction in early-season N rates without reducing yield potential. Across the state of Illinois in 2019, urea ammonium nitrate... E.T. Winans, F.E. Below |
20. Can Cover Crops Help to Improve Soil Health While Having a Positive Effect on Corn Grain Yield?Cover crops have recently gained attention in the U.S. Mid-west because of their potential to increase soil organic matter and improve overall soil health. There is some concern however, that cover crops may negatively impact corn grain yield. This study was conducted to determine the effects that different cover crop mixtures have on soil health measurements and corn grain yield at increasing nitrogen rates. Cover crops were planted in the fall as a dominantly grass mixture, domina... |
21. Can Kura Clover and Winter Rye Covers Mitigate Nitrate Leaching In Irrigated Sands?Cover crops are gaining more popularity as a mitigation tool to prevent nitrate (NO3--N) leaching from the corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) merr.] fields of Minnesota. Leaching of NO3--N is not only a monetary loss for growers, but also results in groundwater contamination. Winter rye (Secale cereale), a commonly grown cover crop in Minnesota and kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum), a l... |
22. Can nitrogen application rate and timing management contribute to yield benefit in dryland winter wheat?Nitrogen (N) is a key component that affects grain yield and protein content in wheat. Optimizing fertilizer N application rate and time may contribute to an increased yield along with an adequate protein level. To evaluate the effects of different rates and application timing of N on grain yield and quality, a field study was carried out at four different locations across Nebraska (Mead, Grant, Sidney, and Scottsbluff) in 2018/19. At all locations, the experimental layout was split-plot rand... D. Ghimire, B. Maharjan |
23. Certified Crop Adviser (CCA) ProgramThe Certified Crop Adviser (CCA) Program is being developed under the auspices of the American Society of Agronomy (ASA). The ad hoc steering committee is comprised of industry and university agronomists, state dealer associations, independent crop consultants, several organizations (including T.F.1, P.P.I., ARA, TVA) and ASA staff. This is a broad group representing wide geographic parts of the U.S., and has also included USDA officials, representing SCS and Extension. The purpose of the CCA pr... |
24. Changes in Crop Production Efficiency with High Yield ProductionIncreases in crop yields are due to changes in the genetic efficiency in the use of inputs. However, there are constraints on efficient use of resources, e-g., water, nitrogen, solar radiation, that limit consistent high yield response. The interactions of water, nitrogen, and light form a basis for understanding how crop production efficiency can be improved. Carbon dioxide is an input to crop production that has been overlooked and understanding this environmental component will help identify... |
25. Corn and Soybean Response to Potassium Fertilization and PlacementI\ncreased adoption of conservation tillage, evidence of large within-field nutrient variability, and an apparent increase in the Frequency of crop potassium (K) deficiency symptoms in Iowa and other states have prompted questions about the effectiveness of current soil-test K interpretations and fertilizer recommendations. These questions relate to fertilizer placement and management of within-field nutrient variability. Broadcast placements are less costly than banded placements but they seem ... |
26. Corn and Soybean Response to Sulfur Applications on Iowa SoilsHistorically sulfur (S) application has not been recommended on Iowa soils for corn and soybean production. Prior research has not determined a consistent need for S fertilization in Iowa, with field research indicating no corn or soybean yield response to applied S at virtually every site studied (Thorup and Leitch, 1975; Webb, 1978; Alesii, 1982; Killom, 1984; Sexton et al., 1998; Mallarino et al., 2000). The soil supply, in combination with sources such as manure and atmospheric deposition ha... |
27. Corn Tissue Nutrient Concentration Related to Soil Fertility LevelsSoil health metrics, such as active carbon or soil respiration, may be important factors influencing corn nutrient uptake. The push for increasing soil health has promoted the question of how soil health and soil fertility interact. This research determined how different soil health metrics impact early-season corn tissue potassium (K), sulfur (S), or phosphorus (P) nutrient content. Research conducted in 2019 on 35 producer Missouri fields encompassed many soil types and management practices... M.B. Henry, N.R. Kitchen, K.S. Veum, J.D. Svedin |
28. Corn uptake of soil- and fertilizer-derived nitrogen in response to rate and timing of fertilizer application.While nitrogen (N) fertilizer is essential for high-yielding corn (Zea mays L.) production, over-application or application of fertilizer N before rapid corn N uptake may result in N loss that negatively impacts the environment and reduces fertilizer use efficiency. To better understand how fertilizer rate and application timing impact corn grain yield and fertilizer recovery in the soil-corn system, six two-year field studies were conducted at Minnesota field sites of contrasting so... |
29. CORN YIELD AND NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY RESPONSE TO WHEAT COVER CROP AND SPLIT NITROGEN APPLICATIONCorn (Zea mays L.) grain is a major commodity crop in Illinois and its production largely relies on timely application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Currently, growers in Illinois and other neighboring states in the U.S. Midwest use the maximum return to N (MRTN) decision support system to predict corn N requirements. However, the current tool does not factor in implications of integrating cover crops into the rotation, which has recently gained attention among growers due to sev... R. Keshavarz-afshar, E. Jahanzad, M. Battaglia, Y. Luo, A. Sadeghpour, O. Adeyemi |
30. Corn Yield Response to Sub-Surface Banded Starter Fertilizer in the U.S.Sub-surface fertilizer application at planting (i.e., starter fertilization) is a common practice in U.S. corn (Zea Mays L.) production to improve early-season nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency, and plant growth, especially under cool and moist spring soil conditions. However, yield increases from starter applications can vary across production systems and environments. Here, we use a meta-analysis approach to quantify and generalize corn yield responses to sub-surface starter... D. Quinn, C. Lee, H. Poffenbarger |
31. Corporate Sustainability Initiatives and Their Interface with Crop Nutrient ManagementAn increasing number of corporations are establishing sustainability initiatives. For ag/food companies, these interface with nutrient management mainly via nitrogen—a lot of carbon dioxide is produced during nitrogen fertilizer manufacture, and some nitrogen fertilizer is converted to nitrous oxide (a potent greenhouse gas) after application. A corporate sustainability representative, a nitrous oxide expert, and a farmer will present their views and then take ques... P. Carter, R. Sirolli, G. Robertson, M. Hora |
32. Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nutrient Cycling in a Multi-Location Study in South DakotaSoil without living roots potentially loses mobile nutrients and retains excess water. Unprotected soil degradation and erosion enable the loss of carbon and nutrient rich top soil. Cover crops provide armor for the soil protecting from carbon and nutrient loss. Cover crop blends may influence soil health parameters and nutrient cycling. This multi-locational study depicts the influence of cover crop species blends with varying grass and broadleaf concentrations on established soil-health ind... D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, D. Karki, J. Clark, A. Bly |
33. Cover crops nutrients uptake did not cause yield loss in cornBare soils are susceptible to erosion and nutrient loss. Cover crops and residues provide physical protection against erosion and nutrient loss, and improve nutrient cycling as well as biodiversity. We hypothesized that cover crops store available nutrients from the soil in the fall and release them the next spring for the next cash crop, minimizing potential nutrients loss with no adverse effect on cash crop yield. A four site-year study throughout South Dakota was conducted to com... |
34. Deep Tillage in a Corn-Soybean Production SystemMany crop producers in the Midwestern United States are currently using deep tillage, accomplished with equipment designed to run at depths of 30 to 40 cm, even though the effects of this practice are not well characterized. We assessed the effects of deep tillage, no tillage, and chisel plowing in the fall, with and without secondary tillage in the spring, on penetrometer resistance, plant stand, and yield of corn and soybean grown in rotation. In the spring, averaged across two years and six ... |
35. Delivering Continuing Education to Ag Professionals- The Crop Adviser InstituteContinuing education is essential for agricultural professionals, whether required by a certifjmg organization or completed voluntarily as a supplemental educational opportunity. Agricultural continuing education has traditionally been delivered on-site, but temporal, geographical, and other constraints often prevent individuals from attending these courses. The Crop Adviser Institute (CAI) has been established to provide an alternative method of delivering continuing education. Implementation o... |
36. Detecting Spatially Variable Corn Nitrogen Needs Using Green Reflectance from 35MM PhotographsRising fertilizer costs and environmental concerns are reasons producers are looking to decrease nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates. This study investigated the use of relative green reflectance fiom 35 rnrn aerial photographs to detect spatially variable corn [Zea mays L.] N needs for developing variable rate fertilizer maps. Photographs were taken at three different growth stages (V7, V11, R3) at altitudes from 3,000 to 5,500 fi for two Missouri fields representing alluvial and deep loess soil type... |
37. Determining Economic Optimum Nitrogen Rates with the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test and Soil Organic Nitrogen FractionsDevelopment of a diagnostic test to estimate soil N supplying capability is a continuing research need. The Illinois soil nitrogen test (ISNT) has been proposed as a method for adjusting corn (Zea Mays L.) N recommendations for to account for soil organic N contributions. We evaluated the ISNT as a tool for predicting corn N response in Wisconsin by comparing ISNT values and corn N response data from-81 experiments conducted between 1984 and 2004 with a range of crop rotations, management histo... |
38. Developing a Natural Resource Web Site as a Training Tool for Students and AgronomistsSouth Dakota State University. Brookings SD Introduction South Dakota agronomists, agricultural workers, and students often require visual aids to demonstrate a field procedure or understand the interaction among natural resources that contribute to agricultural production. Suitable commercial products are available to serve this purpose, but they may be neither readily accessible to the public, nor particular to the state. An Internet site accessible to the public is required to display aspects... |
39. Do cover crops improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Bare soils are prone to erosion and lose soluble nutrients. Cover crops provide protection to the soil against erosion and nutrient loss. We hypothesized that the cover crops should uptake available nutrients from the soils in the fall when there is no cash crop, assimilate the nutrients in their tissues, and in the following spring, should release the nutrients back to the soil during the next cash crop growing season. In our study, we are quantifying the nutrients taken up by the cover crop... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Wolthuizen, J. Clark, A. Bly |
40. Do Phosphorus TMDLs Interfere with Crop Nutrient RecommendationsHistorically, phosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations for crops have been based on the crop grown, soil P test levels, locally correlated and calibrated yield responses, efficient use of P fertilizer, and fertilizer and crop price ratios. With the implementation of TMDLs and the need for reduced P loading in surface waters, P fertilizer applications must also safeguard water quality. In order to understand the challenges that this presents and the possible changes in P fertilizer recommendatio... |
41. Does cover crop composition improve soil health and enhance nutrient availability to cash crops?Crop and livestock producers in South Dakota are showing greater interest in cover crops for the multidimensional benefits it can provide towards enhanced nutrient availability to the cash crops and livestock nutrition. Growers use different blends of grasses and broad leaves, mostly legumes and brassicas, as cover crops. We hypothesized that carbon and nitrogen ratio and fiber composition in those cover crop residues regulate the nutrient release, thus influence the processes regarding nutri... D. Sanyal, A. Rahhal, H. Bielenberg, J. Clark, J. Wolthuizen, A. Bly |
42. Does Maize Need Pre-Plant N if Sub-Drip Fertigation Can be Used To Provide Season Long N?Multiple nitrogen (N) applications are becoming more common as a way to assure adequate N availability for optimum growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.), while minimizing the potential for negative environmental consequences associated with N loss. Unclear, however, is how much N needs to be applied at planting in order to get the full value of in-season applications. Our objectives were to determine the amount of preplant N needed to maximize maize yield, when additional N is prov... B. Wiegmann, F. Below |
43. Does Starter Fertilizer Benefit Late Planted Corn?Starter fertilizers are used by producers to help overcome wet and cool soils often encountered with early planted corn. Early planted corn in no-tilled fields and limited drainage typically have the greatest chance of response from starter fertilizers. Starter fertilizers can range from a mixture of UAN, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and other fertilizers to low salt (LS) formulations containing N, P, K and various micronutrients. Some that promote LS starter fertilizer products claim that U... E. Ritchey, H. York |
44. Economic Optimum Rates of N for Corn Production in IowaProper nitronen (N) fertilizer is essential if crop producers are to maximize profits and minimize environmental contamination. A study to determine 'economic optimum N fertilizer rates was conducted in Iowa from-1987 to 1991. The results show that Iowa crop producers over-applied N during those years primarily due to not considering residual N in the soil. This was especially true following the drought year of 1988.... |
45. Effect of Changing the Rotation Sequence in a Long Term Tillage and Fertility StudyA continuous experiment was conducted fiom 1970 to 1999 to determine the long term effects of fertilizer application and tillage practices on soil acidity, organic matter and nutrient changes, and crop responses. Four tillage treatments were evaluated: continuous conventional: alternate till (two years no-till: one year conventional); continuous chisel till; and continuous no-till. Five fertilizer treatments were also evaluated (Ib ac-' N-P205-K20): check, 0-0-0; 175-0-0 broadcast; 160-0-0 broad... |
46. Effect of Timing of Broadcast Potassium (K) on Soybean Yield and Seed K ContentIn Indiana, the common practice is for K fertilizer to be applied in advance of the corn crop for both crops in the rotation, relegating soybean to feed on the application residual. Producers are concerned that current University guidelines and common practices for K management in corn- soybean rotations do not fully recognize the particular K needs of the soybean crop as differentiated from the corn crop. A four-location, six-year field study was conducted to investigate the effects of rate and... |
47. Effects of Residue Density Levels on the Response of No-till Corn to N Fertilizers and InhibitorsExperiments were conducted from 1989-91 at tho southern Illinois locatio~ls (~elle\?ille and Car*bcrndale) to evaluate the effect of residue levels un the perfor-mance of N fertilizers, urease inhibitors, and placenient on the response of no-till conl. Levels of 0, 50, 100, and 200 percent of existing (pre-plant) amounts were established in the crop residues of previous corn. Kitrogen fertilizers were urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution (dribble, injection. and split-applied) and urea (broadcas... |
48. Efficacy of Variable-Rate Application Technology for Phosphorus, Potassium, and Lime ManagementVariable-rate (VR) application technology may improve P and K fertilizer and lime use efficiency, increase crop yield and the profitability of crop production, and reduce within-field soil-test variability. On-farm research assessed the potential of VR P or K fertilization and liming for corn and soybean in Iowa. Replicated strip-trials evaluated one to three cycles of the two-year rotation. Treatments for areas 10-30 acres in size were a non-fertilized or unlimed control, VR based on dense g... A.P. Mallarino |
49. Energy and Nutrient SuppliesA study by the Potash and Phosphate Institute on 2.5 million North American soil samples has determined that soil nutrients have been withdraw without adequate replacement for several years. Soil fertility levels have dropped below optimum. At the same time, energy prices have skyrocketed, increasing fertilizer production costs. The presentation explains natural gas supplyfdemand, and how it affects both the price for natural gas and the production costs for fertilizers. The impact of this price... |
50. Enhancing Alfalfa Production Through Improved Phosphorus and Potassium ManagementAddition of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer is vital to maintain alfalfa productivity. The objective of this study was to examine how P and K fertilizer application increases alfalfa yield. nutrient use, and plant persistence. Replicate plots of P (0, 50, 100, 150 1bs P205/acre) and K (0. 100, 200, 300, 400 Ibs K20/acre) treatments were arranged in a factorial design. Forage harvests occurred four times annually for 5 years and yield, mass per shoot, shoots per area, and herbage nut... |
51. Enhancing Soil Nitrogen Availability in Corn-Based Cropping SystemsThe development of sustainable N management systems requires a better understanding of the contribution of on-farm resources to the active N pool size and its mineralization. This study explores the effect of substrate diversity and living corn roots on improving N supply through mineralization. A "diverse system", consisting of a corn (Zea mays L.)-corn-soybean (Glycine mar L.)-wheat (Triticum aesiiwrm L.) rotation with cover crops and fertilized with composted manure was compared with a corn m... |
52. Estimating Second- and Third Year Nitrogen Availability from Dairy manure: It is common practice to repeatedly apply dairy manure to the same fields. To accurately assess the total plant availability of rnanure nutrients, it is necessary to account for the nutrients remaining in soil fiom previous years applications. A corn (Zea mays) field experiment has continued since 1998 on a Plano silt loam. Residual manure N availability was estimated for two and three years after a single rnanure application fiom differences in whole-plant N uptake using 1) fertilizer N equiv... |
53. Evaluating Relationships between Soil Respiration and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in CornAvailable nitrogen (N) often limits the agricultural production of corn (Zea mays) and the N fertilizer use efficiency is of primary concern for producers in Kansas and the Midwest. This study was carried out to understand the agronomic value of commercially available soil health tests (e.g. 24 hr CO2 burst) and their relationship to components of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in corn. Relationships between N response and soil CO2 evolution were investigated across multiple sites and manageme... D. Ruiz diaz, B. Rutter |
54. Evaluation of Banded Fertilizer for Soybean ProductionResponse of the soybean crop to phosphate and potash fertilizer when soil test levels indicate the need for additional P andlor K is well documented. The value of the additional bushels exceeds the cost of the fertilizer. In general, phosphate and potash fertilizer, when needed, can either be broadcast and incorporated before planting or applied in a band at the time of planting. The banded application is Frequently preferred for a variety of reasons. This is especially true when the soybean cro... |
55. Evaluation of Plant-Available Phosphorus of Dried Residuals from Wastewater Processed for Phosphorus Reduction with Aluminum or IronABSTRACT Wastewater effluent from industrial and municipal water treatment plants requires phosphorus (P) removal before being discharged to surface waters. The resulting residual materials, with elevated P concentration, are usually land applied. Basing P application rates on the nutrient value for crops is the most rational way to utilize this P resource because it would improve farmers economic return while... |
56. Evaluation of Slow Release Nitrogen Materials in Corn ProductionStudies were conducted over a two year period to evaluate two slow release urea nitrogen carriers with regular urea for the production of corn on iirigated Spinks loamy sand. Because nitrogen availability in the soil is quite transient fiom one season to the next, annual addition of nitrogen is important for maximu~n corn yields. Many corn producers prefer to apply most of the nitrogen prior to planting corn. Once incorporated into the soil, nitrogen containing materials, such as urea, are conve... |
57. Evaluation of Soil Test Methods and Crop Response to Phosphorus Fertilization in KansasWheat (Triticum aestivum) is typically considered the most responsive crop to phosphorus (P) fertilization in Kansas. This study was conducted to evaluate wheat response to P fertilization using modern genotypes and soil test calibration/interpretation for Kansas soils. The study was conducted during the 2018-2019 growing season with eleven locations in Kansas. Randomized complete block design was used for four differe... C. Weber, D.A. Ruiz diaz |
58. Evaluation of soybean response to in-season potassium fertilizationIn-season application of potassium (K) fertilizer may offer an alternative to remediate deficiencies developed during the growing season. The objective of this study was to determine soybean (Glycine max) response to topdress K application timing under deficient soil conditions. Treatments included a control (0 lbs K2O acre-1), 50 lbs K2O acre-1 pre-plant incorporated, and 50 lbs K2O acre-1 in-season broadcasted at the... D.A. Charbonnier, D.A. Ruiz diaz, M.A. Coelho |
59. Evaluation of Starter Fertilizer Formulations and Placements for Conservation Tillage Production SystemsWith the interest in and importance of the use of starter fertilizers in conservation tillage production systems, research was continued to evaluate higher rates of N in starter fertilizers and different starter fertilizer placements. The use of starter fertilizer containing N, P and K significantly increased corn yields compared to a N only program, even though soil P and K levels were high. Increasing N rates in direct seed placed starter did not increase yields and significantly reduced plant... |
60. Evaluation of Sulfur Fertilizers In Corn ProductionSulfur deficiencies and corn yield increases from S fertilization have been documented in Iowa since the mid-2000’s. Therefore, S fertilization management is an important component of high yield corn production. Many S fertilizers are available for use in correcting deficiencies. However, specific product evaluations have not been widely conducted in Iowa. In addition, a new S fertilizer has recently become available in the Midwest U.S., the mineral polyhalite. The research objectives w... J. Sawyer, M. Castellano, A. Sassman, J. Lundvall |
61. Evaluation of Three N Recommendation Systems for Corn Yield and Residual Soil NitrateProper N application rates are required for continued economic and environmental viability of U.S. agriculture. Application at rates below that required for economic optimum will place U.S. farmers at a competitive disadvantage in the world market. On the other hand, excessive rates of N fertilizers may result in contamination of ground water. ... |
62. Exploratory analysis of event-based edge-of-field phosphorus lossesUnderstanding how the timing of management activities, particularly manure and fertilizer applications, impacts P losses in runoff can improve farmers’ decisions on when to apply nutrients. The University of Wisconsin Discovery Farms and Discovery Farms Minnesota have been monitoring edge-of-field nutrient losses since 2004. This data set includes over 125 site-years of runoff across 26 fields and includes 1574 individual runoff events. The objectives of this study are to: (i) determine... |
63. Fertilizer and Manure Management Comparisons for Corn-Soybean Rotataions in MinnesotaA study was designed to evaluate the impact of P sources (fertilizer and manure), nutrient application methods (broadcast and subsurface bands), P rates (crop removal and twice crop removal), and tillage systems (no-till and conventional) on corn-soybean response. Results to date show higher yields using manure as compared to fertilizer as the P source. This could be attributed to a higher rate of P being applied using the manure. No-till systems measured greater yields in 1999 and 2000, primari... |
64. Fertilizer Nitrogen Source and Management Impacts on Greenhouse Gas EmissionsAgricultural soil management accounts for nearly 6.3% of all greenhouse gas emission in the U.S. Although fertilizer nitrogen is an essential coinponent of nearly all agricultural systems, the addition of reactive N to soils and the emission of nitrous oxide (N20) via soil microbiological processes (nitrification and denitrification) makes U.S. agriculture the largest source (62%) of total U.S. N20 emissions. Because N20 is a potent greenhouse gas with a forcing potential more than 300 times gre... |
65. Field Estimate of Dairy Manure Nitrogen Availability to PotatoesWithin Wisconsin, there is a distinct movement toward dairy herd expansion and consolidation of small farms. With the increase in manure production, these large dairies are considering various land and manure management arrangements with non-livestock farmers, such as potato producers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate several potato production issues resulting from such partnerships including the availability of dairy manure nutrients to potatoes. Nitrogen and phosphorus availability wer... |
66. Four R Nitrogen management for cotton. MU-FDRC research update.Cotton is a much different crop than corn. In addition to the dicot vs. monocot difference, cotton is a perennial plant cultivated as an annual crop. A cotton crop must be “encouraged” to produce fruit and hence lint in this production system. Input management, including nitrogen fertilizers, are central to modern cotton production. Adequate nitrogen must be available to a cotton crop during the critical flowering period. In Missouri this is from mid-May to... D. Dunn |
67. How Agronomic Management Affects Soil Nitrous Oxide EmissionsThe effects of crop and soil management practices on soil emissions of non-carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as nitrous oxide (N2O) are highly variable, and long-term field data are limited. Management strategies that impact nitrogen (N) mineralization are also likely to affect how N is lost to the atmosphere as N2O gas. This presentation covers the agroecosystem soil N cycling concepts leading to losses as N2O as well as... V.L. Jin, M.R. Schmer, B.J. Wienhold |
68. How Does Your Garden Grow? Fertilizer- Friend or FoeGeo-spatial technologies are becoming common place in commercial agriculture and hands-on exercises using these concepts and technologies klfill many state K-12 education standards. The activity topics covered crop nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), global positioning systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIs), types of agricultural field equipment, soil types and crop identification. Students developed and implemented plant growth experiments to test nutrient application h... |
69. How to Create a Virtual Poster for NCSFCThis will walk authors through the process of creating a virtual poster for the Northcentral Soil Fertility Conference. ... Q. Rund, M. Tobin, L. Rund, F.B. Salihin |
70. How to Prepare a Virtual Poster for NCSFCThis poster will go through the steps of preparing a poster for inclusion in the poster sessions of the North Central Soil Fertility Conference. We will discuss how to: edit abstract and title, select a template, prepare text and images for each content block, upload downloadable materials, set header information, prepare for live chat and the scheduled poster sessions ... F.B. Salihin, Q. Rund, F. Salihin, L. Rund |
71. Hybrid Maize A Simulation Model for Improving Corn ManagementHybrid-Maize (www.hybridmaize.unl.edu) is a computer program that simulates the growth and yield of a corn crop under non-limiting or water-limited (rainfed or irrigated) conditions. The model can be used to (1) assess the overall site yield potential and its variability based on historical weather data, (2) evaluate changes in attainable yield using different combinations of planting date, hybrid maturity and plant density, (3) analyze yield in relation to silking and maturity in a specific yea... |
72. Impact of Liquid Hog Manure and Inorganic Phosphorus (P) Fertilizer Additions on Soil Test P and P Uptake by RyegrassOntario recently introduced a phosphorus (P) index to assess the relative risk of surface water contamination resulting from P application to cropland, and to suggest possible management strategies and application restrictions to reduce this risk. The index incorporates various soiVsite characteristics (soil test P level, erosionlmnoff potential etc.) as well as management practices (rate and method of P application). Within the development of the P index, questions were raised regarding the rel... |
73. Impact of Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilization on Wheat Yield and QualitySulfur (S) contributed by rainfall has decreased by 50% over the last twenty-seven years and may increase the need for S supplementation by fertilization. Nitrogen (N) application is typically split applied in Ohio with some applied in the fall and remainder applied in the spring near first green-up. The objective of this study was to compare N application source and timing with and without S fertilization. Two experimental locations were established in the fall of 2004. Urea and urea-ammonium n... |
74. Impact of Stratified Potassium and Water Content of No-Till Soils on Soybean Growth and YieldLow potassium (K) concentrations in subsurface soil and reduced water content in the K- enriched surface soil are thought to cause K-related yield reductions in rain-fed soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Our objectives were to examine root-to-shoot ratios through ontogeny and yield components in relation to stratified soil water and K. Soil and plant samples were collected at V6, R2, R4, and R6 from a 2-year field study. Additionally, a greenhouse split-root ot study in P a complete factorial des... |
75. Impact of sulfur and its interaction with N rates on wheat and barley in North Dakota and Western MinnesotaEffects of S, N, and their interactions were assessed on grain yields and protein of spring wheat and barley, across eight site years in Western Minnesota (MN), and ten site years (hereafter, sites) in North Dakota (ND) from 2015 to 2019. The studies were to determine if S improves yields and protein in wheat, and if the effects were dependent on N rates. Treatments included all combinations of five N rates of N (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lbs/ac) and three rates of S (0, 10, 20 lbs/ac) in MN. ... J.M. Teboh, S. Yuja, B.G. Schatz, G. Pradhan |
76. Importance of Subsoil PotassiumRecent information has emphasized the importance of nutrient distribution by depth in soils. Information from across the Cotton Belt in the U.S. has demonstrated that cotton yields have been affected by accumulation of potassium (K) near the soil surface with subsequent depletion of subsoil K. This condition combined with changes in K demand by new, high-yielding cotton varieties has led to a change in cotton K deficiency symptoms and delayed diagnosis of the actual problem. Recent studies have ... |
77. Improving Nitrogen Management in Dryland Winter Wheat Production in NebraskaWheat producers in Nebraska endured a significant loss in profit due to reduced grain protein in years that had wet springs such as in 2016 and 2017. Among many potential factors, soil nitrogen (N) is the most central factor that affects protein levels in wheat. To investigate the effect of N on wheat grain yield and protein content, field trials across the State were initiated in 2018. The specific objectives of the field study were to evaluate the effects of different N rates and applicatio... |
78. Improving the Fermentation Characteristics of Corn Through Optimum Fertilization and Hybrid SelectionEthanol processors could increase production efficiency if they had access to corn grain better- suited for fermentation. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of hybrids and N fertility rates on fermentable starch content that will be used for dry-mill ethanol production. Six hybrids were grown under four N fertility levels at two locations in eastern SD. Ethanol yields increased as N fertility levels increased. Higher ethanol yields were achieved by hybrids that produced b... |
79. In Search of EAN of Spring WheatMany spring wheat varieties respond reliably to enhanced ammoniunl nutrition (EAN) in the greenhouse. Three field studies were established in 1992 to determine if similar responses could be obtained in the field. Butte 86 spring wheat was fertilized (100 Ib N/A) with calcium nitrate, urea, urea + DCD, forestry-grade (0.1 g) urea pellets and forestry-grade urea pellets + DCD. The goal was to provide wheat with a large range of a1nmonium:nitrate ratios and to determine the effect 011 wheat develop... |
80. In Season RecommendationsWe are testing a prototype high-clearance tractor configured with active crop canopy sensors, drop nozzles with electronic valves, and a variable rate controller as means to deliver in-season variable rates of liquid N fertilizer based on crop needs as an alterative to preplant uniform applications of N. The active sensor we're evaluating is the model ACS-210 Crop Circle made by Holland Scientific. It generates it's own source of modulated light in the amber and near infrared (NIR) bands and the... |
81. In-Field Determination of Anhydrous Ammonia Applicator Accuracy in NebraskaLiquid and dry fertilizer applicators have been studied for their application patterns and precision. However, anhydrous ammonia (AA) applicators are generally considered less accurate. Due to the difficulty of calibration, actual application errors have not been documented. In order determine if AA applicators were delivering the intended application rate, a standard AA nurse tank was fitted with load cells, temperature, pressure, travel speed and travel distance sensors. Initial data from 55 f... |
82. In-Season Nitrogen Fertilization of SoybeanNitrogen (N) fertilization is not a traditional nutrient management practice for soybean production in Iowa. Soybean is a legume plant and is assumed to adequately obtain needed N through symbiotic fixation. However, there has been interest over the years in using N fertilization to increase yield and grain protein due to the recognition of the large N requirement associated with high yields. Depending on the soil residual inorganic N level and soil N mineralization characteristics, approximatel... |
83. Influence of Phosphorus Soil Test Level on the Probabaility of Corn Yield ResponseData from a long term residual phosphorus study was analyzed to determine the probability of a corn yield response at low, medium, high and very high soil test levels. Analysis of 55 rate-site years showed a corn yield increase 59, 22, 43 and 17% of the time respectively for low, medium, high and very high soil test categories. The very high soil test category is defined as a Bray P soil test of greater than 20 ppm. The results suggest that the current South Dakota State University recommendatio... |
84. Integrating Multiple-Input Management Systems to Improve Soft Red Winter Wheat Grain YieldContinued improvements in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield have cast greater interest on utilizing multiple inputs within enhanced management systems. Less than recommended seeding rates of modern varieties may utilize inputs more efficiently when subjected to enhanced management. The objective of this study was to evaluate plant growth, grain yield, and expected economic profitability for multiple agronomic and nutrient inputs across different production intensity l... K. Steinke, S. Purucker |
85. Introgressing Unique Sources of Germplasm to Improve N Use in Temperate MaizeThe vast majority of maize breeding efforts have been conducted under high N environments that primarily select for only one component of NUE, N uptake. Furthermore, these studies have employed US. and European genotypes, which have been selected for performance at high N. Historically, maize was grown in numerous low N tropical environments, suggesting that evaluation of adapted maize lines containing tropical germplasm may harbor useful genetic variation and novel alleles for improving NUE. Th... |
86. Iowa Soil-Test Field Calibration Research Update- Potassium and the Mehlich-3 ICP Phosphorus TestIowa soil-test interpretations and fertilizer recommendations for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were last updated in 1999. The only change from previous recommendations (Voss et al., 1996; Voss and Mallarino, 1996) was to add interpretations for the Mehlich-3 (M3) P and K tests to existing interpretations for the Bray-1 P, Olsen P, and ammonium-acetate K tests (Voss et al., 1999). The interpretations for the ammonium-acetate and M3 K tests are similar because comparisons of amounts of K extra... |
87. Is There a Better Way to Fertilize Corn with Potassium?Potassium (K) is among the most abundantly needed plant nutrients. A 15.7 Mg ha-1 (250 bushel acre-1) corn (Zea mays L.) crop accumulates anywhere from 168-225 kg K2O ha-1 (150-200lbs K2O acre-1) over the course of a growing season, and according to the IPNI Soil Test Summary (2015), about 37% of Illinois’ soil tests are deemed as deficient for K. The objectives of this study were to investigate various methods o... S. Foxhoven, F. Below |
88. Lessons learned from long-term P & K trialThis presentation will disucss corn and soybean response to P and K over 10 years in a notill system. ... C.A. Laboski, T.W. Andraski |
89. Long Term Outlook On Nitrogen and Potassium SupplyThe North American fertilizer industry is operating in world market today. Worldwide fertilizer demand, competition for transportation, and natural gas prices are all putting pressure on North American fertilizer prices. The themc of this mornings' session is on strategies the supply industry and fanners may adopt to manage these pressures. This talk is about the near future outlook nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. Fertilizer sales figures indicate that nitrogen, phosphorus. and potassium fer... |
90. Long Term Phosphorus Research on Corn and Grain SorghumPhosphorus fertilizer is needed for optimum production and economic returns from irrigated corn and grain sorghuni in western Kansas. A long term study shows that the yield benefit from P increases over time from no yield difference initially to over 100 butacre higher corn yields after 30 years. Without fertilizer P, soil P levels declined from 17 pprn Bray- 1 P to less than 10 pprn within five years, where they stabilized for both corn and sorghurn. The addition of fertilizer P at 40 Ib P205la... |
91. Long-Term Alfalfa Study With K RatesA long-term potassium rate study was conducted on a Maury silt loam as part of the soil test calibration program to develop data for more soils in Kentucky. Beginning soil test K levels were established with initial applications of either 0, 150 or 300 lb of K20 per acre. Annual applications of 0, 120, 240 and 360 lb of K20 per acre were applied about 1 month before fall freezedown. Results indicated (1) there were significant yield responses to annual applications after the first year; (2) the ... |
92. Making Urea Work in No TillNo-till and reduced tillage production systen~s are widely used today in the United States as well as around the world due to their capacity for reducing soil erosion and topsoil loss, reducing phosphorus movement to surface water, and reducing labor, fuel, and equipment requirements. In no-till systems, an average of 25% of the N applied as broadcast urea can be lost via ammonia volatilization. Therefore, N losses due to ammonia volatilization will decrease corn and wheat yields. independently ... |
93. Managing Continuous Corn for High YieldsMany "contest-winning" corn yields have historically been produced in fields where corn is grown continuously, often with extensive tillage, hgh soil test values of P and K, high N rates, and high plant populations. We are conducting a series of research trials at four sites in Illinois, in whlch we are varying tillage, fertilizer rates, and plant population in a factorial experiment at several Illinois locations. Over ten site-years to date, tillage deeper than normal increased yield at two sit... |
94. Manure and Tillage Effects on Phosphorus in RunoffPhosphorus (P) loss in runoff from cropland is an environmental concern because this P often promotes weed and algae growth in lakes, rivers, and streams. Water bodies with a large supply of nutrients (well nourished) are termed eutrophic. Eutrophic conditions can result in excessive algae and plant growth and when these weeds and algae die and decompose, dissolved oxygen levels in the water is depleted resulting in odors, fish kills, and a general degradation of the aesthetic and recreational v... |
95. Near Seed Application of Fluid Fertilizer for Corn Soybean and Sugarbeet ProductionIn recent years, crop producers in Minnesota have shown increased interest in placing fertilizer near the seed at planting. The more traditional 2x2 "starter" band was not an option. Guidelines were needed for banded placement of fertilizer near the seed at the time of planting. This study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 in fields of cooperating crop producers. Three fluid . materials (10-34-0, 4-10-10, 3-18-18) were applied at two rates for corn, soybeans and sugarbeets. In 2004, the materials w... |
96. Nitrate Concentrations and Flux in Drainage Water- Impacts of Tile Spacing and Precipitation Events and Implications for TMDLSIn the humid region of the eastern cornbelt efforts to optimize productivity of poorly drained soils has led to increased spatial intensity of agricultural tile drains. This intensification in installation of drainage tile is often a primary management consideration when field cultivation is being minimized or eliminated entirely. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of tile spacing on the concentration and flux of nitrate in tile effluent. Continuous corn was grown on a well-... |
97. Nitrate Leaching Characteristics for Various Nitrogen Management Strategies on Irrigated CornEfficient use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer for corn production is important for maximizing economic return to the producer and minimizing NO3 leaching to groundwater. This is especially important on irrigated, sandy soils due to the high infiltration and saturated conductivity and potential risk to the local water supplies. This study is being conducted to quantifL the NO3 leaching potential in the irrigated sands along Kansas' waterways under current and alternative N and water management strateg... |
98. Nitrogen and Sulfur Application Effects on Soybean Quality and YieldSulfur deficiency is only becoming more prevalent in the Midwest across soybean fields with higher yields resulting in lower quality seed. Sulfur is a key component of methionine and cysteine, which are important amino acids in the nutrition in foodstuffs. The objective in this study is to explore the impact of N:S applications at different growth stages and rates on the soybean yield and seed composition and quality. In 2018 the trial was performed both in West Lafayette and Wanatah Indiana.... D. Miller, S. Casteel |
99. Nitrogen Application, Biological N Fixation, and N UptakePrevious collaborative research in the Midwest has shown that there is likely little to no need of N for soybean, except under certain conditions (such as when low soil moisture limits N fixation, or when low initial soil nitrate-N limits overall N availability). However, none of the site-years used in this synthesis analysis were on sandy soils. Because sandy soils supply little nitrate-N, the potential impact of N on crop yield is greater in sandy environments than on silt loam soils. Howev... A.M. Walters, M.D. Ruark, J.M. Gaska, C. Zegler, S.P. Conley |
100. Nitrogen benefits when interseeding red clover into continuous cornInformation pertaining to the benefits of intereseeding cover crops is lacking. Red clover is a leguminous cover crop that can grow in low radiation environments, is winter hardy for much of the northern USA, and is a low cost weed suppressant that has been shown to provide a nitrogen credit and improve corn yield. While it is clear that red clover is a cover crop that can provide immediate economic benefits in grain-based cropping systems, the potential N credit and the effect of interseedin... H. Francis, M. Ruark, C. Zegler, D. Smith, J. West |
101. NITROGEN CREDIT FOR LONG-TERM NO-TILL CROP PRODUCTION IN NORTH DAKOTAFeedback from farmers who had been in no-till crop production for over twenty years indicated that crop production could be maintained at high levels with a reduction in N rate from the universally recommended rates. Nitrogen rate studies in spring wheat/durum, corn and sunflower have confirmed that N rates can be reduced when a farm is under continuous long-term no-till production. A portion of the N credit may be uptake of N by microorganisms, thereby reducing the amount of N exposed to lea... D. Franzen |
102. Nitrogen Management Systems for Ridge-tilled Corn ProductionThe use of conservation tillage methods, including ridge- tillage, increases crop residue cover which can lead to loss of urea-based fertilizers applied broadcast. ~ield tests were conducted during 1987-1991 at the ~rrigation ~xperiment Field, located near Scandia, Kansas, on a Crete silt loam soil (fine, montmorillionitic, mesic, Panchic, Arguistoll). Treatments included anhydrous ammonia (AA) applied preplant knife-injected; 28% urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) applied preplant knife- inje... |
103. Nitrogen source and application timing for corn to mitigate leaching and gaseous N lossesNitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for corn, but N fertilizers are associated with contamination of surface waters through leaching and gas emissions through denitrification and volatilization. A comprehensive N loss study was conducted at the University of Minnesota Southwest Research and Outreach Center (SWROC) in Lamberton, MN from 2014 to 2020. The objectives were to quantify the effects of traditional (pre-plant urea) and advanced N management practices (split-N applications and... |
104. Nitrogen Source and Application Timing to Improve Corn Yield and Reduce Nitrate in Tile-Drain WaterNitrogen (N) fertilizer is among the most important inputs for corn because of this crop’s large N requirements. When N fertilizer applications exceed crop needs, that N can be lost to the environment or be incorporated into the soil organic matter Many farmers in the US Midwest install subsurface drainage to remove excess water from the soil. The drained water leached from the farms contains nitrate-N (NO3), which poses risks to surface waters. Midwest agriculture ... S. Menegaz, F. Fernandez |
105. Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Corn Yield as Affected by Applied Sulfur and Nitrogen FertilizerOverall corn (Zea mays L.) yield response, as well as nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency, can be affected by multiple factors, including the supply of other nutrients such as sulfur. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen with added sulfur fertilizer on corn response parameters i) whole plant nitrogen uptake, ii) yield, and iii) nitrogen use efficiency when compared to nitrogen alone. Nitrogen Use Efficiencies evaluated in this study included i) A... T. Husa, D. Ruiz diaz |
106. No-till and Cover Crops Influence Soil Health and Nitrogen Rate and Timing Recommendations: Early ResultsThe idea of improving soil health has become increasingly more talked about by researchers, agronomists, and farmers in the past five years. Management practices such as no- or reduced-tillage and planting cover crops are recommended to improve soil health because of their potential to improve organic matter and soil structure leading to a greater capacity to hold water and nutrients needed for plant growth. Research in South Dakota has been occurring these past two years to determine the inf... J.D. Clark, A. Bly, D. Karki, D. Sanyal, J. Wolthuizen, P. Kovacs |
107. No-till corn nitrogen recommendation using precision soil management practicesIn long-term no-till fields, South Dakota (SD) farmers reported a reduced fertilizer-nitrogen (N) requirement compared to conventional tillage to obtain optimum corn yield. Reduced fertilizer recommendation may be due to improved soil health resulting from increasing soil organic matter, higher soil microbial activities, and improved water and nutrient use efficiency over the years the no-till system is used. However, the impact of soil health measurements on fertilizer-N requirement has not ... D. Bhattarai, J. Clark, D. Clay |
108. Oh, K? When is Too Much K Too Much?Potassium is required in large amounts by crop plants and is a staple fertilizer, mainly as KCl. Recent data across three midwestern states suggests that sometimes, especially at high rates and shortly before planting, KCl may have negative impacts on corn and/or soybean yields. Three researchers will briefly describe their research in this area and then field questions from the audience. - Kaiser Twenty-nine potassium (K) fertilizer trials were conducted in ea... D. Kaiser, S. Casteel, D. Franzen |
109. Opportunities and Limitations of Automatic Steering TechnologiesIn the short span of 10 years we have gone from using the Global Positioning System (GPS) to locate ourselves in a farm field, to automatically steering a machine working in the field. This application requires about 15 conlponents with each component evolving at a rapid pace. A number of conlpanies have formed to provide automatic steering packages as aftermarket retrofits. At a slightly slower pace, the main equipment manufactures are engineering machines that will be factor ready or factory e... |
110. Optimizing Nitrogen Rate to Maximize Winter Malting Barley Grain Yield While Meeting ProteinWinter malting barley (Hordeum vulgare) acreage is increasing across Ohio due to demand from the local craft brewing industry; however, grain used for this market must pass specific quality requirements. The objective of this study was to identify optimum spring nitrogen rates for winter malting barley that maximize yield while meeting protein requirements. Small plot trials were conducted at three locations in Ohio: Northwest Agriculture Research Station (NWARS) in Custar, Western A... G. Mcglinch, L. Lindsey, R. Shrestha, M. Hankinson |
111. Phosphorus and Potassium Place in Corn-Soybean Systems in the Midwest: Possibilities with Automatic Guidance TechnologyGlobal positioning system teclmology available to the public has become more accurate in recent years. Current Real Time Kinematic (RTK) techniques allow relative positions of equipment to be recorded with 3/8 - 2 in. precision (Dana, 1991). Being able to return to the same location in the field year after year with high precision may have implications for corn-soybean systems where banded applications of phosphorus (P) and/or potassium (K) are made at a time other than at planting. The importan... |
112. Phosphorus Management on Extremely Acid Soils in South Central KansasResearch was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of phosphate fertilizer in reducing the toxicity of soluble aluminum (Al) on very acidic soil for production of winter wheat. Banded P fertilizer increased wheat grain yields significantly with the response being greater on unlimed compared to lime conditions. Based on the findings of this research coupled with Oklahoma State University research, banded P is an alternative to liming for wheat production on extremely acidic soils with consider... |
113. Phosphorus Runoff From Incorporated and Surface-Applied Fertilizer and ManureContinued inputs of fertiher and manure in excess of crop requirements have led to a build-up of soil phosphorus (I?) levels, creating an environmental rather than agronomic concern (Sharpley et al., 1994). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil test P level, source of P amendments, tillage, and manure application method on P runoff from agricultural soils. The treatments consisted of swine manure surface applied and injected at rates of 29 and 59 Ib acre-' of P, and tri... |
114. Phosphorus Stratification- is it Relevent to P uptake by SoybeanStratification of nutrients, observed in soils under continuous no-till management, remains an issue. Two experiments were conducted during 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the effect of stratification on P nutrition of soybean (Glycine nzax (L.) Merr.). At the fist site there were five blocks with stratified and unstratified main plots and five levels of soil test P as subplots. In the second trial there were four blocks with two stratification treatments as main plots, the absence and presence of in... |
115. Potassium Fertilizer Rate and Timing in Strip-till Systems: Recent Indiana Research with an Alternative K SourceIncreased adoption of conservation tillage systems and alternative potassium (K) sources (e.g., Aspire™, 0-0-58(K2O)-0.5(B)) has prompted new questions about optimal K fertilization practices in maize. The primary goal of this study was to address farmer questions related to strip-till timing, banding Aspire™ with strip-till versus other tillage/placements (e.g., broadcast in no-till (NT) and fall chisel (FC)), and whether reduced K fertilizer rates can maintain maize y... L.E. Schwarck, T.J. Vyn |
116. Potassium RecommendationsMost soils have relatively large contents of total K but relatively small amounts of plant- available K+. Potassium is found as a component of several minerals that release it to soluble and exchangeable forms by weathering at greatly differing rates. These forms are shown in the adjacent figure. Some of these minerals also have the capacity to reabsorb (fix) added K+ back into their structures in nonexchangeable form. Even the exchangeable K+ is bonded with different strengths depending on the ... |
117. Precision planting impacts on winter cereal rye growth, nutrient uptake, spring soil temperature, and adoption costGrowing winter cereal rye (Secale cereale) (WCR) has been identified as an effective in-field practice to reduce nitrate-N and phosphorus (P) losses to Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB), USA. In the Midwestern USA, growers are reluctant to plant WCR especially prior to corn (Zea mays L.) due to N immobilization and establishment issues. Precision planting of WCR or “Skipping the corn row” (STCR) can minimize some issues associated with WCR ahead of corn while ... |
118. Preplant Soil Nitrogen Test for CornSoil ammonium N and nitrate N were measured at the pre-plant and sidedress stages on 59 Michigan fields in 1992. Total inorganic soil N (ammonium N plus nitrate N) at pre-plant stage averaged to 12.6 ppm, about 50% of which was present in the nitrate form and 50% in the ammonium form. Total inorganic N at sidedress stage was 18.9 ppm, of which the nitrate N component was 12.2 ppm. The NH JNO, ratio decreased from 1.06 at prep1 ant stage to 0.54 at sidedress stage. Multiple correlation analysis ... |
119. Previous Management Impacts on Soil Phosphorus LevelsThe Homestead Acts of the early 19th century across many areas of the United States resulted in the formation of 65 ha (160 acre) farms. The areas where livestock were concentrated on these farms consisted of a small portion of the 65 ha. As farms have become larger, many of the original farm building sites have been abandoned. These abandoned farmsteads still affect management decisions today. The objectives of this study are to show the visual and statistical relationships between both existi... |
120. Re-Evaluating Rate, Time, and Placement of Urea and Other Nitrogen Sources in MinnesotaUrea is increasingly an important nitrogen (N) source in Minnesota. Approximately 43% of our farmers use urea as their major N source. In the southwestern, south-central and west-central areas approximately 45% of the N is applied in the fall, 50% is applied in the spring, and 5% is applied at sidedress. While most of those that use urea as the major N source apply it in the spring, approximately 4% do the major application with urea in the fall and there are others that apply some of their N... F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi, J. Vetsch, D. Kaiser |
121. Reevaluating Potassium Recommendations for Soybean Production in KentuckyFertility recommendations from land grant universities are typically lower than private soil test laboratories and lead producers to question the adequacy of current recommendations. Further, soil samples analyzed at UK Regulatory Services Soil Testing Laboratory indicate that average state-wide soil test potassium (K) levels are declining approximately 1 lb K/A/year. The reason for this decline is not known, but some suspect it might be due to increased crop yields while maintaining historic... E. Ritchey, J.H. Grove, J.M. Mcgrath |
122. Regional Approach to Making Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate Decisions for CornNitrogen fertilizer is one of the largest input costs for growing corn. Across the Corn Belt, N is typically the most yield-limiting nutrient. Facing record high N fertilizer prices and potential supply problems, producers are concellled about N fertilization rates. Soil fertility researchers and extension specialists froin seven states across the Corn Belt (see list in acknowledgements section) have been discussing corn N fertilization needs and evaluating N rate recommendation systems for appr... |
123. Relationship Between Soil P and P in Surface Runoff and Subsurface Drainage- An Overview of Ongoing ResearchNonpoint source pollution fiom agricultural fields has the potential to accelerate eutrophication of fieshwater ecosystems. In a report of water quality in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency sited agriculture as the primary source of pollution in 60% of impaired river miles, 30% of the impaired lake acres and 15% of estuarine square miles @PA, 1998). Phosphorus, in particular, has received much attention due to its role as limiting nutrient in many fieshwater ecosystems (Cor... |
124. Relationship of in-season soil nitrogen concentration with corn yield and potential nitrogen lossesModeled or measured soil mineral N (SMN) levels during the corn growing season have been used to set sidedress N rates, but there has been little research linking SMN levels at different growth stages to yield to help guide this process. The degree to which SMN level influences the risk of N losses is also not known. Data from 32 site-years of field experiments in Illinois (2015–2018) that included 12 combinations of N fertilizer rate, timing, and source, were used to evaluate... G. Preza-fontes, E. Nafziger, L. Christianson, C. Pittelkow |
125. Remote Sensing of Corn Canopy Dynamics and Biophysical Variables Estimation in MichiganThis study was initiated to evaluate sensor-based nitrogen and water application for corn (Zea mays L.) in Michigan. The specific objectives of this study were: 1) to identi@ wavelengths that are more sensitive to N deficiency in corn, 2) to determine when to predict corn grain yield fiom spectral remote sensing data, and 3) to estimate biophysical variables ofcorn such as leafareaindex (LAI) and fractional cover (Fc) fiom spectral vegetation indices (SVI) obtained fiom radiometric measurements ... |
126. Response of Corn Grown in Two Crop Rotations to Different N Rates and NitrapyrinNitrogen fertilization of corn is necessary to obtain adequate yields. Loss of soil-applied N1-L'-N fertilizers due to nitrification can decrease corn yield significantly. Nitrate contamination of ground or surface water supplies should also be considered. Use of nitrapyrin may help address these issues, though in fine textured soils response to its use is difficult to predict. A 10-year study was done to determine the effects of annual application of ammonia with nitrapyrin upon the yield of co... |
127. Response of Ridge-till Corn to Potash FertilizationIn recent years there has been an increased interest in growing corn with either ridge-till or no-till planting systens. This interest has been stimulated by concern for conservation compliance, farm profitability and the environment. Many problems have surfaced as these tillage systems are adopted by more and more farmers. The appearance of potassiu,~ deficiency symptoms has been a major concern for those who grow corn and soybeans with these tillage systems for the past four or five years. For... |
128. Role of Land Tenure-Other Factors in Soil P InterpretationsSoil test interpretation should recognize the residual value of applied PI the inherent limitations of soil P tests, and utilize an approach that can be easily personalized at the local level. These criteria were used to develop an interpretation approach utilizing a computer spreadsheet to estimate the optimum soil test level for an individual grower. The spreadsheet requires the following inputs: a calibration curve, acceptable marginal return, interest rate, land tenure, soil test buffer pote... |
129. Role of Postemergence Sidedressed Fluid Potassium Fertilizer to Complement Preplant Fertilization in Corn-Soybean RotationsRole of Postemergence Sidedressed Fluid Potassium Fertilizer to Complement Preplant Fertilization in Corn-Soybean Rotations Antonio P. Mallarino and Louis B. Thompson-Ansorena Iowa State University ABSTRACT Farmers and crop consultants of non-irrigated areas of the north-central region have been asking questions about possible use of post-emergence fluid potassium (K) fertilization to complement preplant fertilization. Sidedressing N for corn is c... A.P. Mallarino, L.B. Thompson-ansorena |
130. Scale of Measurement Effects on Phosphorus Runoff Losses from CroplandAs phosphorus (P)-based nutrient management planning becomes necessary for some farms in Wisconsin, it will be critical to have reliable, research-based planning tools. The Wisconsin P- hdex provides one method for preparing P-based nutrient management plans. The P-Index was developed largely from small plot-scale data showing the relationships between various site and management variables and runoff P losses. Thls study was conducted to compare runoff composition measurements at the subwatershe... |
131. Sensor-Based Fertigation Management for Production-Scale ApplicationsFertigation, the practice of applying fertilizer through irrigation water, offers many benefits as an in-season nitrogen application technique for irrigated corn production systems. Most notably, fertigation offers growers the opportunity to make multiple applications throughout the growing season, including late season applications during corn reproductive growth stages. Growers have traditionally determined the timing and number of fertigation applications using visual observations, irrigat... J. Stansell |
132. Should we incur a loss by interseeding in sugarbeet ?The Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota contributes with half of the nation’s sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) production. Interseeding cover crops within sugarbeet has the potential to reduce the impact of soil disturbances. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of cover crop interseeding time and species on sugarbeet root yield, sugar content, and economic profitability during 2018 -20 growing seasons. Cover crops were first interseeded in June and second... S. Sigdel, A. Chatterjee, M. Berti |
133. Sidedressed swine manure slurry via dragline hose produces comparable corn grain yields as commercial fertilizersSpring in the upper Midwest can be short and often wet, providing challenges for producers to apply manure and plant crops in a timely manner to maximize yield. As a result, producers apply a significant amount of their manure in the fall after the crop is harvested. Fall applied manure has adequate time to mineralize and leave the root zone before next season’s crop can utilize the nutrients the following summer. These nutrients can end up in rivers and other freshwater bodies, decreas... C. Pfarr, M. Wilson |
134. Site-Specific Management of Iron Deficiency in CornThe addition of FeS04mH20 in the seed row increases corn (Zea mays L.) yield in areas with Fe deficiency-induced chlorosis. Our objectives were to determine the correct application rate of FeS04.H20 for irrigated corn, identi9 the spatial distribution of Fe deficiency, and alleviate deficiency symptoms with targeted FeS04.H20 applications. Eleven site-years were selected for small-plot studies in western Kansas. At these fields, soil CaC03 content in chlorotic or problematic deficient areas of t... |
135. Site-Specific Manure Application Effects on Corn Yield and N StatusManure, a renewable resource, is an excellent source of nutrients that can be substituted for synthetic types of fertilizers. The organic matter in manure can enhance the physical and chemical properties of soils, especially infertile soils, as these soils typically contain low levels of organic matter and nutrients, and have low water holding capacities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of manure application for improving crop yield and N status in less productive areas ... |
136. Slow Release Nitrogen Fertilizer and Dynamics in Soil Systems Part I Incubation StudyA lab study was conducted at Southern Illinois University soil fertility research facility to investigate the effects of soil type on the nitrogen (N) release dynamics. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of soil type on the release rate of N from slow release nitrogen (SRN) fertilizers under controlled conditions (moisture and temperature). Two contrasting soils from Iowa and Georgia (pH and mineralogy) were combined with 500 mg kg-, of SRN or urea and kept for 90 days under ... |
137. Soil N2O emissions in continuous corn as affected by 4R and cover cropsCover crops and 4R nitrogen (N) management are promoted as key practices for reducing nitrate leaching losses, but their impacts on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions remain less certain. This study evaluated soil N2O emissions and grain yield under different timing of N application and cover crops for two years in a tile-drained continuous corn system. Treatments were 224 kg N ha-1 split-applied in fall + pre-plant (Conventional), pre-plant + side-dress (4R), 4R +... G. Preza fontes, L.E. Christianson, C.M. Pittelkow |
138. Soil Phosphorus Spatial Distribution in Pastures Receiving Poultry Litter ApplicationsEnvironmentally-based P management strategies could be improved by debeating management zones incorporating the effects of landscape position on soil morphology, hydrology, and soil P distribution. Three farm pasture sites in SW Missouri receiving long-term poultry litter applications were sampled by landscape position (summit, shoulder, upper backslope. middle backslope, lower backslope, footslope, drain) for soil P (Bray 1 P, CaCl2 P, total P) at two depths (0-5 cm, 5- 15 cm). Low landscape po... |
139. Soil Test Phosphorus and Potassium as Affected by Site Specific Soil Fertility ManagementThe overall objective of this field scaled study was to provide an in-field evaluation of common site specific fertilizer strategies used in corn 1 soybean production. While a team of researchers are working on several specific objectives, this work specifically focuses on three of them. First, to evaluate the variability in soil tests for making site specific phosphate (P) and potassium (K) application. Second, to measure the change in this variability over time as affected by fertilizer manage... |
140. South Dakota Producers Use of Soil Testing to Make Soil Fertility DecisionsSoil fertility guidelines in South Dakota are primarily based on soil testing results. There are several possible soil sampling procedures regarding timing, frequency, and type of soil sampling that can be followed by producers. Survey information collected from South Dakota producers can inform us what soil sampling procedures they are commonly using. We distributed a survey to 3,000 South Dakota producers based on crop reporting district, crops grown, and farm size. We reminded producers th... |
141. Soybean Response to Nitrogen ApplicationsSoybean yield increases due to N fertilizer have been reported recently, particularly for N applications during the reproductive stages. It is also known that nitrate inhibits nodulat ion and nodule activity and could potentially reduce yield. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of N fertilizer on soybean yield. Forty-six experiments were conducted with N fertilizer applied at times ranging fiom planting to late reproductive stages. Some experiments had significant positive or negative resp... |
142. Spatial Response of Corn to Banded Zinc Sulfate Fertilizer in IowaThe solubility of zinc (Zn) decreases as pH increases. There are soil associations that contain high pH spots within fields where the surrounding soils' pHs are slightly acid. It is reasonable to expect that Zn availability, due to a difference in solubility, is different in the two areas. The objectives of this study were to find corn (Zea nlnys L.) grain yield responses to Zn fertilizers within fields and to define the soil characteristics in responsive areas. The study was conducted at twelve... |
143. Starter Fertilizer Application Effect on Reduced and No-tillage Grain Sorghum ProductionThis experiment was conducted at the North Central Kansas Experiment Field, located near Belleville, on a Crete silt loam soil. Soil test P was in the high@ range. Treatments consisted oftillage systems and starter fertilizer placement and composition. Tillage systems were no-tillage and minimum tillage (spring disc and harrow treatment). Methods of starter fertilizer application included placement 2 inches to the side and 2 inches below the seed at planting (2x2) and dribbled in a band on the s... |
144. Starter Fertilizer for Corn on Lakebed SoilsMany producers use starter fertilizers because cold and wet conditions may occur zfter planting. In addition, startzr fertilizers may improve the efficiency of nutrient uptake by the crop in a sidedress system. Historically, producers in Northwest Ohio consider phosphorus the most important component of a starter fertilizer, even though research has shown that nitrogen provides most of the yield benefit. However, many fields in Northwest Ohio have more than adequate levels of phosphorus for cor... |
145. Starter, Nitrogen Management and Nitrogen Calibration- Localizing Management PracticesWhen I first started consulting with some of the fertilizer dealerships in my area, they hired me to make them different from the dealership down the road. The best way to do this was to become a local expert on scientifically-based best management practices for growing corn and soybeans in my territory. This included knowing how best to manage nutrients to grow productive and profitable crops. University and soil test laboratory recommendations provided a good starting point. However, these dat... |
146. Strip till Nitrogen Placement, and Starter Fertilizer Effects on Corn Growth and YieldStrip tillage, a system where residue is removed and small ridges are formed in the fall in the position of next year's rows, has become an increasingly popular alternative to 0-till for corn in Illinois. Over three years and eight environments in Central and Northern Illinois, tillage had no effect on grain yield: conventional tillage, strip tillage, and 0-till produced 1 1.67, 11.67, 1 1.57 Mg/ha, respectively. There were also no differences in yield due to N timing, N placement, or starter fe... |
147. Strip Tillage and No Tillage Fertilization Systems Evaluated for Eastern Kansas Rain Fed CornRow-crop agriculture in East-Central and Southeast Kansas is facing increasing pressure to reduce sediment and nutrient losses via runoff. Edge-of-field measurements show that no-tillage with fertilizers placed below the surface of the soil has significantly less sediment and total P losses in runoff compared to conventional tillage (Janssen et al., 2000). However, for rain-fed corn, no-tillage in these regions can provide serious challenges some years because of frequent spring rains and an abu... |
148. Study on Phosphorus and Nitrogen Concentration of Corn Adapted in South DakotaThough nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are vital in several physiological and developmental processes in plants and animals, they pose several environmental, nutritional and health problems, if present in excess amounts. Reduction in the excess input of these nutrients into the soil, thereby reducing environmental problem and consequently nutritional and health problem, can be achieved by balancing their concentration in animal feed. Therefore, this research aims to quantify the nitrogen and pho... |
149. Sulfur Influence on Corn and Soybean Yields in Eastern South DakotaClean air legislation, the increasing use of conservation tillage, and the manufacture of phosphorus fertilizers without sulfur have all contributed to lowering soil sulfur (S) availability to crops. Soil S availability has been affected to some extent by all three issues in eastern South Dakota. Hilltop erosion has exposed subsoil in which the pH is higher and organic matter content is lower than at lower landscape positions. In some eroded shoulder positions of the landscape in no-till fields.... |
150. Sulfur Responses and the Wisoconsin Alfalfa Sulfur SurveyFor more than 30 years, agronomists, soil scientists, consultants and farmers have recognized the potential for significant responses to applied sulfur fertilizer in northern and western Wisconsin on lighter textured, low organic matter soils that had not recently received manure (Rand et al., 1969; Hoefi and Walsh, 1975; Schulte, 1976; Peters and Kelling, 1987). More recently, crop consultants and others have reported seeing sulhr responses on soils or in locations where they typically were no... |
151. Summary of P Fertilizer use Effects on Soil Test PhosphorusOver the years, much research has centered on the use of various soil P extractants for developing soil fertility programs. While P soil test values are most reliable for estimating the historical probability of obtaining a crop response from fertilizer P application and tracking the effects of past P fertility programs - P soil tests are more commonly used as to estimate future fertilizer P rate requirements. Depending on the objectives of a grower, P soil testing is used to predict future P ra... |
152. Surface soil acidification and lime application in no-till systemsSurface soil acidification can develop after multiple years under no-tillage system, a primary effect of multiple years of broadcast fertilizer application and organic matter decomposition. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of surface lime application on crop yield response and changes in soil pH in the soil profile. Field experiments were established at two locations in Kansas and selected base on similarities in management history (approximately 30 years under no-till),... D. Ruiz diaz, B. Rutter |
153. Swine Manure Phosphorus Use for Crop Production in IowaImproving manure phosphorus (P) management guidelines should result in a more efficient use of thls resource for crop production and in lower risk of P loss to surface water resources. Phosphorus fertilizers are widely used in crop production, there is a great deal of information about their use, and farmers have little doubt about their value to improve crop yield in low- testing soils. However, there is a great deal of uncertainty concerning the value of manure nutrients for crops and about co... |
154. The Effect of Tillage and Lime Rate on Soil Acidity and Grain Yields of a Corn-Soybean RotationModern tillage systems, such as reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, provide shallow incorporation of surface applied materials at best. Because of concern of over-liming the surface few inches of agricultural soils, producers either reduce lime rates (and apply more often) or perform some sort of soil inversion to mix the lime deeper into the soil profile. The objectives ofthis field study were to evaluate the effects of tillage, lime rate and time of limestone application on corn and soybea... |
155. The Effect of Tillage and P Fertilizer Placement on P Runoff from Sugar Beet Production SystemsThe objective of this study was to determine the differences in the amount of phosphorus (P) in runoff fiom land under sugar beet production caused by different management practices and phosphorus fertilizer placement. The study was set up as a split plot experimental design, replicated three times. The whole plot treatments were: 1 ) codsoybean rotation, with moldboard plow as primary tillage before soybean; 2) corntsoybean rotation, with chisel plow as primary tillage before corn; 3) sugar bee... |
156. The Illinois Nitrogen Soil TestNitrogen fertilizer recommendations for corn production are often estimated on the basis of a realistic yield goal, with adjustments to allow for N credits fiom other sources, such as legumes or manure. A yield-based recommendation may have merit on a long-term basis. but under- or over- fertilization is apt to occur in any given growing season since soil N availability is not taken into account. Insufficient application of N can have serious economic consequences for the farmer, whereas excessi... |
157. The Influence of Nitrogen Rate and Foliar Fetilization on Yield and Nitrosamine Levels in Burley TobaccoMany burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabactm~ L.) producers believe that additions of nitrogen (N) rates greater than those recommended by university extension senices will result in increased yield and income. In addition to high rates of N, many producers feel that additional foliar fertilizer will further increase yield and quality of burley tobacco and result in greater revenue. Concerns with excessive N additions include improper curing, elevated levels of tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA's), ... |
158. Tile Drainage, Cover Crops and Nitrogen InteractionsPrevious research has shown subsurface tile drainage systems deliver nitrate-N to surface waters thereby degrading water quality. Cover crops and applying appropriate N rates for corn are potential management strategies for reducing NO3-N in tile drainage. The objective of this study was to measure the effects and interactions of cover crops (winter hardy and winter terminating) at various N rates on NO3-N concentration and load in tile drainage water and corn and soybea... |
159. Tillage, Fertilizer Placement Equipment and Residue Compliance- Is There a ConflictConservation compliance is no longer a nightmare for crop producers farming highly erodible land. Instead, it is rapidly becoming reality if those crop producers plan to participate in USDA agricultural assistance programs. In Missouri, farmers are adopting conservation and no-till cropping practices at a very rapid rate. Though not verified, it appears that no-till acres in many north Missouri counties more than doubled from 1991 to 1992. The most cost effective means of reducing soil erosion r... |
160. Understanding Spatial Variability in Cover Crop Growth and DecompositionIn many agricultural landscapes, topographic variability leads to downslope movement of soil, water, and nutrients, causing heterogeneity in both crop yield and soil fertility throughout production fields. Cover crops can slow these processes, but the impact of topography on cover crop growth and residue persistence is uncertain. We measured the growth, mixture biomass composition, and decomposition of a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop, and cereal rye /crimson clover (T... S.J. Leuthold, M. Salmeron, O. Wendroth, E. Haramoto, H. Poffenbarger |
161. Update on the Illinois N TestEstimation of plant-available N is complicated enormously by the dynamic nature of soil N, owing largely to the effects of temperature and moisture supply on N-cycle processes. Numerous biological and chemical methods have been proposed as an index of soil N availability (Brernner, 1965; Keeney, 1982; Stanford, 1982; Bundy and Meisinger, 1994), but none has been adopted widely for soil testing. Biological methods are necessarily time-consuming because of the need for incubation, and the results ... |
162. Use of Biostimulants for Increased Nutrient Uptake in Maize ProductionBiostimulants are becoming popular in the agricultural market as products to increase growth, health, and/or yield of crop plants. These products differentiate themselves from traditional plant growth regulators as they impact crop growth and development indirectly through mitigation of crop stress and/or greater nutrient availability and uptake. The challenge in working with these products is that there are many types of biostimulants, each with unique mechanisms of action. The objective of ... C.N. Sible, F.E. Below |
163. Use of Chlorophyll Flourescence Techniques to Detect Stresses in CornIncreased efficiencies in the use of water and fertilizer will require better methods of monitoring crop stress. This study was conducted to determine whether chlorophyll fluorescence was more sensitive to detecting water and nitrogen stress than chlorophyll meters in corn (Zea mays). The experiment was carried out near Shelton, NE in 2000, 200 1, and 2002. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of 12 corn hybrids (1 1 Pioneer Hi-Bred internationali and B73 x M017), two water levels (de... |
164. Use of Fly Ash as as Alternative Liming Source for Irrigated Corn ProductionFly ash from the Gerald Gentleman Power Station in west central Nebraska can potentially serve as an alternative liming source without reducing corn grain yields. A study was conducted to assess the use of fly ash as an alternative liming source on three acid sandy soils of west central Nebraska where conventional limmg sources can be uneconomical due to transportation costs. Corn grain yield, and soil pH change over time were assessed. Lime sources failed to raise the soil pH in the upper 8 in... |
165. Validating the Wisconsin P Index with Measured Runoff P Losses From Agricultural FieldsPhosphorus (P) indices have been developed by most states in the USA for use as planning tools to assess the risk of P loss and identify appropriate management alternatives to control these losses where needed. Little information is available on the relationshp between P index values and actual P runoff losses in the field. We compared annual P losses in runoff measured at 2 1 field or sub-watershed locations with Wisconsin P index values calculated for the same areas. The research sites include... |
166. Variable Nitrogen Rate ManagementIt is now more or less acknowledged that lime and N are potentially more profitable than P and K variable rate management. There is a lot of variability in optimal N rates within fields so that there is a need for variable N management. The benefits related to variable N management are generally ranked as: o Less N fertilizer used per unit yield. Savings of 15 USDIac on average for small grains. up to 41 USDIac. o Greater uniformity in crop stand, yield, grain humidity, specific weight and prot... |
167. Variable Rate Nitrogen Fertilizer for Corn Grown in KentuckyIn Kentucky, nitrogen recommendations for corn have historically been based on soil type. soil drainage class, and previous crop rather than on an anticipated yield or yield potential. Because of the growing popularity of yield monitors and GPS technology, corn producers are now accurately mapping yield variations within fields. A three year study was conducted in the karst region of western Kentucky to determine if past yield history (collected with a yield monitor using GPS) could be used as a... |
168. Variable Seeding Rates in Twin Row Planting and Micro Management of NutrientsA large scale study to determine if twin row planting, utilizing particular fertility concepts and conservational practices, out produces conventional methods of planting and fertilizing. The primary goal of the study was to increase fmer profitability and promote methods of conservational tillage. ... |
169. Variation Among Commercial Corn Hybrids in Response to Agronomic ManagementStrategic selection and utilization of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids for a given yield environment and agronomic management system will require better understanding and documentation of the interactions between current commercial hybrids and agronomic factors that have sizeable impacts on yield. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of N fertility, plant population, and row spacing on grain yield of corn and assessed the range in yield responses among commercial hybrids to these a... E.T. Winans, F.E. Below |
170. Varying Nitrogen and Seeding Rates of Corn Across Productivity Regions in FieldsA field study was conducted fiom 1999 to 2001 to determine the effects of variable seeding rates and variable nitrogen rates on corn (Zeu muys L.) in southern Ihois. In whole field experiments, variable seeding rates ranging fiom 18,000 to 38,000 seeds ac-' in 4.000 seed increments were planted in randomized strips (in a randomized complete block design) across the field that had soils with varying productivity based upon historical yield maps. From the yield data it was determined that the opti... |
171. Vegetative Assessment of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Status in Maize Using Remote SensingAssess spatial variability of soil P and N is not only costly but also a time consuming processes. Remote sensing measurements of canopy spectral reflectance can provide a rapid and non- destructive method for assessing plant-canopy nutrient status. The main objective of this research was to detect P and N stress during the early corn growth by selecting specific wavelengths, or combinations of them, using narrow band field sensors. In 2001, two corn experiments were planted over an old manure e... |
172. Visual Correlation of Aerial Imagery with Topography and Crop YieldA study is currently being conducted on several farms to evaluate the usefulness of aerial imagery of soil and of a growing crop to delineate within-field management zones for the purposes of site-specific management. Presented is information for one site in Kent county Ontario for which correlations between aerial images taken of the soil and of the growing crop with the spatial patterns of measured topography, soil texture, and corn yield were examined. Visual interpretation indicated a very g... |
173. What's Ahead- Soil Conservation Service Nutrient Management PlansFarmers have been going through a major change in their relationship with Government during the past ten years. Many in the agricultural community are anticipating possibly more changes in the future from such Legislation as the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act. Each act has potential of having even more impact on the agricultural community. Immediately following those two acts will be the 1995 Farm Bill. The last two Farm bills have been slanted more to environmental concerns than... |
174. What’s Working (or Not) in Winter WheatMichigan winter wheat growers produce some of the greatest soft red and white wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yields in the U.S. with statewide averages > 71 bu A-1 since 2015. Interest in enhanced management strategies continues to increase but maintaining or improving profitability has become increasingly important as broad implementation of enhanced management has not produced consistent yield gains. Increased demand for wheat straw has cast greater foc... K. Steinke |
175. Winter Cereal Rye Nitrogen Response and Fertilization RequirementWinter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) has been a common cover crop choice due to seed cost, winter hardiness, and rapid spring growth. It could also be an alternative grain crop to include in a corn-soybean rotation. Also, a rye crop would provide soil coverage during the springtime when corn and soybean do not. No known research has investigated the N fertilization requirement for winter cereal rye seed production in Iowa. The objectives of this study were to evaluate N response in ... C. Martins, J. Sawyer, J. Lundvall |
176. Working Toward a National Soil Test P and K Database and Recommendation SystemSoil test recommendations differ across state lines and across regions—sometimes these differences are large. They may be due to differences in soil and climate, but they may be due to historical accident. This presentation will explain a new project to gather all available soil test P and K calibration data nationally, to create a transparent framework to house this data and make it available, to conduct new calibration research to fill in gaps, and to create reco... D. Osmond |
177. Yield Goal Versus Delta Yield to Predict Nitrogen Need in CornFertilizer nitrogen (N) needs of corn can vary widely both among and within fields. Many states use a yield goal to identi@ differences in fertilizer N need combined with an N credit system to adjust for N provided by the soil from sources such as soil organic matter, residual inorganic N and crop residues. Some have questioned yield-goal derived fertilizer N recommendations because of its poor correlation with fertilizer N need, leading some states to eliminate yield goal from their N recommend... |
178. Zinc Deficiency Response of Sorghum, Wheat, and CornZinc (Zn) deficiency in corn (Zea mays L.) is more common than in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) or wheat (Triticum sp.). The ability of wheat to withstand low soil Zn conditions is related to increased release of phytosiderophore, a natural chelate, fiom its roots. The reasons for sorghum's ability to utilize low levels of soil Zn have not been adequately explored. The objective of this research was to: 1) ascertain if Zn deficiency can be induced with sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in a... |
179. Zone Delineation for Nitrogen ManagementManaging nitrogen through zone soil sampling has been shown effective in revealing residual soil nitrate patterns in North Dakota. Zone delineation has been constructed using several types of data, including yield maps, remote imagery, topography and soil EC sensor data. A study was conducted in North Dakota, Montana and Minnesota to evaluate zone delineation methods. Across the region, yield frequency maps, topography, remote inlagery and soil EC data were effective in helping to construct zon... |